ceragenin csa-13

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

ceragenin CSA-13: has antibacterial activity; isolated from Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	16678119
CHEMBL ID	1275763
SCHEMBL ID	14816571
MeSH ID	M0511925

Synonyms (5)

Synonym
csa-13
CHEMBL1275763
ceragenin csa-13
SCHEMBL14816571
n-[(4r)-4-[(3r,5s,7r,8r,9s,10s,12s,13r,14s,17r)-3,7,12-tris(3-aminopropoxy)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentyl]octan-1-amine

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pluronic acid F-127 blocked the permeabilizing effect of CSA-13 on the plasma membrane of HUVEC (uptake of ethidium bromide, release of lactate dehydrogenase) without modifying its toxic effect on their mitochondrial function (MTT test, uptake of tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester)."	( Effect of pluronic acid F-127 on the toxicity towards eukaryotic cells of CSA-13, a cationic steroid analogue of antimicrobial peptides. Dehaye, JP; Nagant, C; Savage, PB, 2012)	0.38
"This work establishes that studies on the toxic effects of synthetic antimicrobials on eukaryotic cells should not only focus on the permeability of the plasma membrane but also on the integrity of the mitochondria."	( Effect of pluronic acid F-127 on the toxicity towards eukaryotic cells of CSA-13, a cationic steroid analogue of antimicrobial peptides. Dehaye, JP; Nagant, C; Savage, PB, 2012)	0.38

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The bactericidal activity of CSA-13 in combination with colistin was measured using the time-kill curve method for two strains."	( In vitro activities of the novel ceragenin CSA-13, alone or in combination with colistin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Bozkurt-Guzel, C; Gerceker, AA; Savage, PB, 2011)	0.65

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (19)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID574479	Induction of inner membrane permeabilization of Escherichia coli ML-35p by ONPG hydrolysis based spectrophotometric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID574474	Bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with lipid composition of 85% phosphatidylethanolamine, 15% phosphatidylglycerol and 5% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577699	Bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-41 with lipid composition of 0% phosphatidylethanolamine, 57% phosphatidylglycerol and 19% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577695	Bactericidal activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 with lipid composition of 43% phosphatidylethanolamine, 40% phosphatidylglycerol and 17% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577697	Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 with lipid composition of 0% phosphatidylethanolamine, 90% phosphatidylglycerol and 1% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID574475	Bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 with lipid composition of 82% phosphatidylethanolamine, 5% phosphatidylglycerol and 6% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577705	Induction of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-41 with lipid composition of 0% phosphatidylethanolamine, 57% phosphatidylglycerol and 19% cardiolipin at MBC by DiS-C2 dye based fluorimetric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577704	Induction of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 with lipid composition of 0% phosphatidylethanolamine, 57% phosphatidylglycerol and 19% cardiolipin at MBC by DiS-C2 dye based fluorimetric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID574476	Bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27852 with lipid composition of 60% phosphatidylethanolamine, 21% phosphatidylglycerol and 11% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID574480	Induction of inner membrane permeabilization of Escherichia coli ML-35p at 100 uM by ONPG hydrolysis based spectrophotometric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577694	Bactericidal activity against Bacillus polymyxa ATCC 21830 with lipid composition of 60% phosphatidylethanolamine, 3% phosphatidylglycerol and 8% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577698	Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 with lipid composition of 0% phosphatidylethanolamine, 67% phosphatidylglycerol and 19% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577693	Induction of outer membrane permeabilization of Escherichia coli ML-35p by nitrocefin permeation based spectrophotometric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577696	Bactericidal activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 with lipid composition of 0% phosphatidylethanolamine, 27% phosphatidylglycerol and 19% cardiolipin by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577701	Induction of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 with lipid composition of 43% phosphatidylethanolamine, 40% phosphatidylglycerol and 17% cardiolipin at MBC by DiS-C2 dye based fluorimetric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID532240	Induction of CFP-tagged glucocorticoid receptor nuclear localization expressed in BAEC at 0.01 to 1 uM after 1 hr by luminescence assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6	Combined antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of a cationic disubstituted dexamethasone-spermine conjugate.
AID577703	Induction of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 with lipid composition of 0% phosphatidylethanolamine, 90% phosphatidylglycerol and 1% cardiolipin at MBC by DiS-C2 dye based fluorimetric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577700	Induction of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in Bacillus polymyxa ATCC 21830 with lipid composition of 60% phosphatidylethanolamine, 3% phosphatidylglycerol and 8% cardiolipin at MBC by DiS-C2 dye based fluorimetric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
AID577702	Induction of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 with lipid composition of 0% phosphatidylethanolamine, 27% phosphatidylglycerol and 19% cardiolipin at MBC by DiS-C2 dye based fluorimetric assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Depolarization, bacterial membrane composition, and the antimicrobial action of ceragenins.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (42)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	10 (23.81)	29.6817
2010's	31 (73.81)	24.3611
2020's	1 (2.38)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.90

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	10.90 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	3.83 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.73 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.90)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (4.44%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	43 (95.56%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.11	1	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.48	2	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.13	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.07	1	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.05	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.21	1	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.06	1	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.45	2	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dodecylamine dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	primary aliphatic amine
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.17	1	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.08	1	titanium group element atom
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.05	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	7.06	1	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.05	1	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	2.03	1	phosphatidylglycerol
carbapenems [no description available]	2.1	1
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.06	1	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.13	1	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.51	2	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
forapin Forapin: used as ointment for treatment of myositis & arthritis; contains bee venom, salicylate, nicotinate & vanillylnonamide	2.05	1	peptidyl amide; polypeptide	animal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; venom
ropocamptide ropocamptide: from granulocytes & keratinocytes, precursor to cathelicidins; MW 16-18 kDa; GenBank AJ224927 (eCATH-1). cathelicidin : A group of small, cationic polypeptides (consisting of 12-97 amino acids) that are found in humans and other species, including farm animals (E.g. cattle, horses, pigs, sheep etc). They show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi.	2.05	1
glycolipids [no description available]	2.06	1
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	7.5	2
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.05	1
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.03	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.05	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.05	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.41	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.54	2
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.54	2
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.17	1
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.17	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	3.16	5
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	3.16	5
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	2.47	2
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.77	3
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.77	3
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.5	2
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.5	2
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.99	4
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.08	1
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.99	4
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.1	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.1	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.75	3
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.75	3
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.48	2
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.11	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.11	1
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.13	1
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	2.05	1
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.05	1
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.05	1
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	2.05	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.05	1
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.05	1
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.05	1
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.06	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.03	1
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.96	1
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.96	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.04	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.04	1

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