cholecalciferol and Nutrition-Disorders

Nutritional disorders of captive reptiles remain very common despite the increasing knowledge about reptile husbandry and nutrition. Many nutritional disorders are diagnosed late in the disease process; often secondary complications, such as pathologic fractures in reptiles suffering from nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism have occurred. Therefore, every attempt should be made to educate reptile owners and keepers about the proper care and dietary needs of reptiles under their care because all nutritional disorders seen in captive reptiles are preventable.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Calcium; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary; Hypothyroidism; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Status; Reptiles

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Biological Transport; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholecalciferol; Cholesterol; Dehydrocholesterols; Epidermis; Female; Food, Fortified; Humans; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Liver; Nutrition Disorders; Parathyroid Hormone; Pregnancy; Skin; Ultraviolet Rays; Vitamin D

Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Calcium; Cholecalciferol; Cinacalcet; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Nutrition Disorders; Parathyroid Hormone; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency

A 64-year-old man was hospitalized in 2002 with symptoms of stupor, weakness, and renal colic. The clinical examination indicated borderline hypertension, small masses in the glutei, and polyuria. Laboratory tests evidenced high serum concentrations of creatinine, calcium, and phosphate. Imaging assessments disclosed widespread vascular calcifications, gluteal calcifications, and pelvic ectasia. Subsequent lab tests indicated suppressed serum parathyroid hormone, extremely high serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, and normal serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Treatment was started with intravenous infusion of saline and furosemide due to the evidence of hypercalcemia. Prednisone and omeprazole were added given the evidence of hypervitaminosis D. The treatment improved serum calcium, kidney function, and consciousness. The medical history disclosed recent treatment with exceptionally high doses of slow-release intra-muscular cholecalciferol and the recent excretion of urinary stones. The patient was discharged when it was possible to stop the intravenous treatment. The post-discharge treatment included oral hydration, furosemide, prednisone and omeprazole for approximately 6 months up to complete resolution of the hypercalcemia. The patient came back 12 years later because of microhematuria. Lab tests were normal for calcium/phosphorus homeostasis and kidney function. Imaging tests indicated only minor vascular calcifications. This is the first evidence of reversible vascular calcifications secondary to hypervitaminosis D.

Topics: Biomarkers; Calcium; Cholecalciferol; Diuretics; Fluid Therapy; Furosemide; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Disorders; Omeprazole; Prednisone; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Remission Induction; Sodium Chloride; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Up-Regulation; Vascular Calcification; Vitamin D

A reliable, accurate and reproducible method to quantify vitamin D3 (Vit. D3) in oily dietary supplements was developed after three Vit. D3 intoxications were diagnosed as reasonably resulting from a dietary administration of a cod liver oil based supplement. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry operating in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions (LC-APCI) and by using a deuterium labelled internal standard resulted to be an effective technique to reach the analytical aim. Due to the complexity of the oily matrix, the new analytical approach required a solid phase extraction step prior to analysis. The amount of Vit. D3 declared on the label of the cod liver oil based supplement for each soft capsule is 1.5μg. Consequently, the method was developed to quantify Vit. D3 amounts in the range 1-5μg/mL. To improve reliability of obtained data, both MS and MS/MS acquisition methods were employed. The method was evaluated by measuring the characteristic parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness and cross checked against a certified pharmaceutical preparation. The LC-APCI-MS and MS/MS methods were applied in order to assess the Vit. D3 content in the dietary supplements taken by the intoxicated patients, found about three order of magnitude higher than that declared. The Vit. D3 content of other batches of the same commercial product was found as declared.

Topics: Cholecalciferol; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cod Liver Oil; Dietary Supplements; Food Inspection; Food Labeling; Food Safety; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Nutrition Disorders; Reproducibility of Results; Solid Phase Extraction

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cholecalciferol; Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase; Ergocalciferols; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Linear Models; Nutrition Disorders; Vitamin D Deficiency

The mandibular condyles of 1,25(OH)2D3 or Vitamin D3 intoxicated rats were studied and compared with those of normal as well as pair-fed controls. Experimental animals were injected with either Vitamin D3 (2 mg/kg/day) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (400 ng/kg/day) for 19 days. Controls were given the solvent only, while pair-fed animals were restricted in their food intake for the same period of time, so that they exhibited a weight-curve similar to that of the experimental rats. The length of the mandibular ramus was measured in lateral radiographs of all mandibles. Demineralized coronal sections were obtained from all mandibular condyles and were stained with Mallory's connective tissue stain. The width of each zone within the condylar cartilage was measured. Experimental animals showed significant reduction in width of all layers within the condylar cartilage, with total lack of distinction between the maturation and hypertrophic zones. They also exhibited a significant retardation in growth of the mandible. Pair-fed animals had a normal width of the chondroprogenitor layer but significantly smaller maturation + hypertrophic zones (vs. controls). They also exhibited a significant retardation in mandibular growth but not to the same degree as did the intoxicated animals. Reduction in growth attributed to 1,25(OH)2D3 or Vitamin D3 intoxication is partly caused by undernutrition, which is a by-product of this condition. A further kinetic study is indicated to elucidate the mechanism of growth retardation and the differential effect on the various cartilage layers.

Topics: Animals; Calcitriol; Cartilage, Articular; Cholecalciferol; Male; Mandible; Mandibular Condyle; Nutrition Disorders; Rats

A demonstration project is described that proved to be popular with undergraduate students enrolled in a senior level course on animal and poultry nutrition. A total of 100 male, day-old broiler chicks were housed in a Petersime battery brooder and used in a 3-week test. Students were responsible for the management and care of the birds throughout the test. The birds were allotted to 5 groups (4 replicates each of 5 birds per group) and the test involved the omission of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D3, or sodium chloride from a nutritionally adequate diet for a period of 2 weeks. After that period, one pen of each group was repleted with the control diet. Feed consumption, liveweight, feed conversion efficiency, and tibia bone ash content were measured weekly. Deficiency signs of the nutrients were observed, and it was noted that sodium chloride had the most marked effect on growth. Phosphorus deficiency had the most severe effect on bone development and resulted in a high incidence of rickets. Repletion resulted in a marked response in all parameters measured and was most marked in the group deficient in sodium chloride.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Phosphates; Chickens; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Male; Minerals; Nutrition Disorders; Poultry Diseases; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholecalciferol; Chronic Disease; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutrition Disorders; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Avitaminosis; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Cholecalciferol; Citrates; Diet; Nutrition Disorders; Phosphorus; Phosphorus, Dietary; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Research; Rickets; Ultraviolet Rays