cholecalciferol and Swine-Diseases

This study aimed to examine 25OHD

Topics: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase; Animals; Cholecalciferol; Female; Follicular Cyst; Ovarian Cysts; Ovarian Follicle; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase

Vitamin D had an anti-infection effect and benefited to the intestinal health. Autophagy signaling pathway was regulated by vitamin D3 to inhibit the infection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Rotavirus (RV) was a major cause of the severe diarrheal disease in young children and young animals. Although evidence suggested that vitamin D3 attenuates the negative effects of RV infection via the retinoic acid-inducible gene I signaling pathway, little is known of its antiviral effect whether through the regulation of autophagy. The present study was performed to investigate whether vitamin D3 alleviates RV infection in pig and porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) models via regulating the autophagy signaling pathway. RV administration increased the Beclin 1 mRNA abundance in porcine jejunum and ileum. 5000 IU/kg dietary vitamin D3 supplementation greatly up-regulated LC3-II/LC3-I ratios and PR-39 mRNA expression under the condition of RV challenged. The viability of IPEC-J2 was significantly inhibited by RV infection. Incubation with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 significantly decreased the concentrations of RV antigen and non-structural protein 4 (NSP4), and up-regulated the mRNA expression of Beclin 1 and PR-39 in the RV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. And then, based on the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment and RV infection, LC3-II mRNA expression in cells was inhibited by an autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1, a class of inhibitors of membrane ATPases, inhibits maturation of autophagic vacuoles) treatment numerically enhanced the LC3-II mRNA abundance, but had no effect on NSP4 concentration. Furthermore, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 decreased the p62 mRNA expression and increased porcine cathelicidins (PMAP23, PG1-5 and PR-39) mRNA expression in the RV-infected cells. Taken together, these results indicated that vitamin D3 attenuates RV infection through regulating autophagic maturation and porcine cathelicidin genes expression.

Topics: Adenine; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Autophagy; Beclin-1; Cathelicidins; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cholecalciferol; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Glycoproteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Ileum; Jejunum; Macrolides; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; RNA, Messenger; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Sequestosome-1 Protein; Signal Transduction; Swine; Swine Diseases; Toxins, Biological; Viral Nonstructural Proteins

Kyphosis is an idiopathic disease characterized by abnormal, outward spinal curvature. A spontaneous outbreak and subsidence of kyphosis over a 4-mo period in the University of Wisconsin Swine Research and Teaching Center herd coincided with an accidental omission of vitamin D(3) in 1 of 2 premixes used in sow diets. This controlled experiment was conducted to determine whether vitamin D deletion from premixes used in sow diets would induce kyphosis in their offspring. Crossbred (Landrace × Large White), multiparous sows (n = 8) were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with either 325 IU vitamin D(3)/kg (+D) or 45 IU vitamin D(3)/kg (-D) diet from breeding through lactation. The vitamin D concentrations duplicated formulations of diets fed during the earlier spontaneous outbreak. At weaning (approximately 4 wk), pigs were fed diets devoid of supplemental vitamin D and formulated to supply either 120% of the Ca and P requirements (HCaP) or 80% of the Ca and P requirements (LCaP) until wk 9. At wk 9, all pigs were fed the HCaP diet until wk 13. No evidence of kyphosis was observed in pigs at weaning. Pigs produced by -D sows and fed LCaP diets exhibited a 17% incidence (4/23 pigs) of kyphosis at wk 9. At wk 13, the incidence of kyphosis had increased to 32% (6/19 pigs). Unexpectedly at wk 13, pigs produced by +D sows and fed LCaP diets exhibited a 26% incidence (5/19 pigs) of kyphosis. None of the pigs fed HCaP diets from wk 4 to 13 displayed kyphosis, regardless of maternal diets. Evidence of kyphosis was detected at a younger age if pigs were produced by sows fed -D diets. Whole body and femur bone mineral content determined with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed LCaP vs. HCaP diets, but pigs produced by -D sows were more severely affected. Femur bending moments were reduced (P < 0.05) at wk 9 and 13 in pigs fed LCaP vs. HCaP diets. At wk 13, pigs produced by -D sows and fed LCaP diets had reduced (P < 0.05) bone mineral density and femur yield bending moment compared with pigs from +D sows fed LCaP diets. In conclusion, the 20 to 30% incidence of kyphosis induced by altering vitamin D, Ca, and P concentrations in maternal and nursery diets mimics the incidence observed in spontaneous outbreaks in afflicted herds. A reproducible vitamin D-induced kyphosis in young pigs offers a suitable model to study skeletal tissue characteristics, fetal skeletal tissue development, and potential treatments for pigs and human pati

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Animal Feed; Animals; Avitaminosis; Calcium; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Femur; Incidence; Kyphosis; Male; Phosphorus; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Swine; Swine Diseases

Over 650 pigs died within a couple hours in a fattening unit with approximately 3,000 fattening spaces. The pigs showed vomiting, dyspnea, kyphosis, sunken flanks, diarrhea, and polyuria. Another striking symptom of the pigs, besides the apathy, was the aphonia, due to the calcification of the vocal cords. An acute vitamin D3-intoxication was found to be the cause. The pathologic findings, especially the histologic detection of calcification processes of the soft tissues, lead to the suspect of an intoxication with a vitamin D-like substance. Between 39,000 and 196,000 IU/kg of vitamin D3 have been detected in a ready-to-use food mix. 8.8 million IU/kg of crystaline vitamin D3 were found in an open whey bag. An explanation how vitamin D came into the bag could not be clarified to this point.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Calcinosis; Cholecalciferol; Poisoning; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vocal Cords

Two cases of vitamin D3 intoxication in piglets are described. The dietary concentrations of vitamin D3 were 265 and 435 thousand IE/kg. Decreased feed intake, growth depression and polyuria or polydypsia were observed. In some animals hypercalcemia and symptoms of impaired renal function were found. Pathological findings included calcinosis of several tissues and degenerative damage.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Calcinosis; Cholecalciferol; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Foodborne Diseases; Hypercalcemia; Kidney; Swine; Swine Diseases

The effective treatment of the rachitic symptoms of pseudo-vitamin D-deficiency rickets, type I (PVDRI) by massive doses of vitamin D3 was examined. For this purpose, the affinities and the maximum binding capacities (Bmax) of the plasma vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and of the intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) receptor for vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) and 1,25-(OH)2D3, were investigated in normal piglets and in rachitic piglets that suffered from PVDRI. The piglets were 5 to 10 weeks old and of both sexes. The Bmax of plasma DBP for 25-OHD3 was 6.77 +/- 0.45 microM for PVDRI piglets and 7.30 +/- 0.41 microM for control piglets and showed no differences between the two groups. Equilibrium association constants (Ka) of DBP for 25-OHD3 were 4.3 x 10(8) M-1 for PVDRI piglets and 4.0 x 10(8) M-1 for controls and showed also no differences between the two groups. Similarly the Ka of DBP for 1,25-(OH)2D3 was also the same for rachitic and control piglets (1.45 x 10(7) and 1.54 x 10(7) M-1, respectively). Due to the lower circulating concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the plasma of rachitic piglets compared to that of controls its free metabolite index was significantly lower in rachitic (0.42 +/- 0.05 x 10(-5)) than in control piglets (3.63 +/- 0.30 x 10(-5)). The Kd and Bmax of the intestinal nuclear receptor for 1,25-(OH)2D3 of rachitic and control piglets were 0.31 +/- 0.05 and 0.33 +/- 0.05 nM and 674 +/- 103 and 719 +/- 123 fmol/mg protein, respectively, and were also not different between the two groups of piglets. It was concluded from these observations that the rachitic symptoms of PVDRI piglets resulted solely from the lower free 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentration in plasma compared to that of normal piglets. The relative affinities of the intestinal 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor for vitamin D3 and 25-OHD3 were also measured. It was found that 50% displacement of 1,25-(OH)2D3 from the intestinal receptor of PVDRI and control piglets required a 220,000- and 245,000-fold excess of the free concentration of vitamin D3, respectively, and a 20- to 42- and 23- to 71-fold excess of the free concentration of 25-OHD3, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Calcifediol; Calcitriol; Cholecalciferol; Female; Intestine, Small; Male; Receptors, Calcitriol; Receptors, Steroid; Rickets; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin D-Binding Protein

Acute toxicosis developed in a group (n = 35) of fattening hogs and replacement gilts that had excessive vitamin D3 inadvertently added to their feed. All of the pigs were lethargic, and emesis was evident in about half of the pigs 1 to 2 days after they consumed the feed. On the 2nd day, 3 of the pigs died. The remaining pigs were given a different ration. Five additional pigs died during the next 2 weeks. Clinical toxicosis also was observed in 1 of 2 feeder pigs fed the suspect feed in the laboratory and in 2 of 2 pigs fed the suspect feed by the company that had mixed the feed. Gross necropsy findings consistently observed were hemorrhagic gastritis and diffuse interstitial pneumonia. Myocardial degeneration and nephrosis were seen in, respectively, 1 of 6 and 4 of 6 pigs necropsied. Histologically, necrosis and mineralization of variable severity were observed in the fundic gastric mucosa, lungs, kidneys, bone, heart, and small blood vessels of the lungs and heart. Less necrosis and more mineralization were observed in pigs that survived longer than 6 days. The 2 pigs fed the suspect feed in the laboratory had increased concentrations of serum calcium from the 3rd to the 9th days or the 1st to the 3rd days, after feeding the suspect feed. Serum phosphorus concentrations were increased from the 1st until the 2nd or 3rd day, and serum magnesium concentrations were increased from the 1st or 2nd to the 3rd day after feeding the suspect feed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acute Disease; Animal Feed; Animals; Bone and Bones; Calcifediol; Cholecalciferol; Female; Kidney; Lung; Male; Myocardium; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin D

Five groups of 4 weanling pigs were fed a diet with 1.2% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus for 8 weeks with vitamin D3 at 1, 5, 25, 125 and 625 times the recommended levels, respectively. Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatasemia developed rapidly and persisted in Group 5 and developed more slowly but steadily in Group 4. Increasing levels of vitamin D3 influenced progressively and negatively the activity of resorbing osteocytes with osteopetrosis in Groups 2 and 3 and with osteonecrosis in Group 5. Atrophy of osteoblasts further contributed to the osteopenia in Group 5. Cartilage growth activity was arrested in Group 5. The negative effect on the resorbing osteocytes, which finally lead to death of the cells, was ascribed directly to vitamin D3 toxicosis since hypoparathyroidism and hypercalcitonism, both resulting from hypercalcemia, are not known to induce osteonecrosis. Since hypercalemia was finally as severe in Group 4 as in Group 5 and since there was soft tissue calcinosis only in Group 5, the calcinosis was always considered dystrophic, an interpretation supported by the observation that degenerative histologic changes preceded soft tissue calcinosis.

Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone Resorption; Calcinosis; Calcium; Cartilage; Cholecalciferol; Female; Humerus; Male; Parathyroid Glands; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Calcinosis; Cholecalciferol; Female; Iron; Male; Rats; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Calciphylaxis; Cholecalciferol; Injections, Intramuscular; Iron; Rats; Swine; Swine Diseases