cholecalciferol and Infant--Premature--Diseases

Animal-experimental examinations show that the peroral or intramuscular application of a high dose of vitamin D2 or of D3 leads to a toxic effect of these compounds on the osteocytes and that the hypercalcaemia evoked by this is mainly to be traced back to an increased deliberation of calcium from the bones. After application of a larger dose of vitamin D the activation mechanism in the liver and in the kidneys is much inhibited for several weeks so that no formation of 1,25-hydroxy-vitamin-D takes place; consequently, no furthering effect on the mineralisation of the bones is performed. Therefore, it is recommended to use physiological doses in the prevention of rachitis (500-1,000 IU a day). During the pregnancy the activity of the enzymes which participate in the activation of the D-vitamins increases in the liver and the kidneys. The kidneys of the fetuses are able to form 1,25-hydroxy-vitamin-D. Vitamin D and 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D transgress through the placenta into the fetuses. Due to the adaptation mentioned and the increased formation of 1,25-hydroxy-vitamin-D the absorption of calcium and phosphate increases during pregnancy. Recent pathobiochemical knowledge concerning the metabolism of the D-vitamins in several diseases are described.

Topics: Bone and Bones; Calcium; Cholecalciferol; Ergocalciferols; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Intestinal Absorption; Liver; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphates; Pregnancy; Rickets; Skin; Vitamin D

To evaluate biochemical and clinical effects of 2 different doses of vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants with late-onset sepsis (LOS).. A double blinded randomized controlled stratified trial included preterm infants with gestational age (GA) ≥28 weeks with LOS. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 400 or 800 IU/day of vitamin D3. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured at enrollment, 7 days after vitamin D supplementation, and at 40 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA). Short-term outcomes and growth parameters were assessed.. A total of 50 infants were enrolled, 25 in each group. Seventy-six percentage of enrolled infants were vitamin D-deficient at enrollment in both groups whereas only one infant in the 400 IU and none in the 800 IU group remained deficient at 40 week's PMA; vitamin D concentrations at 40 weeks PMA were 54.8 ± 35.1 and 67.4 ± 37.1 ng/mL, respectively, P = 0.01). None of the infants enrolled in the study had signs of vitamin D toxicity. Serum pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF- α concentrations decreased at 1 week and at discharge in both groups without differences between groups. The 2 groups did not differ in anthropometric measurements, duration of oxygen and respiratory support, duration of antimicrobial use, length of hospital stay, and mortality.. A dose of 400 IU of vitamin D was adequate to treat vitamin D deficiency in the majority of premature infants with LOS. The 2 dosing regimens did not differ in clinical or biochemical changes.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Cholecalciferol; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Interleukin-6; Male; Sepsis; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vitamin D

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Calcium; Cholecalciferol; Female; Humans; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Phosphorus; Rickets

Topics: Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Cholecalciferol; Female; Food, Fortified; Humans; Hydroxycholecalciferols; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Intestinal Absorption; Rickets

Topics: Caseins; Cholecalciferol; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Rickets

Topics: Cholecalciferol; Cholestanes; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Injections, Intramuscular; Rickets; Vitamin D; Vitamins