Page last updated: 2024-10-24

positive regulation of macrophage activation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation. [GOC:jl]

Positive regulation of macrophage activation is a complex and tightly controlled process that is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a crucial role in innate immunity by engulfing and destroying pathogens, cellular debris, and other foreign substances. They also contribute to adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T lymphocytes. The activation of macrophages is triggered by a wide range of stimuli, including microbial products, cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Upon activation, macrophages undergo a series of changes, including increased expression of surface receptors, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and enhanced phagocytic activity.

The positive regulation of macrophage activation is a multi-step process that involves the activation of various signaling pathways, including the NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways. These pathways converge on the transcription factors that control the expression of genes involved in macrophage activation. One of the key transcription factors involved in this process is NF-κB. NF-κB is a dimeric transcription factor that is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm by the inhibitory protein IκB. Upon stimulation, IκB is phosphorylated and degraded, allowing NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of target genes.

Another important signaling pathway involved in macrophage activation is the MAPK pathway. The MAPK pathway is activated by a variety of stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, and stress signals. The activation of the MAPK pathway leads to the phosphorylation and activation of downstream targets, including transcription factors and other signaling proteins.

The JAK-STAT pathway is another important signaling pathway that regulates macrophage activation. The JAK-STAT pathway is activated by cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway leads to the phosphorylation and activation of STAT proteins, which then translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of target genes.

The positive regulation of macrophage activation is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. However, dysregulation of this process can contribute to the development of various inflammatory diseases. For example, excessive macrophage activation can lead to chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of many autoimmune diseases. Conversely, impaired macrophage activation can increase susceptibility to infection. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate macrophage activation is critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases.'
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Proteins (7)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2A hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8TDQ0]Homo sapiens (human)
Lysine--tRNA ligaseA eukaryotic-type lysine--tRNA ligase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q15046]Homo sapiens (human)
HepcidinA hepcidin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P81172]Homo sapiens (human)
Cytosolic phospholipase A2A cytosolic phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P47712]Homo sapiens (human)
Interleukin-10An interleukin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:JAN, UniProtKB:P22301]Homo sapiens (human)
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrialA 60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10809]Homo sapiens (human)
Toll-like receptor 4A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:O00206]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (85)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
4-nonylphenol4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.

4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol
phenolsenvironmental contaminant
albuterolalbuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acidaurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.

Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
benzbromaronebenzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.

Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.
1-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone
uricosuric drug
bithionolbithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.

Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.
aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol
antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
candesartancandesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.

candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist
benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole
angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carvedilolcarbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
eflornithineeflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.

Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.
alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid
trypanocidal drug
dichlorophenDichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
ethacrynic acidetacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.

Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
harmalolharmalol : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is hydroxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.

harmalol: inhibitor of rat liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
harmala alkaloidalgal metabolite;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
hexachlorophenehexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.

Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene
acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
beta-lapachonebeta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.

beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase
benzochromenone;
orthoquinones
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
vitamin k 3Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.1,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mesalaminemesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.

Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pentamidinepentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.

Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
primaquineprimaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404)
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine
antimalarial
protoporphyrin ixprotoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.

protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685
imatinibaromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ici 204,219zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonistcarbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide
anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
cetrimonium bromidecetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
detergent;
surfactant
ampicillinampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.

Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug
purpurinpurpurin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone derived from anthracene by substitution with oxo groups at C-9 and C-10 and with hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-4.

purpurin: from Rubiaceae plants; structure in first source
trihydroxyanthraquinonebiological pigment;
histological dye;
plant metabolite
salicylanilidesalicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.

salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd
benzanilide fungicide;
salicylamides;
salicylanilides
benzanilide
benzethonium chloridebenzethonium chloride : A (synthetic) quaternary ammonium salt that is benzyldimethylamine in which the nitrogen is quaternised by a 2-{2-[p-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethoxy}ethyl group, with chloride as the counter-ion. An antiseptic and disinfectant, it is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, moulds and viruses.aromatic ether;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
antiviral agent;
disinfectant
evans blueEvans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.

Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.
organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
lithocholic acidlithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.

lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.

Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
plumbaginplumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.

plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator
hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols
anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
gentian violetcrystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.

Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.
organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
erythromycinerythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).

erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.

Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.
cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
agaric acidagaric acid: adenine nucleotide translocase antagonist
ethidium bromideorganic bromide saltgeroprotector;
intercalator;
trypanocidal drug
vancomycinvancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.

Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.
glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
cetylpyridinium chloridehydrate
rafoxanideRafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.
paclitaxelTaxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
closantelclosantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.

closantel: structure

N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organoiodine compound;
phenols
staurosporineindolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
adapaleneadapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.

Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.
adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid
dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
epigallocatechin gallate(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.

epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis)
flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
dehydroabietic aciddehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.

dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.

dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills
abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid
allergen;
metabolite
sb 204070aSB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist
methotrexatedicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines
abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
gossypol acetic acid
tretinoinall-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.

retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).

Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).
retinoic acid;
vitamin A
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acidarachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.

icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
riboflavinvitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).flavin;
vitamin B2
anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
4'-methoxychalcone4'-methoxychalcone: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designationchalcones
4-chloro-3-nitro-1-(phenylmethyl)-2-quinolinonequinolines
curcumincurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.

Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.
aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
5-chloro-1h-benzimidazole-2-thiol5-chloro-1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol: trypanocidal
5-chloro-7-[3-pyridinyl-(2-pyridinylamino)methyl]-8-quinolinolorganochlorine compound;
quinolines
5-chloro-7-[1-piperidinyl(2-pyridinyl)methyl]-8-quinolinolorganochlorine compound;
quinolines
arachidonyltrifluoromethaneAACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group

arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2
fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
gossypetingossypetin : A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.

gossypetin: inhibits activity of penicillinase enzyme in E coli
7-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone
plant metabolite
vitamin d 2Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.

vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D
bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferolcalciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.

Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.
D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone
geroprotector;
human metabolite
amentoflavonebiflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
morinmorin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.

morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria)
7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
4-hydroxychalcone4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.

4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source
chalcones;
phenols
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite
4'-hydroxychalcone4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.

4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source
chalcones;
phenols
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent
phenoxybenzamine hydrochlorideorganic molecular entity
nalbuphineNalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
ochnaflavoneochnaflavone : A biflavonoid with an ether linkage between the B-rings of the apigenin and luteolin subunits. It has been isolated from several members of the Ochnaceae plant family.

ochnaflavone: from Lonicera japonica; structure given in first source
aromatic ether;
biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone
anti-inflammatory agent;
antiatherogenic agent;
antibacterial agent;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
plant metabolite
22,23-dihydroavermectin b(1)a22,23-dihydroavermectin B(1)a: C48H74O14; major component of IVERMECTIN; MW 875.093; structure given in first source

22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a : A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B1a in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the major component of ivermectin.
macrocyclic lactone;
spiroketal
avermectin b(1)aavermectin B(1)a: RN given refers to avermectin B(1)a; see also avermectins & demethylavermectinsavermectin
nifurtimoxNifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.nitrofuran antibiotic
parthenolidesesquiterpene lactonedrug allergen;
inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
efipladibefipladib: structure in first source
methyl arachidonylfluorophosphonatephosphonic ester
pyrrophenonepyrrophenone: structure in first source
crizotinibcrizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.
3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amineantineoplastic agent;
biomarker;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
resatorvid
erythrosineerythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.

Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.
cladosporincladosporin: antifungal metabolite from Cladosporium cladosporioides; toxic, minor metabolite of Aspersillus flavus; inhibits tRNA synthetase in Plasmodium falciparum
dehydroabietinoldehydroabietinol: Isolated from Hyptis suaveolens; structure in first sourceabietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound
nvp-tae684piperidines
tanninsgallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).tannin
ly-146032heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
macrocycle;
macrolide
antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
crx-526CRX-526: aminoalkyl-glucosaminide-phosphate; lipid A-mimetic with anti-inflammatory properties; structure in first source
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acidfatty acid ester
hg-9-91-01HG-9-91-01 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is a potent inhibitor of salt-inducible kinase 2, a potential target protein for therapy in ovarian cancer.

HG-9-91-01: inhibits salt-inducible kinases; structure in first source
aminopyrimidine;
dimethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phenylureas;
secondary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
salt-inducible kinase 2 inhibitor
rifampinRifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
hemateinhematein : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is -6a,7-dihydrobenzo[b]indeno[1,2-d]pyran-9-one carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4, 6a and 10.

hematein: structure