Compounds > cefzil
Page last updated: 2024-11-10

cefzil

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

cefprozil: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

cefprozil : A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5281006
CHEMBL ID276568
CHEBI ID3506
SCHEMBL ID37024
MeSH IDM0147832

Synonyms (66)

Synonym
cefprozilo
BIDD:GT0833
cefprozilum
CHEBI:3506 ,
(6r,7r)-7-{[(2r)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
cefzil
procef
D07651
cefprozil (inn)
cefprozil (tn)
C06888
cefprozil
cefprozil anhydrous
DB01150
cefzil (tn)
cefprozilum [inn-latin]
cronocef
serozil
cefprozilo [inn-spanish]
bmy 28100
arzimol
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-(((2r)-amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-3-(1-propenyl)-, (6r,7r)-
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-((amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-3-(1-propenyl)-, (6r-(6alpha,7beta(r*)))-
CHEMBL276568
C16732
s1sdi2fjiy ,
e-cefprozil
unii-s1sdi2fjiy
92676-86-3
cefprozil anhydrous, e-isomer
1m698f4h4e ,
cefprozil [usan:inn]
unii-1m698f4h4e
AKOS015895989
cefprozil e-form [mi]
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-(((2r)-amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-3-(1e)-1-propenyl-,(6r,7r)-
cefprozil anhydrous, (e)-
cefprozil [mart.]
bbs-1067
bmy-28167
(6r,7r)-7-((r)-2-amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)-8-oxo-3-propenyl-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2(e)-ene-2-carboxylic acid
CCG-221280
SCHEMBL37024
AB01274812-01
trans-cefprozil
AB01274812_02
(6r,7r)-7-[(2r)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-8-oxo-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
HMS3715P22
(6r,7r)-7-((r)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)-8-oxo-3-((e)-prop-1-enyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
DTXSID10873545
Q3231623
(e)-cefprozil
cefprozil hydrate (cefzil)
WDLWHQDACQUCJR-ZAMMOSSLSA-N
AS-14301
cefprozil, mix of z (92%), and e (7%) isomers
n,n-bisbenzylidenebenzidine
(6r,7r)-7-((r)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)-8-oxo-3-((e)-prop-1-en-1-yl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6r,7r)-7-((r)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)-8-oxo-3-((e)-prop-1-en-1-yl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylicacid
cefprozil (e)-isomer (50 mg)g0d341872ug/mg(ai)
discontinued. please see c243933.
cefprozil for peak identification
EN300-19766374
?cefprozil hydrate
CS-0013517
HY-B0458A

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The incidence of adverse clinical events and laboratory abnormalities was similar to that associated with use of other oral cephalosporins."( Safety profile of cefprozil.
Conetta, BJ; DeGraw, SS; Doyle, CA; Durham, SJ; Leigh, A; Wilber, RB, 1992)		0.28
" There were no apparent drug-related toxic signs."( [Single dose oral toxicity study of BMY-28100 in juvenile rats and dogs].
Chikazawa, H; Ishikawa, K; Kadota, T; Kai, S; Kawano, S; Kohmura, H; Kondoh, H; Kuroyanagi, K; Ohta, S; Takahashi, N, 1990)		0.28
" There were no significant differences in the incidence or severity of drug-related adverse events, which, when reported, were mild and transient."( Comparative efficacy and safety of cefprozil versus penicillin, cefaclor and erythromycin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis.
McCarty, JM, 1994)		0.29
" Adverse clinical events were reported in 13% (24) of cefprozil-treated patients and 20% (36) of amoxycillin/clavulanate-treated patients."( Comparative efficacy and safety of cefprozil and amoxycillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute otitis media in children.
Berche, P; Bingen, E; Boucot, I; Gehanno, P; Gres, JJ; Lambert-Zechovsky, N; Rollin, C, 1994)		0.29
" Additionally, cefprozil is better tolerated than the latter two agents, especially with regard to gastrointestinal adverse effects."( Review of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic characteristics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin.
Barriere, SL, 1993)		0.29
" Cefprozil demonstrates clinical advantages over many other orally administered beta-lactam antibiotics in terms of antimicrobial spectrum, a once- or twice-daily dosing regimen, and/or reduced incidence of adverse effects."( Review of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic characteristics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin.
Barriere, SL, 1993)		0.29

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In pharmacokinetic studies, serum concentrations, urinary concentrations and urinary recovery rates were investigated using bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefprozil granules in the pediatric field].
Aramaki, M; Kawakami, A; Koga, T; Motohiro, T; Oda, K; Okabayashi, S; Sakata, Y; Takajo, N; Tomita, S; Yamashita, F, 1992)		0.28
" Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies using CFPZ 10% fine granules were performed in pediatric patients."( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefprozil fine granules in children].
Fukuda, S; Imamura, H; Maeda, H; Nagano, K; Nakayama, N; Tsuji, Y; Yanagi, T; Yanagishima, M, 1992)		0.28
" The means and variances of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the cis and trans isomers of cefprozil were similar in fasting subjects and were affected in a parallel manner by food, metoclopramide, propantheline, and probenecid."( Pharmacokinetic interactions of cefprozil with food, propantheline, metoclopramide, and probenecid in healthy volunteers.
Barbhaiya, RH; Pittman, KA; Shukla, UA, 1992)		0.28
" When the pharmacokinetic parameters between infant and adult dogs were compared, the mean peak concentration (Cmax) in infant dogs (21."( [Pharmacokinetics of cefprozil in infant and adult beagle dogs].
Kidono, M; Nakanomyo, H; Shimizu, N; Shiraya, M, 1992)		0.28
"The absorption and excretion were studied in the field of pediatrics, and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed."( [Pharmacokinetic study on oral antibiotics in pediatrics. III. A pharmacokinetic study on cefprozil in pediatrics].
Iwai, N; Nakamura, H, 1992)		0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of an open one-compartment model."( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of cefprozil and its impact on intestinal flora of volunteers.
Borner, K; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Müller, C; Nord, CE, 1992)		0.28
" The pharmacokinetic disposition of cefprozil, coupled with its in vitro activity, supports the use of once- or twice-daily dosage regimens."( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of cefprozil.
Barriere, SL, 1992)		0.28
" These methods were applied to determine protein binding of both isomers in human and rat sera, and to perform a pharmacokinetic study in human."( Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cefprozil diastereomers in a pharmacokinetic study.
Barbhaiya, RH; Papp, EA; Shah, VR; Shukla, UA; Shyu, WC, 1991)		0.28
" Similarly the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the elimination half-life increased from 46 micrograms."( Pharmacokinetics of cefprozil in healthy subjects and patients with renal impairment.
Barbhaiya, RH; Matzke, GR; Pittman, KA; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1991)		0.28
" The results of the plasma and urine analyses were subjected to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of cefprozil in healthy subjects and patients with hepatic impairment.
Barbhaiya, RH; Garg, DC; Pittman, KA; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1991)		0.28
" The elimination half-life of cefprozil (1."( Comparison of cefprozil and cefaclor pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration.
Barbhaiya, RH; Gleason, CR; Pittman, KA; Shukla, UA; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1990)		0.28
" While this agent has provided acceptable clinical success over a number of years, this study was undertaken to better define its pharmacodynamic profile against Streptococcus pneumoniae."( Pharmacodynamic assessment of cefprozil against Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for breakpoint determinations.
Banevicius, MA; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Onyeji, CO; Tessier, PR; Zhong, M, 2000)		0.31
"An in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to determine the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) measure and magnitude most strongly related to cefprozil activity against Haemophilus influenzae."( Pharmacodynamics of cefprozil against Haemophilus influenzae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model.
Ambrose, PG; Bajic, S; Bhavnani, SM; Booker, BM; Forrest, A; Jones, RN; Kelchlin, P; Smith, PF; Tsuji, B, 2006)		0.33
"Despite the wide-scale use of cefprozil for acute otitis media (AOM), there are only limited data available regarding the pharmacokinetic profile of this agent in the pediatric population."( Pharmacokinetics of cefprozil in plasma and middle ear fluid: in children undergoing treatment for acute otitis media.
Arguedas, A; Dagan, R; Nicolau, DP; Pichichero, ME; Sutherland, CA, 2007)		0.34
"To characterize the plasma and middle ear fluid (MEF) pharmacokinetic profile of cefprozil in pediatric patients with AOM."( Pharmacokinetics of cefprozil in plasma and middle ear fluid: in children undergoing treatment for acute otitis media.
Arguedas, A; Dagan, R; Nicolau, DP; Pichichero, ME; Sutherland, CA, 2007)		0.34
" A composite profile of cefprozil concentration data in each matrix was constructed and values for the pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained using conventional modeling techniques."( Pharmacokinetics of cefprozil in plasma and middle ear fluid: in children undergoing treatment for acute otitis media.
Arguedas, A; Dagan, R; Nicolau, DP; Pichichero, ME; Sutherland, CA, 2007)		0.34

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The absolute bioavailability (F) and dose proportionality of cefprozil were investigated in a parallel design study with an embedded two-way crossover leg."( Oral absolute bioavailability and intravenous dose-proportionality of cefprozil in humans.
Barbhaiya, RH; Campbell, DA; Pittman, KA; Shah, VR; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1992)		0.28
"The effect of antacid on the bioavailability of cefprozil was investigated in a two-way crossover study."( Effect of antacid on the bioavailability of cefprozil.
Barbhaiya, RH; Pittman, KA; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1992)		0.28
" Bioavailability parameters (area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity, maximum concentration of the drug in serum, and urinary recovery) indicated an excellent absorption."( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of cefprozil and its impact on intestinal flora of volunteers.
Borner, K; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Müller, C; Nord, CE, 1992)		0.28
"The absolute bioavailability of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin, in four beagles was evaluated."( Absolute bioavailability of cefprozil after oral administration in beagles.
Barbhaiya, RH; Pittman, KA; Shyu, WC; Wang, L, 1992)		0.28
" The pharmacokinetic study in human indicated that cefprozil was well absorbed and the cis and trans isomers have similar pharmacokinetics."( Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cefprozil diastereomers in a pharmacokinetic study.
Barbhaiya, RH; Papp, EA; Shah, VR; Shukla, UA; Shyu, WC, 1991)		0.28
" This suggests that BMY-28100 is absorbed at a high absorption rate from the gastro-intestinal tract."( [Studies on the pharmacokinetics of BMY-28100 (I)].
Esumi, Y; Gunji, S; Ishikawa, H; Ishikawa, K; Jin, Y; Nakanomyo, H; Sonobe, J; Takaichi, M, 1990)		0.28
" However, the absorption rate of cefaclor is significantly reduced in the presence of food, while that of cefprozil remains unaltered."( Comparison of the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of cefprozil and cefaclor.
Barbhaiya, RH; Gleason, CR; Pittman, KA; Shukla, UA; Shyu, WC, 1990)		0.28
" This method was sensitive with excellent selectivity and reproducibility, and successfully applied to a bioavailability study of cefprozil in healthy subjects."( HPLC method for simultaneous determination of cefprozil diastereomers in human plasma.
Jee, JP; Kim, CK; Kim, JK; Park, JS; Park, TH, 2004)		0.32

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Twenty-four healthy male subjects divided into 3 dosing groups received a single 250-, 500-, or 1000-mg dose of cefprozil by a 30-minute intravenous infusion."( Oral absolute bioavailability and intravenous dose-proportionality of cefprozil in humans.
Barbhaiya, RH; Campbell, DA; Pittman, KA; Shah, VR; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1992)		0.28
" Because of its efficacy and once-daily dosing regimen, cefprozil may be an alternative to currently available oral antibiotics in the treatment of UTIs."( Cefprozil versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Cefprozil Multicenter Study Group.
Doyle, CA; Durham, SJ; Iravani, A; Wilber, RB, )		0.13
" Because renal impairment, but not hepatic dysfunction, significantly reduces the elimination of cefprozil, it is recommended that the dosage be reduced by 50% in patients whose creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min."( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of cefprozil.
Barriere, SL, 1992)		0.28
", increased resistance to penicillin and erythromycin and inconvenient dosing schedules) have led to an adjustment in the kinds of antimicrobial agents prescribed for these diseases."( Clinical trials of cefprozil for treatment of skin and skin-structure infections: review.
Nolen, TM, 1992)		0.28
" Cefprozil was used in single-daily or twice-daily dosing regimens for treatment of infections of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, sinuses, middle ear, urinary tract, and skin and skin structure."( Safety profile of cefprozil.
Conetta, BJ; DeGraw, SS; Doyle, CA; Durham, SJ; Leigh, A; Wilber, RB, 1992)		0.28
" Based on the efficacy results from this study, the lower gastrointestinal side effects and the convenience of twice-a-day dosing, we believe that cefprozil in a dosage of 30 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours represents a potential alternative for the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in children."( Comparative trial of cefprozil vs. amoxicillin clavulanate potassium in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with effusion.
Arguedas, AG; Blumer, JL; Hains, CS; Stutman, HR; Zaleska, M, 1991)		0.28
" A reduction in dosage is recommended in patients with a creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min or less."( Pharmacokinetics of cefprozil in healthy subjects and patients with renal impairment.
Barbhaiya, RH; Matzke, GR; Pittman, KA; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1991)		0.28
" In dogs, watery-mucous diarrhea observed at 2 to 3 hours after dosing in all dose groups was not dose-related."( [Single dose oral toxicity study of BMY-28100 in juvenile rats and dogs].
Chikazawa, H; Ishikawa, K; Kadota, T; Kai, S; Kawano, S; Kohmura, H; Kondoh, H; Kuroyanagi, K; Ohta, S; Takahashi, N, 1990)		0.28
" Slightly depressed body weight gains were noted in the 750 and 1,500 mg/kg dose groups during early dosing period."( [Four-week repeated dose oral toxicity study of BMY-28100 in juvenile rats].
Chikazawa, H; Ishikawa, K; Kadota, T; Kai, S; Kawano, S; Kohmura, H; Kondoh, H; Kuroyanagi, K; Ohta, S; Takahashi, N, 1990)		0.28
" Fetal tissue concentration of the drug reached a maximum at 6 hours after dosing on day 18 of gestation."( [Studies on the pharmacokinetics of BMY-28100 (II)].
Esumi, Y; Gunji, S; Ishikawa, H; Ishikawa, K; Jin, Y; Nakanomyo, H; Sonobe, J; Takaichi, M, 1990)		0.28
" These data suggest that infections caused by highly susceptible pathogens might respond to a twice daily dosing regimen and less susceptible pathogens might require a higher dose or more frequent administration."( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of cefprozil.
Andrews, JM; Nye, K; O'Neill, P; Wise, R, 1990)		0.28
" If the therapeutic concept is maintained that levels of beta-lactam antibiotics in plasma should exceed the MIC for the offending organisms over a period that approximates the dosing interval, then cefprozil would appear to be suitable for twice-daily administration, whereas cefaclor should probably be administered three or even four times a day."( Phase I study of multiple-dose cefprozil and comparison with cefaclor.
Barbhaiya, RH; Gleason, CR; Martin, RR; Pittman, KA; Shukla, UA; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1990)		0.28
" In comparative trials, the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of cefprozil 500mg or 20 mg/kg administered once or twice daily has been comparable with multiple daily dosage regimens of erythromycin in patients with tonsillitis or pharyngitis, with cefaclor and amoxicillin/clavulanate in lower respiratory tract infections, with amoxicillin/clavulanate and erythromycin in skin and skin-structure infections and with cefaclor in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections."( Cefprozil. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential.
Benfield, P; Wiseman, LR, 1993)		0.29
" In two trials, 891 pediatric patients were enrolled to either cefprozil or amoxicillin-clavulanate dosage regimens."( Multi-investigator evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cefprozil, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefixime and cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media.
Kafetzis, DA, 1994)		0.29
" Cefprozil demonstrates clinical advantages over many other orally administered beta-lactam antibiotics in terms of antimicrobial spectrum, a once- or twice-daily dosing regimen, and/or reduced incidence of adverse effects."( Review of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic characteristics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin.
Barriere, SL, 1993)		0.29
"17 h after dosing are much higher than the MICs for common pathogens which cause pharyngitis or tonsillitis."( Penetration of cefprozil into tonsillar and adenoidal tissues.
Barbhaiya, RH; Campbell, DA; Reilly, J; Shyu, WC; Wilber, RB, 1993)		0.29
" Simulated pediatric dosage regimens and target peak concentrations in the central compartment were as follows: penicillin V-potassium, 26 mg/kg of body weight every 6 h (q6h) and 14 micrograms/ml; cefaclor, 13."( Bactericidal activities of cefprozil, penicillin, cefaclor, cefixime, and loracarbef against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model.
Cappelletty, DM; Rybak, MJ, 1996)		0.29
" The once-daily dosing schedule for ceftibuten therapy may aid patient compliance, particularly in the pediatric population."( Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily ceftibuten and twice-daily cefprozil in the treatment of children with acute otitis media.
Blumer, JL; Forti, WP; Summerhouse, TL, )		0.13
" pneumoniae for >40% of the dosing interval."( Cefprozil versus high-dose amoxicillin/clavulanate in children with acute otitis media.
Hedrick, JA; Pierce, P; Schwartz, RH; Sher, LD, 2001)		0.31
"Current dosing recommendations for cephalosporin antibiotics are on the basis of pharmacokinetic studies and are frequently ignored in practice."( Clinical Outcomes of Failing to Dose-Reduce Cephalosporin Antibiotics in Older Adults with CKD.
Bathini, L; Battistella, M; Garg, AX; Jain, AK; Jandoc, R; Kuwornu, P; Liu, A; McArthur, E; Muanda, FT; Sood, MM; Weir, MA, 2019)		0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (17)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID22534Half life was measured.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID198313Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Streptococcus pyogenes by 2-fold microdilution technique1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID117679Protective dose (PD50) against Escherichia coli infected mice1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID64069Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Escherichia coli by 2-fold microdilution technique.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID14190Percentage of dose recovered after 0-6 hr in the urine of mice was measured.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID198183Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Streptococcus pneumoniae by 2-fold microdilution technique1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID79398Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Haemophilus influenzae by 2-fold microdilution technique.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID200262Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus by 2-fold microdilution technique.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID198019Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Streptococcus faecalis by 2-fold microdilution technique.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID64070Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as oral therapeutic efficacy against Escherichia coli.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID117680Protective dose (PD50) against Streptococcus pneumoniae infected mice1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID10693Area under curve(AUC) was measured in mice after oral administration.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID64075Protective dose (PD50) against Escherichia coli. infected mice; NT means not tested1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID13668Cmax was measured in mice after an oral dose of 50 mg/kg.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID151367Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Proteus mirabilis by 2-fold microdilution technique.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID94130Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Klebsiella pneumoniae by 2-fold microdilution technique.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
AID198184Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as oral therapeutic efficacy against Streptococcus pneumoniae.1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
An examination of O-2-isocephems as orally absorbable antibiotics.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (178)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199016 (8.99)18.7374
1990's108 (60.67)18.2507
2000's37 (20.79)29.6817
2010's13 (7.30)24.3611
2020's4 (2.25)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 82.28

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index82.28 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.56 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.14 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index144.02 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (82.28)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials68 (35.60%)5.53%
Reviews24 (12.57%)6.00%
Case Studies8 (4.19%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.52%)0.25%
Other90 (47.12%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.1510tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
aztreonam
Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.		2.3110
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		7.2872carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		9.2193
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		1.9810benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.02103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.2510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		1.9810benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		1.9810xanthenes
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		1.9710azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9810monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.3711penicillin allergen;
penicillin
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		1.9710organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		7.443cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1510alkali metal hydroxide
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		5.99103beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		1.9710beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		9.72138penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		1.9810cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.7821cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefaclor
[no description available]		1.9710
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		11.242615cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		16.9717661cephalosporinfungal metabolite
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		5.5851macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		1.9710
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.0410
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.4720beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.02109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		3.7921
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		3.3911cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.4320
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		8.18102macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.0310
quercetin
[no description available]		3.51117-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		420cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		1.9810cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		8.19831,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		420carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		10.77158
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.711aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
cefdinir
Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.		6.9283
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		5.5851
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		1.9910
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.0310
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.131
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.711
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.711
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		03.711
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.2110
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.0810
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		010.192212
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.0810
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		010.552618
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.0810
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		02.0810
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		010.192212
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.0450
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		011.93214
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		011.93214
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.0510
Arachnidism
[description not available]		02.0510
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.4420
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.0510
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0510
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.4420
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.0510
Sore Throat
[description not available]		09.26127
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		08.13124
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		04.340
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		06.7352
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		07.6273
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		09.26127
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		08.13124
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		04.340
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		06.7352
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.2243
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		07.166
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.2243
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		07.166
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.8655
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		07.1785
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		08.9127
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		02.4320
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		02.4320
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.0210
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.0210
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		05.0352
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.0210
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.0210
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.0210
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		05.0352
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.0210
Histiocytic Necrotising Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.0310
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		05.2141
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.0310
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.0310
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		06.9265
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		06.9265
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		05.2422
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		05.2422
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.910
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.910
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.910
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		02.910
Infections, Neisseriaceae
[description not available]		03.3711
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		04.2941
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		04.2941
Serum Sickness
Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.		01.9810
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.910
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.910
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.910
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.910
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9810
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		01.9810
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		01.9810
Pyrexia
[description not available]		01.9810
Parotiditis
[description not available]		01.9810
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		01.9810
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		01.9810
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		01.9810
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		01.9810
Arthropathies
[description not available]		01.9910
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		01.9910
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		01.9910
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.910
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		03.3911
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		03.3911
Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		01.9810
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		01.9810
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9810
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		01.9810
Impetigo Contagiosa
[description not available]		03.3611
Impetigo
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.		03.3611
Adenitis
[description not available]		03.3611
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		03.3611
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		03.3611
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.6821
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.8910
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.6821
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.2811
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		04.2811
Phlegmon
[description not available]		04.2811
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		04.2811
Infection
[description not available]		04.2811
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		04.9731
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		04.2811
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		04.2811
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.3611
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.3611
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.3820
Emesis
[description not available]		02.3820
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.3820
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		01.9710
Bleb
[description not available]		03.7621