negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24252804]

Negative regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthetic process involves a complex interplay of cellular mechanisms aimed at controlling the production of harmful ROS. ROS are highly reactive molecules, including superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, which are generated as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism. While ROS play important roles in signaling and defense, their accumulation can cause significant damage to cellular components, leading to oxidative stress and various diseases.

To maintain cellular homeostasis, organisms have evolved intricate systems to regulate ROS production. Key regulatory mechanisms include:

1. **Enzymatic Antioxidants:** Enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase detoxify ROS by converting them into less harmful molecules. SOD converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide, which is then further broken down by catalase and glutathione peroxidase.

2. **Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants:** Small molecules such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E act as scavengers, directly reacting with and neutralizing ROS.

3. **Regulation of ROS-Producing Enzymes:** Cells tightly control the activity of enzymes responsible for ROS generation, such as NADPH oxidases (NOX) and mitochondrial respiratory chain components. This regulation involves signaling pathways, transcription factors, and post-translational modifications that fine-tune enzyme activity.

4. **Repair Mechanisms:** Cells possess mechanisms to repair damage caused by ROS, such as DNA repair systems and protein chaperones.

5. **Apoptosis and Autophagy:** In cases of severe oxidative stress, cells may undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) or autophagy (self-eating) to eliminate damaged cells and prevent further damage.

These regulatory processes act in concert to maintain a delicate balance between ROS production and detoxification, ensuring proper cellular function while minimizing oxidative stress. Dysregulation of these mechanisms can contribute to various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging.'
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Proteins (5)

Compounds (147)