pioglitazone and Disease Exacerbation studies

Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.
pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Pioglitazone may be effective for secondary prevention in patients with stroke/transient ischemic attack and with prediabetes, particularly in those with good adherence."	9.30	Pioglitazone Therapy in Patients With Stroke and Prediabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the IRIS Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Dearborn-Tomazos, J; Ford, GA; Furie, KL; Gorman, M; Inzucchi, SE; Kernan, WN; Lovejoy, AM; Spence, JD; Viscoli, CM; Young, LH, 2019)
"This study aimed to explore the effects of pioglitazone treatment on progression from persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) to permanent atrial fibrillation in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in those effects."	9.19	Beneficial effects of pioglitazone on retardation of persistent atrial fibrillation progression in diabetes mellitus patients. ( Liu, B; Wang, G; Wang, J, 2014)
"Pioglitazone slowed progression of CIMT, independent of improvement in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation in prediabetes."	9.17	Pioglitazone slows progression of atherosclerosis in prediabetes independent of changes in cardiovascular risk factors. ( Banerji, M; Bray, GA; Buchanan, TA; Clement, SC; DeFronzo, RA; Henry, RR; Hodis, HN; Kitabchi, AE; Mack, WJ; Mudaliar, S; Musi, N; Ratner, RE; Reaven, PD; Saremi, A; Schwenke, DC; Stentz, FB; Tripathy, D, 2013)
"In all, 360 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease were treated with pioglitazone or glimepiride for 18 months in the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression of Intravascular Sonographic Coronary Obstruction Prospective Evaluation) study."	9.15	Lowering the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the beneficial impact of pioglitazone on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: insights from the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression o ( Bayturan, O; Kupfer, S; Lavoie, A; Nesto, R; Nicholls, SJ; Nissen, SE; Perez, A; Tuzcu, EM; Uno, K; Wolski, K, 2011)
"These results suggest that pioglitazone treatment reduces the progression of carotid IMT and improves insulin resistance in renal allograft recipients without a history of diabetes."	9.14	Effects of pioglitazone on subclinical atherosclerosis and insulin resistance in nondiabetic renal allograft recipients. ( Cha, BS; Choi, SH; Han, SJ; Hur, KY; Kang, ES; Kim, DJ; Kim, MS; Kim, SI; Kim, YS; Kwak, JY; Lee, HC, 2010)
"It is evident from the present study that vildagliptin has an influence on the biomarkers linked to the progression of thrombosis and may delay thrombogenesis linked to DM."	7.81	Potential effects of vildagliptin on biomarkers associated with prothrombosis in diabetes mellitus. ( Akhtar, M; Khan, S; Najmi, AK; Panda, BP, 2015)
" Pioglitazone treatment (3 mg/kg body weight/d for 6 weeks), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist, reversibly improved atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and fully restored flow-mediated dilation with persistent benefits."	7.77	Rhesus macaques develop metabolic syndrome with reversible vascular dysfunction responsive to pioglitazone. ( Cheng, H; Ding, Y; Han, C; Hou, N; Huang, PL; Li, C; Li, K; Liu, N; Liu, Y; Mao, J; Raab, S; Sebokova, E; Shang, S; Song, Z; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, R; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zheng, W; Zhu, T, 2011)
" Here, we found that the PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone protected against renal injury in aging; it reduced proteinuria, improved GFR, decreased sclerosis, and alleviated cell senescence."	7.75	The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury. ( Deleuze, S; Fogo, AB; Ma, LJ; Potthoff, SA; Yang, HC; Zuo, Y, 2009)
" Hyperglycemia is an on-target side effect of many inhibitors of PI3K/Akt signaling including the specific PI3K inhibitor PX-866."	7.75	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone prevents the hyperglycemia caused by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway inhibition by PX-866 without affecting antitumor activity. ( Halter, RJ; Ihle, NT; Kirkpatrick, L; Lemos, R; Oh, J; Powis, G; Schwartz, D; Wipf, P, 2009)
" Nevertheless, pioglitazone (when compared to rosiglitazone) was found to have long-term value as a treatment option for T2DM patients with dyslipidemia treated within the US payer setting."	7.74	Pioglitazone versus rosiglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: cost-effectiveness in the US. ( Baran, RW; Minshall, ME; Pandya, BJ; St Charles, M; Tunis, SL, 2008)
"To evaluate the in vivo therapeutic effect of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist, on the development of lesions in a guinea pig model of osteoarthritis (OA), and to determine the influence of pioglitazone on the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in articular cartilage."	7.73	Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, reduces the progression of experimental osteoarthritis in guinea pigs. ( Kobayashi, T; Martel-Pelletier, J; Naito, T; Nakamura, A; Notoya, K; Pelletier, JP; Unno, S, 2005)
" Because proinflammatory cytokines play a critical role in left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), we examined the effects of pioglitazone treatment in an experimental model of chronic heart failure."	7.71	Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. ( Egashira, K; Hayashidani, S; Ikeuchi, M; Ishibashi, M; Kubota, T; Shiomi, T; Suematsu, N; Takeshita, A; Tsutsui, H; Wen, J, 2002)
"Treatment with pioglitazone resulted in significant decreases in elevated proinsulin levels in type 2 diabetes patients."	6.47	Elevated intact proinsulin levels are indicative of Beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk: impact of the antidiabetic agent pioglitazone. ( Forst, T; Pfützner, A, 2011)
"Tolvaptan is an approved drug for ADPKD patients, but is also associated with multiple side effects."	5.56	Renal cyst growth is attenuated by a combination treatment of tolvaptan and pioglitazone, while pioglitazone treatment alone is not effective. ( Bange, H; Dijkstra, KL; Kanhai, AA; Leonhard, WN; Peters, DJM; Price, LS; Verburg, L, 2020)
"Pioglitazone treatment started at the first signs of fibrosis in both models."	5.51	Pioglitazone Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Two Rodent Models of Cirrhosis. ( Arora, G; Baumert, TF; Erstad, DJ; Fuchs, BC; Ghoshal, S; Hoshida, Y; Lanuti, M; Li, S; Masia, R; Sojoodi, M; Tanabe, KK, 2019)
"In LNCaP, a human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line, PGZ also inhibited cyclin D1 expression and the activation of both p38 MAPK and NFκB."	5.43	Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist, Suppresses Rat Prostate Carcinogenesis. ( Kato, H; Kobayashi, M; Kuno, T; Mori, Y; Nagano, A; Nagayasu, Y; Naiki-Ito, A; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, S, 2016)
"Inflammation is an essential component of vulnerable or high-risk atheromas."	5.37	Pioglitazone modulates vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic rabbits noninvasive assessment with FDG-PET-CT and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. ( Calcagno, C; Dickson, SD; Fayad, ZA; Fisher, EA; Fuster, V; Hayashi, K; Lin, J; Moon, MJ; Moshier, E; Mounessa, JS; Nicolay, K; Roytman, M; Rudd, JH; Tsimikas, S; Vucic, E, 2011)
"Pioglitazone may be effective for secondary prevention in patients with stroke/transient ischemic attack and with prediabetes, particularly in those with good adherence."	5.30	Pioglitazone Therapy in Patients With Stroke and Prediabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the IRIS Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Dearborn-Tomazos, J; Ford, GA; Furie, KL; Gorman, M; Inzucchi, SE; Kernan, WN; Lovejoy, AM; Spence, JD; Viscoli, CM; Young, LH, 2019)
" We analyzed peripheral biomarkers, including leukocyte PGC-1α and target gene expression, plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a marker of inflammation, and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) as a marker of oxidative DNA damage."	5.20	Peripheral Biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease Progression and Pioglitazone Effects. ( Baker, L; Clark-Matott, J; Dunlop, SR; Elm, J; Emborg, M; Graebner, AK; Kamp, C; Morgan, JC; Ravina, B; Ross, GW; Sharma, S; Simon, DK; Simuni, T, 2015)
"This study aimed to explore the effects of pioglitazone treatment on progression from persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) to permanent atrial fibrillation in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in those effects."	5.19	Beneficial effects of pioglitazone on retardation of persistent atrial fibrillation progression in diabetes mellitus patients. ( Liu, B; Wang, G; Wang, J, 2014)
" We examined whether plasma adiponectin levels at baseline and after pioglitazone treatment in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) subjects were associated with improved insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose tolerance status."	5.19	Baseline adiponectin levels do not influence the response to pioglitazone in ACT NOW. ( Banerji, M; Bray, GA; Buchanan, TA; Clement, SC; DeFronzo, RA; Gastaldelli, A; Henry, RR; Kitabchi, AE; Mudaliar, S; Musi, N; Ratner, RE; Reaven, PD; Schwenke, DC; Stentz, FB; Tripathy, D, 2014)
"Pioglitazone slowed progression of CIMT, independent of improvement in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation in prediabetes."	5.17	Pioglitazone slows progression of atherosclerosis in prediabetes independent of changes in cardiovascular risk factors. ( Banerji, M; Bray, GA; Buchanan, TA; Clement, SC; DeFronzo, RA; Henry, RR; Hodis, HN; Kitabchi, AE; Mack, WJ; Mudaliar, S; Musi, N; Ratner, RE; Reaven, PD; Saremi, A; Schwenke, DC; Stentz, FB; Tripathy, D, 2013)
" In this study, we administered pioglitazone and pitavastatin for 16 weeks to 18 patients who had type 2 diabetes complicated by dyslipidemia and then investigated the influence of these 2 drugs on MDA-LDL(i."	5.15	[Study of MDA-LDL by pioglitazone and pitavastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes]. ( Hayashi, S; Taguchi, A, 2011)
"In all, 360 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease were treated with pioglitazone or glimepiride for 18 months in the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression of Intravascular Sonographic Coronary Obstruction Prospective Evaluation) study."	5.15	Lowering the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the beneficial impact of pioglitazone on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: insights from the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression o ( Bayturan, O; Kupfer, S; Lavoie, A; Nesto, R; Nicholls, SJ; Nissen, SE; Perez, A; Tuzcu, EM; Uno, K; Wolski, K, 2011)
"These results suggest that pioglitazone treatment reduces the progression of carotid IMT and improves insulin resistance in renal allograft recipients without a history of diabetes."	5.14	Effects of pioglitazone on subclinical atherosclerosis and insulin resistance in nondiabetic renal allograft recipients. ( Cha, BS; Choi, SH; Han, SJ; Hur, KY; Kang, ES; Kim, DJ; Kim, MS; Kim, SI; Kim, YS; Kwak, JY; Lee, HC, 2010)
"Six patients with advanced and pretreated but progressive, malignant vascular tumors (5 angiosarcomas and 1 hemangioendothelioma) received a combination of pioglitazone (45 mg per day orally) plus rofecoxib (25 mg per day orally) and, after 14 days, trofosfamide (3 x 50 mg per day orally)."	5.10	Antiangiogenetic therapy with pioglitazone, rofecoxib, and metronomic trofosfamide in patients with advanced malignant vascular tumors. ( Andreesen, R; Bataille, F; Berand, A; Bross, K; Hafner, C; Jauch, KW; Landthaler, M; Reichle, A; Vogt, T, 2003)
"We review the existing evidence and most recent data elucidating the various inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers that are elevated in T2DM leading to thrombosis as well as the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antithrombotic mechanisms of pioglitazone and vildagliptin in addition to their effect on glucose metabolism that may halt the progression of atherothrombotic disease."	4.89	Effects of pioglitazone and vildagliptin on coagulation cascade in diabetes mellitus--targeting thrombogenesis. ( Akhtar, M; Imran, M; Khan, S; Najmi, AK; Pillai, KK, 2013)
"It is evident from the present study that vildagliptin has an influence on the biomarkers linked to the progression of thrombosis and may delay thrombogenesis linked to DM."	3.81	Potential effects of vildagliptin on biomarkers associated with prothrombosis in diabetes mellitus. ( Akhtar, M; Khan, S; Najmi, AK; Panda, BP, 2015)
" Pioglitazone treatment (3 mg/kg body weight/d for 6 weeks), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist, reversibly improved atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and fully restored flow-mediated dilation with persistent benefits."	3.77	Rhesus macaques develop metabolic syndrome with reversible vascular dysfunction responsive to pioglitazone. ( Cheng, H; Ding, Y; Han, C; Hou, N; Huang, PL; Li, C; Li, K; Liu, N; Liu, Y; Mao, J; Raab, S; Sebokova, E; Shang, S; Song, Z; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, R; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zheng, W; Zhu, T, 2011)
"A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in a baboon model to determine if a thiazolidinedione agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, pioglitazone, can impede the development of endometriosis."	3.76	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-(gamma) receptor ligand partially prevents the development of endometrial explants in baboons: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. ( Chai, DC; D'Hooghe, T; Lebovic, DI; Mwenda, JM; Santi, A; Xu, X, 2010)
" Here, we found that the PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone protected against renal injury in aging; it reduced proteinuria, improved GFR, decreased sclerosis, and alleviated cell senescence."	3.75	The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury. ( Deleuze, S; Fogo, AB; Ma, LJ; Potthoff, SA; Yang, HC; Zuo, Y, 2009)
" Hyperglycemia is an on-target side effect of many inhibitors of PI3K/Akt signaling including the specific PI3K inhibitor PX-866."	3.75	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone prevents the hyperglycemia caused by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway inhibition by PX-866 without affecting antitumor activity. ( Halter, RJ; Ihle, NT; Kirkpatrick, L; Lemos, R; Oh, J; Powis, G; Schwartz, D; Wipf, P, 2009)
" Nevertheless, pioglitazone (when compared to rosiglitazone) was found to have long-term value as a treatment option for T2DM patients with dyslipidemia treated within the US payer setting."	3.74	Pioglitazone versus rosiglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: cost-effectiveness in the US. ( Baran, RW; Minshall, ME; Pandya, BJ; St Charles, M; Tunis, SL, 2008)
"These data suggest that pioglitazone not only improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control and lipid profile, but also ameliorates renal injury through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in type 2 diabetic rats."	3.74	Pioglitazone attenuates diabetic nephropathy through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in type 2 diabetic rats. ( Cha, DR; Han, JY; Han, KH; Han, SY; Kang, YS; Kim, HK; Ko, GJ; Lee, MH; Song, HK, 2008)
"To evaluate the in vivo therapeutic effect of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist, on the development of lesions in a guinea pig model of osteoarthritis (OA), and to determine the influence of pioglitazone on the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in articular cartilage."	3.73	Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, reduces the progression of experimental osteoarthritis in guinea pigs. ( Kobayashi, T; Martel-Pelletier, J; Naito, T; Nakamura, A; Notoya, K; Pelletier, JP; Unno, S, 2005)
" Because proinflammatory cytokines play a critical role in left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), we examined the effects of pioglitazone treatment in an experimental model of chronic heart failure."	3.71	Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. ( Egashira, K; Hayashidani, S; Ikeuchi, M; Ishibashi, M; Kubota, T; Shiomi, T; Suematsu, N; Takeshita, A; Tsutsui, H; Wen, J, 2002)
"Patients with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes (N = 16) were treated with insulin and metformin for a 3-month lead-in period, then assigned triple oral therapy (metformin, glyburide, and pioglitazone) or continued treatment with insulin and metformin."	2.77	Effect of insulin versus triple oral therapy on the progression of hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetes. ( Duong, J; Leonard, D; Lingvay, I; Roe, ED; Szczepaniak, LS, 2012)
"However, the rate of progression to SPIDDM with the use of insulin-sensitizing agents is unknown."	2.76	Pioglitazone may accelerate disease course of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes. ( Katsuki, T; Oikawa, Y; Okubo, Y; Shigihara, T; Shimada, A; Yamada, Y, 2011)
"Pioglitazone treatment led to improvement in levels of multiple cardiovascular risk markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and free fatty acid."	2.73	Increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicts the pioglitazone-mediated reduction of carotid intima-media thickness progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Chen, Z; D'Agostino, R; Davidson, M; Feinstein, S; Haffner, S; Kondos, GT; Mazzone, T; Meyer, PM; Perez, A, 2008)
"However, most patients with NAFLD/NASH will die from a vascular cause."	2.72	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: State of the art on effective therapeutics based on the gold standard method for diagnosis. ( Atkin, SL; De Vincentis, A; Jamialahmadi, T; Mahjoubin-Tehran, M; Mantzoros, CS; Mikhailidis, DP; Sahebkar, A, 2021)
"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly dominant cause of liver disease worldwide."	2.61	Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Identification and Management of High-Risk Patients. ( Cheung, A; Figueredo, C; Rinella, ME, 2019)
"NASH, the more aggressive form of NAFLD, may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma."	2.55	Therapies in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). ( Oseini, AM; Sanyal, AJ, 2017)
"Women with a history of gestational diabetes are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus."	2.55	Preventing progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to diabetes: A thought-filled review. ( Grajower, MM; Kasher-Meron, M, 2017)
"Pioglitazone (AD4833) is an insulin sensitizer of the thiazolidinedione class of nuclear Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists."	2.55	Pioglitazone for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ( Galimberti, D; Scarpini, E, 2017)
"Current treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited to symptomatic dopaminergic therapy, while no interventions have been shown to slow down disease progression."	2.52	Thiazolidinediones under preclinical and early clinical development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. ( Carta, AR; Simuni, T, 2015)
"Head and neck cancer is a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide."	2.50	PPARγ in head and neck cancer prevention. ( Burotto, M; Szabo, E, 2014)
"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder worldwide."	2.49	Nonalcoholic Fatty liver: a possible new target for type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment. ( Belfiore, A; Fruci, B; Giuliano, S; Malaguarnera, R; Mazza, A, 2013)
"Type 2 diabetes has long been recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, peripheral arterial disease, cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure."	2.47	Macrovascular effects and safety issues of therapies for type 2 diabetes. ( Plutzky, J, 2011)
"Treatment with pioglitazone resulted in significant decreases in elevated proinsulin levels in type 2 diabetes patients."	2.47	Elevated intact proinsulin levels are indicative of Beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk: impact of the antidiabetic agent pioglitazone. ( Forst, T; Pfützner, A, 2011)
"Insulin resistance is now considered to be major pathogenesis for diabetic macroangiopathy."	2.43	[Prevention and treatment for development and progression of diabetic macroangiopathy with pioglitazone and metformin]. ( Daita, H; Mokuno, H; Tamura, H, 2006)
"Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) during liver-metastasis resection for treatment of colon cancer may increase the risk of further metastasis."	1.56	Ischemia reperfusion-induced metastasis is resistant to PPARγ agonist pioglitazone in a murine model of colon cancer. ( Aoki, T; Bouvet, M; Fukuda, Y; Higuchi, T; Hoffman, RM; Inubushi, S; Murakami, M; Nishino, H; Singh, SR; Sugisawa, N; Tashiro, Y; Yamamoto, J, 2020)
"Tolvaptan is an approved drug for ADPKD patients, but is also associated with multiple side effects."	1.56	Renal cyst growth is attenuated by a combination treatment of tolvaptan and pioglitazone, while pioglitazone treatment alone is not effective. ( Bange, H; Dijkstra, KL; Kanhai, AA; Leonhard, WN; Peters, DJM; Price, LS; Verburg, L, 2020)
"In patient with NAFLD, interpretation of LSM in association with CAP scores may provide helpful information sparing unnecessary liver biopsy."	1.51	Value of controlled attenuation parameter in fibrosis prediction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ( Lee, HW; Lee, JI; Lee, KS, 2019)
"Pioglitazone treatment started at the first signs of fibrosis in both models."	1.51	Pioglitazone Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Two Rodent Models of Cirrhosis. ( Arora, G; Baumert, TF; Erstad, DJ; Fuchs, BC; Ghoshal, S; Hoshida, Y; Lanuti, M; Li, S; Masia, R; Sojoodi, M; Tanabe, KK, 2019)
"In LNCaP, a human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line, PGZ also inhibited cyclin D1 expression and the activation of both p38 MAPK and NFκB."	1.43	Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist, Suppresses Rat Prostate Carcinogenesis. ( Kato, H; Kobayashi, M; Kuno, T; Mori, Y; Nagano, A; Nagayasu, Y; Naiki-Ito, A; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, S, 2016)
"Insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been found to be associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PPHTg)."	1.43	Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia Predicts Development of Insulin Resistance Glucose Intolerance and Type 2 Diabetes. ( Aggarwal, S; Aslam, M; Galav, V; Madhu, SV; Sharma, KK, 2016)
"Treatment with pioglitazone prevented abnormal valve calcification, but did not protect valve function."	1.42	Spontaneous Aortic Regurgitation and Valvular Cardiomyopathy in Mice. ( Baumbach, GL; Brooks, RM; Chen, B; Chu, Y; Davis, MK; Doshi, H; El Accaoui, RN; Funk, ND; Hajj, GP; Hameed, T; Heistad, DD; Leinwand, LA; Lund, DD; Magida, JA; Song, LS; Weiss, RM; Zimmerman, KA, 2015)
"Adjuvant arthritis was induced by single intra-dermal injection of 0."	1.39	Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of combined pioglitazone and prednisolone on adjuvant-induced arthritis. ( Banerjee, BD; Mediratta, PK; Negi, H; Sharma, KK; Suke, SG, 2013)
"Although modulating disease progression is an attractive target and will alleviate the burden of the most severe stages, this strategy will not reduce the prevalence of the disease itself."	1.39	Using genetics to enable studies on the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. ( Brannan, SK; Burke, JR; Burns, DK; Crenshaw, DG; Gottschalk, WK; Grossman, I; Lutz, MW; Roses, AD; Saunders, AM; Welsh-Bohmer, KA, 2013)
"Inflammation is an essential component of vulnerable or high-risk atheromas."	1.37	Pioglitazone modulates vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic rabbits noninvasive assessment with FDG-PET-CT and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. ( Calcagno, C; Dickson, SD; Fayad, ZA; Fisher, EA; Fuster, V; Hayashi, K; Lin, J; Moon, MJ; Moshier, E; Mounessa, JS; Nicolay, K; Roytman, M; Rudd, JH; Tsimikas, S; Vucic, E, 2011)
"The term nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has recently been proposed to identify a fatty liver disease accompanied by diffuse fatty infiltration and inflammation."	1.34	Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, controls progress of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. ( Fujita, K; Inamori, M; Iwasaki, T; Kirikoshi, H; Maeyama, S; Mawatari, H; Nakajima, A; Nozaki, Y; Saito, S; Takahashi, H; Terauchi, Y; Wada, K; Yoneda, M, 2007)
"Pioglitazone treatment extended survival by 13%, and it reduced gliosis as assessed by immunohistochemical staining for CD-40 and GFAP."	1.33	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist extends survival in transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ( Beal, MF; Calingasan, NY; Chen, J; Kiaei, M; Kipiani, K, 2005)
"Pioglitazone treatment was introduced at various time points."	1.33	Limited therapeutic efficacy of pioglitazone on progression of hepatic fibrosis in rats. ( Horsmans, Y; Leclercq, IA; Sempoux, C; Stärkel, P, 2006)
"Effective long-term treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) implies modification of the disease processes that cause this progressive disorder."	1.33	A mechanism-based disease progression model for comparison of long-term effects of pioglitazone, metformin and gliclazide on disease processes underlying Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ( Danhof, M; de Winter, W; DeJongh, J; Eckland, D; Moules, I; Ploeger, B; Post, T; Urquhart, R, 2006)
"Using cells and prostate cancer xenograft mouse models, we demonstrate in this study that a combination treatment using the PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone and the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid is more efficient at inhibiting prostate tumor growth than each individual therapy."	1.33	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulates E-cadherin expression and inhibits growth and invasion of prostate cancer. ( Abella, A; Annicotte, JS; Berthe, ML; Culine, S; Dubus, P; Fajas, L; Fritz, V; Iankova, I; Iborra, F; Maudelonde, T; Miard, S; Noël, D; Pillon, A; Sarruf, D, 2006)
"Diabetic nephropathy is characterized functionally by glomerular hyperfiltration and albuminuria and histologically by the expansion of glomerular mesangium."	1.31	Cellular mechanisms in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: activation of the DAG-PKC-ERK pathway. ( Haneda, M; Kikkawa, R; Koya, D, 2001)

Research

Studies (88)

Authors

Clinical Trials (11)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	26 (29.55)	29.6817
2010's	56 (63.64)	24.3611
2020's	6 (6.82)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Lee, JI	1
Lee, HW	1
Lee, KS	1
Tahara, A	1
Takasu, T	1
Gor, D	1
Lee, TA	1
Schumock, GT	1
Walton, SM	1
Gerber, BS	1
Nutescu, EA	1
Touchette, DR	1
Kanhai, AA	1
Bange, H	1
Verburg, L	1
Dijkstra, KL	1
Price, LS	1
Peters, DJM	1
Leonhard, WN	1
Mahjoubin-Tehran, M	1
De Vincentis, A	1
Mikhailidis, DP	1
Atkin, SL	1
Mantzoros, CS	1
Jamialahmadi, T	1
Sahebkar, A	1
Yen, CL	1
Wu, CY	1
See, LC	1
Li, YJ	1
Tseng, MH	1
Peng, WS	1
Liu, JR	1
Chen, YC	1
Yen, TH	1
Tian, YC	1
Yang, CW	1
Anderson, GF	1
Yang, HY	1
Bakkar, NZ	1
Mougharbil, N	1
Mroueh, A	1
Kaplan, A	1
Eid, AH	1
Fares, S	1
Zouein, FA	1
El-Yazbi, AF	1
Tashiro, Y	1
Nishino, H	1
Higuchi, T	1
Sugisawa, N	1
Fukuda, Y	1
Yamamoto, J	1
Inubushi, S	1
Aoki, T	1
Murakami, M	1
Singh, SR	1
Bouvet, M	1
Hoffman, RM	1
Banini, BA	1
Sanyal, AJ	2
Kasher-Meron, M	1
Grajower, MM	1
Li, S	1
Ghoshal, S	1
Sojoodi, M	1
Arora, G	1
Masia, R	1
Erstad, DJ	1
Lanuti, M	1
Hoshida, Y	1
Baumert, TF	1
Tanabe, KK	1
Fuchs, BC	1
Ogawa, Y	1
Yoneda, M	2
Kobayashi, T	2
Honda, Y	1
Kessoku, T	1
Imajo, K	1
Saito, S	2
Nakajima, A	2
Spence, JD	1
Viscoli, CM	1
Inzucchi, SE	1
Dearborn-Tomazos, J	1
Ford, GA	1
Gorman, M	1
Furie, KL	1
Lovejoy, AM	1
Young, LH	1
Kernan, WN	1
Cheung, A	1
Figueredo, C	1
Rinella, ME	1
Suke, SG	1
Negi, H	1
Mediratta, PK	1
Banerjee, BD	1
Sharma, KK	2
Fruci, B	1
Giuliano, S	1
Mazza, A	1
Malaguarnera, R	1
Belfiore, A	1
Burotto, M	1
Szabo, E	1
Christoph, M	1
Herold, J	1
Berg-Holldack, A	1
Rauwolf, T	1
Ziemssen, T	1
Schmeisser, A	1
Weinert, S	1
Ebner, B	1
Said, S	1
Strasser, RH	1
Braun-Dullaeus, RC	1
Ochodnicky, P	1
Mesarosova, L	1
Cernecka, H	1
Klimas, J	1
Krenek, P	1
Goris, M	1
van Dokkum, RP	1
Henning, RH	1
Kyselovic, J	1
Tripathy, D	2
Clement, SC	2
Schwenke, DC	2
Banerji, M	2
Bray, GA	2
Buchanan, TA	3
Gastaldelli, A	1
Henry, RR	2
Kitabchi, AE	2
Mudaliar, S	2
Ratner, RE	2
Stentz, FB	2
Musi, N	2
Reaven, PD	2
DeFronzo, RA	2
Carta, AR	1
Simuni, T	2
Liu, B	1
Wang, J	2
Wang, G	1
Kimura, T	1
Kaneto, H	1
Shimoda, M	1
Hirukawa, H	1
Okauchi, S	1
Kohara, K	1
Hamamoto, S	1
Tawaramoto, K	1
Hashiramoto, M	1
Kaku, K	1
Mesinkovska, NA	1
Tellez, A	1
Dawes, D	1
Piliang, M	1
Bergfeld, W	1
Hajj, GP	1
Chu, Y	1
Lund, DD	1
Magida, JA	1
Funk, ND	1
Brooks, RM	1
Baumbach, GL	1
Zimmerman, KA	1
Davis, MK	1
El Accaoui, RN	1
Hameed, T	1
Doshi, H	1
Chen, B	1
Leinwand, LA	1
Song, LS	1
Heistad, DD	1
Weiss, RM	1
Mani, P	1
Uno, K	2
St John, J	1
Kupfer, S	2
Perez, A	4
Tuzcu, EM	2
Hazen, SL	1
Nissen, SE	2
Nicholls, SJ	2
Khan, S	4
Panda, BP	1
Akhtar, M	2
Najmi, AK	2
Simon, DK	1
Elm, J	1
Clark-Matott, J	1
Graebner, AK	1
Baker, L	1
Dunlop, SR	1
Emborg, M	1
Kamp, C	1
Morgan, JC	1
Ross, GW	1
Sharma, S	1
Ravina, B	1
Aslam, M	1
Aggarwal, S	1
Galav, V	1
Madhu, SV	1
Nakashiro, S	1
Matoba, T	1
Umezu, R	1
Koga, J	1
Tokutome, M	1
Katsuki, S	1
Nakano, K	1
Sunagawa, K	1
Egashira, K	2
Matsushita, K	1
Yang, HC	2
Mysore, MM	1
Zhong, J	1
Shyr, Y	1
Ma, LJ	2
Fogo, AB	2
Kamimura, D	1
Uchino, K	1
Ishigami, T	1
Hall, ME	1
Umemura, S	1
Perazzo, H	1
Dufour, JF	1
Galimberti, D	1
Scarpini, E	1
Suzuki, S	1
Mori, Y	1
Nagano, A	1
Naiki-Ito, A	1
Kato, H	1
Nagayasu, Y	1
Kobayashi, M	1
Kuno, T	1
Takahashi, S	1
Oseini, AM	1
Brower, V	1
Musso, G	1
Cassader, M	1
Paschetta, E	1
Gambino, R	1
Tunis, SL	1
Minshall, ME	1
St Charles, M	1
Pandya, BJ	1
Baran, RW	1
Marx, N	1
Ihle, NT	1
Lemos, R	1
Schwartz, D	1
Oh, J	1
Halter, RJ	1
Wipf, P	1
Kirkpatrick, L	1
Powis, G	1
Yokote, K	1
Saito, Y	1
Krentz, A	1
Habib, ZA	1
Tzogias, L	1
Havstad, SL	1
Wells, K	1
Divine, G	1
Lanfear, DE	1
Tang, J	1
Krajenta, R	1
Pladevall, M	1
Williams, LK	1
Kawano, Y	1
Irie, J	1
Nakatani, H	1
Yamada, S	1
Dormuth, CR	1
Carney, G	1
Carleton, B	1
Bassett, K	1
Wright, JM	1
Deleuze, S	1
Zuo, Y	1
Potthoff, SA	1
Tian, Y	1
Yuan, Z	1
Liu, Y	2
Liu, W	1
Zhang, W	1
Xue, J	1
Shen, Y	1
Liang, X	1
Chen, T	1
Kishimoto, C	1
Han, SJ	1
Hur, KY	1
Kim, YS	1
Kang, ES	1
Kim, SI	1
Kim, MS	1
Kwak, JY	1
Kim, DJ	1
Choi, SH	1
Cha, BS	1
Lee, HC	1
Li, MY	1
Yuan, H	1
Ma, LT	1
Kong, AW	1
Hsin, MK	1
Yip, JH	1
Underwood, MJ	1
Chen, GG	1
Sarafidis, PA	1
Stafylas, PC	1
Georgianos, PI	1
Saratzis, AN	1
Lasaridis, AN	1
Lebovic, DI	1
Mwenda, JM	1
Chai, DC	1
Santi, A	1
Xu, X	1
D'Hooghe, T	1
Walter, B	1
Rogenhofer, S	1
Vogelhuber, M	1
Berand, A	2
Wieland, WF	1
Andreesen, R	2
Reichle, A	2
Davidson, MH	1
Beam, CA	1
Haffner, S	2
D'Agostino, R	2
Mazzone, T	2
Yoshihara, D	1
Kurahashi, H	1
Morita, M	2
Kugita, M	1
Hiki, Y	1
Aukema, HM	1
Yamaguchi, T	1
Calvet, JP	1
Wallace, DP	1
Nagao, S	1
Favre, G	1
Valnet-Rabier, MB	1
Brousse, A	1
Lepiller, Q	1
Kantelip, JP	1
Wolski, K	1
Bayturan, O	1
Lavoie, A	1
Nesto, R	1
Taguchi, A	1
Hayashi, S	1
Zhang, X	1
Zhang, R	1
Raab, S	1
Zheng, W	1
Liu, N	1
Zhu, T	1
Xue, L	1
Song, Z	1
Mao, J	1
Li, K	1
Zhang, H	1
Zhang, Y	1
Han, C	1
Ding, Y	1
Wang, H	1
Hou, N	1
Shang, S	1
Li, C	1
Sebokova, E	1
Cheng, H	1
Huang, PL	1
Pfützner, A	1
Forst, T	1
McCowen, KC	1
Fajtova, VT	1
Plutzky, J	1
Vucic, E	1
Dickson, SD	1
Calcagno, C	1
Rudd, JH	1
Moshier, E	1
Hayashi, K	1
Mounessa, JS	1
Roytman, M	1
Moon, MJ	1
Lin, J	1
Tsimikas, S	1
Fisher, EA	1
Nicolay, K	1
Fuster, V	1
Fayad, ZA	1
Shimada, A	2
Shigihara, T	2
Okubo, Y	2
Katsuki, T	1
Yamada, Y	1
Oikawa, Y	2
Li, H	1
Sorenson, AL	1
Poczobutt, J	1
Amin, J	1
Joyal, T	1
Sullivan, T	1
Crossno, JT	1
Weiser-Evans, MC	1
Nemenoff, RA	1
Kawai, D	1
Takaki, A	1
Nakatsuka, A	1
Wada, J	1
Tamaki, N	1
Yasunaka, T	1
Koike, K	1
Tsuzaki, R	1
Matsumoto, K	1
Miyake, Y	1
Shiraha, H	1
Makino, H	1
Yamamoto, K	1
Lingvay, I	1
Roe, ED	1
Duong, J	1
Leonard, D	1
Szczepaniak, LS	1
Somogyi, A	1
Saremi, A	1
Hodis, HN	2
Mack, WJ	1
Crenshaw, DG	1
Gottschalk, WK	1
Lutz, MW	1
Grossman, I	1
Saunders, AM	1
Burke, JR	1
Welsh-Bohmer, KA	1
Brannan, SK	1
Burns, DK	1
Roses, AD	1
Imran, M	1
Pillai, KK	1
Shiomi, T	1
Tsutsui, H	1
Hayashidani, S	1
Suematsu, N	1
Ikeuchi, M	1
Wen, J	1
Ishibashi, M	1
Kubota, T	1
Takeshita, A	1
Vogt, T	1
Hafner, C	1
Bross, K	1
Bataille, F	1
Jauch, KW	1
Landthaler, M	1
Kiaei, M	1
Kipiani, K	1
Chen, J	1
Calingasan, NY	1
Beal, MF	1
Notoya, K	1
Naito, T	1
Unno, S	1
Nakamura, A	1
Martel-Pelletier, J	1
Pelletier, JP	1
Fonseca, V	1
Jawa, A	1
Asnani, S	1
Leclercq, IA	1
Sempoux, C	1
Stärkel, P	1
Horsmans, Y	1
de Winter, W	1
DeJongh, J	1
Post, T	1
Ploeger, B	1
Urquhart, R	1
Moules, I	1
Eckland, D	1
Danhof, M	1
Szymborska-Kajanek, A	1
Strojek, K	1
Annicotte, JS	1
Iankova, I	1
Miard, S	1
Fritz, V	1
Sarruf, D	1
Abella, A	1
Berthe, ML	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke (IRIS) Trial[NCT00091949]	Phase 3	3,876 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW)[NCT00220961]	Phase 3	602 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study of Pioglitazone in Early Parkinson's Disease[NCT01280123]	Phase 2	210 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
Effect of Combination Therapy With Dapagliflozin Plus Low Dose Pioglitazone on Hospitalization Rate in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction[NCT03794518]	Phase 3	648 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Pioglitazone Treatment in Patient's Calcific Aortic Valve Disease With Mild Aortic Valve Stenosis[NCT05875675]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone on Insulin Resistance, Insulin Secretion and Atherosclerosis in Renal Allograft Recipients Without History of Diabetes[NCT00598013]		83 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Comparator-Controlled Study In Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comparing the Effects of Pioglitazone HCl Versus Glimepiride on the Rate of Progression of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease as Measured by Intravascular Ultr[NCT00225277]	Phase 3	547 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-07-31	Completed
DPP-4 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Myocardial Infarction:Effects on Platelet Function[NCT02377388]	Phase 3	74 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-07	Completed
Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability Study of 45 mg Pioglitazone in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Receiving Standard Therapy (Riluzole)[NCT00690118]	Phase 2	219 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to The interim analysis showed no tendency in favour of the verum group. Therefore it was decided to stop the study prematurely.)
Modulation of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity in Bangladeshi Type 2 Diabetic Subjects by an Insulin Sensitizer Pioglitazone and T2DM Association With PPARG Gene Polymorphism.[NCT01589445]	Phase 4	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Comparator-Controlled Study in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comparing the Effects of Pioglitazone HCl Versus Glimepiride on the Rate of Progression of Atherosclerotic Disease as Measured by Carotid Intima-Media Thickn[NCT00225264]	Phase 3	458 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-10-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Fatal or non-fatal acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina (NCT00091949)
Timeframe: 5 years

All Cause Mortality

Composite Outcome of Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke, Fatal or Non-fatal MI or Episode of Serious Congestive Heart Failure

Decline in Cognitive Status

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	206
Placebo	249

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	136
Placebo	146

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	206
Placebo	249

Change in modified mental status examination (3MS) score from baseline to exit. Theoretical range of 3MS scores is 0-100. Baseline scores ranged from 22-100. (NCT00091949)
Timeframe: Annual measures from baseline to exit (up to 5 years)

Development of Overt Diabetes

Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke Alone

Recurrent Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke, or Fatal or Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose of 2.4 Years

Change From Baseline in Matsuda Index of Insulin Sensitivity (There Are no Minimum/Maximum Values)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Pioglitazone	0.27
Placebo	0.29

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	73
Placebo	149

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	127
Placebo	154

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone	175
Placebo	228

Intervention	mg/dl (Mean)
Placebo	-4.0
Pioglitazone	-10.7

Insulin sensitivity The Matsuda index was calculated as 10,000/square root of (pre-meal glucose x pre-meal insulin x mean 120 min post-meal glucose x mean 120 min post-meal insulin), with higher numbers indicating better the insulin sensitivity. (NCT00220961)
Timeframe: Baseline versus 2.4 years

Change From Baseline in Plasma Insulin Concentration During Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Change in Atherosclerosis

Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

Intervention	matsuda index (Mean)
Placebo	0.7
Pioglitazone	3.6

Intervention	nmol (Mean)
Placebo	35
Pioglitazone	25

Intervention	percentage of intima (Mean)
Placebo	1.7
Pioglitazone	3.2

Percentage of Participants with Type 2 Diabetes at 2.4 years Post-randomization (NCT00220961)
Timeframe: 2.4 years

Change in Ambulatory Capacity From Baseline to 44 Weeks

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Placebo	16.1
Pioglitazone	5.0

"This is the sum of the 5 UPDRS questions regarding ambulatory capacity: falling, freezing, walking, gait, postural stability.~Ambulatory Capacity is calculated as the sum of items 13-15, 29, 30 of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). It ranges from 0-20. Higher scores are worse. Change is 44 weeks - baseline." (NCT01280123)
Timeframe: 44 weeks

Change in Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) From Baseline to 44 Weeks

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
15 mg Pioglitazone	0.39
45 mg Pioglitazone	0.38
Matching Placebo	0.4

"The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) is a short, 39 item measure of quality of life in subjects with Parkinson's disease. The questionnaire covers 8 aspects of quality of life: mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognitions, communication and bodily discomfort.~The total score ranges from 0 (never have difficulty) to 100 (always have difficulty). Lower scores reflect better quality of life." (NCT01280123)
Timeframe: 44 weeks

Change in Schwab and England Scale From Baseline to 44 Weeks

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
15 mg Pioglitazone	2.03
45 mg Pioglitazone	2.08
Matching Placebo	0.08

The modified Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living is a single question ranging from 0-100% with anchors for each 10% interval. Higher scores are better (100% completely independent- 0% vegetative). (NCT01280123)
Timeframe: 44 weeks

Change in the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15)From Baseline to 44 Weeks

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
15 mg Pioglitazone	-2.12
45 mg Pioglitazone	-2.52
Matching Placebo	-1.84

The Geriatric Depression Scale - 15 is a short 15 yes or no question instrument for assessing depression in the elderly. It has been found to be particularly useful in assessing depression in Parkinson's Disease. A score of 0 to 5 is normal. A score greater than 5 suggests depression. (NCT01280123)
Timeframe: 44 weeks

Change in the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS-2)From Baseline to 44 Weeks

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
15 mg Pioglitazone	0.13
45 mg Pioglitazone	0.38
Matching Placebo	0.18

The Mattis dementia rating scale is a psychometric instrument designed to assess the extent and nature of dementia. Mattis Dementia Rating scale (DRS-2) raw score is the sum of 5 raw sub-scores (attention has possible 37 points, initiation/perseveration has possible 37 points, construction has possible 6 points, conceptualization has possible 39 points, memory has possible 25 points). Total range is 0-144. Higher scores are better. (NCT01280123)
Timeframe: 44 weeks

Change in Total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Score From Baseline to 44 Weeks

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
15 mg Pioglitazone	1.16
45 mg Pioglitazone	2.11
Matching Placebo	3.16

"Change in total UPDRS score from baseline to 44 weeks (in subjects treated with rasagiline 1 mg/day or selegiline 10 mg/day).~The Total UPDRS is the sum of parts I, II, and III. The possible range of the total UPDRS is from 0-176. Higher values indicate worse outcomes.~The change is 44 weeks - baseline." (NCT01280123)
Timeframe: 44 weeks

Number of Subjects Experiencing Any of the Composite Endpoint A Cardiovascular Events

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
15 mg Pioglitazone	4.42
45 mg Pioglitazone	5.13
Matching Placebo	6.25

Due to low event rates, number of subjects experiencing any of the composite endpoint A cardiovascular events is being reported instead of time to first occurrence. Endpoint A conditions listed in Limitations and Caveats section. (NCT00225277)
Timeframe: Up to 72 weeks

Number of Subjects Experiencing Any of the Composite Endpoint B Cardiovascular Events

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Pioglitazone QD	5
Glimepiride QD	6

Due to low event rates, number of subjects experiencing any of the composite endpoint B cardiovascular events is being reported instead of time to first occurrence. Endpoint B conditions listed in Limitations and Caveats section. (NCT00225277)
Timeframe: Up to 72 weeks

Number of Subjects Experiencing Any of the Composite Endpoint C Cardiovascular Events

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Pioglitazone QD	40
Glimepiride QD	41

Due to low event rates, number of subjects experiencing any of the composite endpoint C cardiovascular events is being reported instead of time to first occurrence. Endpoint C conditions listed in Limitations and Caveats section. (NCT00225277)
Timeframe: Up to 72 weeks

Nominal Change From Baseline in Normalized Total Atheroma Volume

Intervention	participants (Number)
Pioglitazone QD	11
Glimepiride QD	13

The nominal change in normalized total atheroma volume as measured by the average of plaque areas for all slices of anatomically comparable segments of the target coronary artery multiplied by the mean number of matched slices in the population. Assessment completed at the Week 72 visit or Final Visit if treatment was prematurely discontinued. (NCT00225277)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 72 weeks)

Nominal Change From Baseline in Percent Atheroma Volume

Intervention	Percent volume (Least Squares Mean)
	Baseline	Nominal Change from Baseline
Glimepiride QD	217.619	-1.480
Pioglitazone QD	206.579	-5.528

The nominal change from baseline in percent atheroma volume for all slices of anatomically comparable segments of the target coronary artery. Assessment completed at the Week 72 visit or Final Visit if treatment was prematurely discontinued. (NCT00225277)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 72 weeks)

Number of Cardiovascular Events as Adjudicated by the Clinical Endpoint Committee

Intervention	Percent volume (Least Squares Mean)
	Baseline	Nominal Change from Baseline
Glimepiride QD	40.016	0.725
Pioglitazone QD	40.592	-0.161

The incidence of cardiovascular events and composite endpoints occurring within 30 days of last dose as adjudicated by the Clinical Endpoint Committee. Abbreviations: PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; CHF: Congestive Heart Failure. (NCT00225277)
Timeframe: Up to 72 weeks

Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	Number of Events (Number)
	Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction	Nonfatal Stroke	Coronary Revascularization: PCI/CABG counted once	Coronary Revascularization: PCI	Coronary Revascularization: CABG	Carotid Endarterectomy/Stenting	Hospitalization for Unstable Angina	CHF Hospitalization: new/exacerbated counted once	Hospitalization for New CHF	Hospitalization for Exacerbated CHF	Noncardiovascular Mortality	Cardiovascular Mortality	Composite Endpoint A	Composite Endpoint B	Composite Endpoint C
Glimepiride QD	4	1	30	28	2	0	2	5	2	3	1	1	6	41	13
Pioglitazone QD	2	0	29	25	5	1	4	4	4	0	0	3	5	40	11

Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin. (NCT01589445)
Timeframe: 3 months for each drug

Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Insulin (FSI)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	mmol/l (Mean)
	Baseline FSG	3rd Month FSG
Metformin ( 002 Group)	6.2	6.5
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	6.9	5.4

Comparison of Changes in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	μU/ml (Mean)
	Baseline FSI	3rd month FSI
Metformin ( 002 Group)	13.0	13.9
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	16.2	12.3

Comparison of Changes in HOMA Percent B and HOMA Percent S With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	percentage (Mean)
	Baseline HbA1c	3rd month HbA1c
Metformin ( 002 Group)	7.8	7.0
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	7.3	6.7

"Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.~Analysis 1: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Beta cell function(HOMA percent B) Analysis 2: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity (Homa percent S)" (NCT01589445)
Timeframe: 3 months for each drug

Comparison of Changes in Insulin Levels (HOMA IR,QUICKI) With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	percentage (Mean)
	Baseline HOMA percent beta cells function	3rd month HOMA percent beta cells function	Baseline HOMA percent sensitivity	3rd month HOMA percent sensitivity
Metformin ( 002 Group)	109.3	116.0	76.2	67.2
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	118.9	132.3	51.1	69.3

"Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.~Analysis 1: Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance(HOMA IR) Analysis 2: Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index(QUICKI)" (NCT01589445)
Timeframe: 3 months for each drug

Comparison of Changes in Lipid Profiles With Pioglitazone and Metformin

Intervention	Score on a scale ( SI unit) (Mean)
	Baseline QUICKI	3rd month QUICKI	Baseline HOMA IR	3rd month HOMA IR
Metformin ( 002 Group)	0.57	0.54	3.7	4.3
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	0.52	0.59	5.1	2.9

"Response rate was defined by ≥10% decrease of FSG or/and ≥1% decrease of HbA1c from the baseline values after 3 months treatment.48 responded to pioglitazone and 32 responded to metformin.~Analysis 1:Total Cholesterol(TC) Analysis 2:Triglyceride(TG) Analysis 3:High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) Analysis 4:Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL)" (NCT01589445)
Timeframe: 3 months for each drug

Intervention	mg/dl (Mean)
	Baseline TC	3rd month TC	Baseline TG	3rd month TG	Baseline HDL	3rd month HDL	Baseline LDL	3rd month LDL
Metformin (002 Group)	193.0	177.0	166.0	175.0	34.4	34.7	125.6	112.0
Pioglitazone (001 Group)	182.0	178	183	195	33	33.2	112.8	105.5

Article	Year
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: State of the art on effective therapeutics based on the gold standard method for diagnosis. Molecular metabolism, 2021, Volume: 50 Topics: Biopsy; Disease Progression; Humans; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Metformin; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Di	2021
Preventing progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to diabetes: A thought-filled review. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 2017, Volume: 33, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes, Gestational; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hypogl	2017
Present and emerging pharmacotherapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2019, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Diet; Disease Progression; Drug Development; Humans; Life Style; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Di	2019
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Identification and Management of High-Risk Patients. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2019, Volume: 114, Issue:4 Topics: Biomarkers; Biopsy; Diagnostic Imaging; Diet; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Life	2019
Nonalcoholic Fatty liver: a possible new target for type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment. International journal of molecular sciences, 2013, Nov-20, Volume: 14, Issue:11 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Fatty Liver; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Re	2013
PPARγ in head and neck cancer prevention. Oral oncology, 2014, Volume: 50, Issue:10 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Progression; Evidence-Based Medicine; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Hum	2014
Thiazolidinediones under preclinical and early clinical development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2015, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Disease Progression; Dopamine; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans;	2015
The therapeutic landscape of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 37, Issue:5 Topics: Antioxidants; Chalcones; Chenodeoxycholic Acid; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; In	2017
Pioglitazone for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2017, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Cognition; Dementia; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Age	2017
Therapies in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 37 Suppl 1 Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Diet; Disease Progression; Exercise; Fibrosis; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agent	2017
Thiazolidinediones and Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Meta-analysis. JAMA internal medicine, 2017, 05-01, Volume: 177, Issue:5 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liv	2017
Thiazolidinediones: effects on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes and associated vascular complications. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 2009, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents;	2009
Effect of thiazolidinediones on albuminuria and proteinuria in diabetes: a meta-analysis. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2010, Volume: 55, Issue:5 Topics: Albuminuria; Diabetic Nephropathies; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Pioglitazone;	2010
Elevated intact proinsulin levels are indicative of Beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk: impact of the antidiabetic agent pioglitazone. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2011, May-01, Volume: 5, Issue:3 Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Pr	2011
Macrovascular effects and safety issues of therapies for type 2 diabetes. The American journal of cardiology, 2011, Aug-02, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Suppl Topics: Atherosclerosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Diabetic Retinopathy; Disease Pro	2011
[Oral antidiabetic drugs in chronic renal disease]. Orvosi hetilap, 2012, Nov-04, Volume: 153, Issue:44 Topics: Administration, Oral; Blood Glucose; Diabetic Nephropathies; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; Dis	2012
Effects of pioglitazone and vildagliptin on coagulation cascade in diabetes mellitus--targeting thrombogenesis. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 2013, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Adamantane; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticoagulants; Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation	2013
[The PPARgamma receptor agonists and prevention of cardio-vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. The results of the PROactive study]. Kardiologia polska, 2006, Volume: 64, Issue:3 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemi	2006
[Prevention and treatment for development and progression of diabetic macroangiopathy with pioglitazone and metformin]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2006, Volume: 64, Issue:11 Topics: Adiponectin; Arteriosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cytokines; Diabeti	2006

Article	Year
Pioglitazone Therapy in Patients With Stroke and Prediabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the IRIS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA neurology, 2019, 05-01, Volume: 76, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Female; Glycated Hemo	2019
Effects of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone on coronary atherosclerotic plaque composition and plaque progression in non-diabetic patients: a double-center, randomized controlled VH-IVUS pilot-trial. Heart and vessels, 2015, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Aged; Cardiovascular Agents; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Vessels; Dis	2015
Baseline adiponectin levels do not influence the response to pioglitazone in ACT NOW. Diabetes care, 2014, Volume: 37, Issue:6 Topics: Adiponectin; Blood Glucose; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Female;	2014
Beneficial effects of pioglitazone on retardation of persistent atrial fibrillation progression in diabetes mellitus patients. International heart journal, 2014, Volume: 55, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Angiotensin II; Atrial Fibrillation; Diabetes Complications; Disease Progression; Double-Blind	2014
Favorable Impact on LDL Particle Size in Response to Treatment With Pioglitazone is Associated With Less Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2015, Jul-21, Volume: 66, Issue:3 Topics: Biological Availability; Coronary Artery Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Hu	2015
Peripheral Biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease Progression and Pioglitazone Effects. Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2015, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Aged; Biomarkers; Deoxyguanosine; Disease Progression; Female; Gene Exp	2015
Effects of pioglitazone on subclinical atherosclerosis and insulin resistance in nondiabetic renal allograft recipients. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Adiponectin; Adult; Atherosclerosis; Carotid Arteries; Disease Progression; Female; Glucose Intolera	2010
Modular therapy approach in metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. World journal of urology, 2010, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Capecitabine; Deoxycytidine; Dexamet	2010
Pioglitazone versus glimepiride on coronary artery calcium progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a secondary end point of the CHICAGO study. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Calcinosis; Carotid Artery Diseases; Chi-Square Distribution; Coronary Artery Disease; Diabete	2010
Lowering the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the beneficial impact of pioglitazone on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: insights from the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression o Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011, Jan-11, Volume: 57, Issue:2 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol, HDL; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Stenosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Ty	2011
[Study of MDA-LDL by pioglitazone and pitavastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2011, Volume: 69, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Arteriosclerosis; Biomarkers; Cholesterol, LDL; Coronary Artery Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Ty	2011
Pioglitazone may accelerate disease course of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 2011, Volume: 27, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Disease Progression; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Hu	2011
Effect of insulin versus triple oral therapy on the progression of hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetes. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Fatty Liver; Fema	2012
Pioglitazone slows progression of atherosclerosis in prediabetes independent of changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2013, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Adiponectin; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media T	2013
Antiangiogenetic therapy with pioglitazone, rofecoxib, and metronomic trofosfamide in patients with advanced malignant vascular tumors. Cancer, 2003, Nov-15, Volume: 98, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Pro	2003
Effect of pioglitazone on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in non-diabetic premenopausal Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes. Atherosclerosis, 2008, Volume: 199, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carotid Artery Diseases; Chromans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes, Gestational; Disease	2008
Increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicts the pioglitazone-mediated reduction of carotid intima-media thickness progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 2008, Apr-22, Volume: 117, Issue:16 Topics: Aged; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diseas	2008

Article	Year
Value of controlled attenuation parameter in fibrosis prediction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World journal of gastroenterology, 2019, Sep-07, Volume: 25, Issue:33 Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Disease Progression; Elasticity Imaging Techniques; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans	2019
SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin alone and combined with pioglitazone prevents progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a type 2 diabetes rodent model. Physiological reports, 2019, Volume: 7, Issue:22 Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Progres	2019
Adherence and Persistence with DPP-4 Inhibitors Versus Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Claims Database Analysis. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 2020, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Administrative Claims, Healthcare; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibito	2020
Renal cyst growth is attenuated by a combination treatment of tolvaptan and pioglitazone, while pioglitazone treatment alone is not effective. Scientific reports, 2020, 02-03, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; Cell Culture Techniques; Combined Modality Thera	2020
Pioglitazone Reduces Mortality and Adverse Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: National Cohort Study. Diabetes care, 2020, Volume: 43, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellit	2020
Worsening baroreflex sensitivity on progression to type 2 diabetes: localized vs. systemic inflammation and role of antidiabetic therapy. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2020, 11-01, Volume: 319, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dia	2020
Ischemia reperfusion-induced metastasis is resistant to PPARγ agonist pioglitazone in a murine model of colon cancer. Scientific reports, 2020, 10-29, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Colonic Neoplasms; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Inflammation; Li	2020
Treatment of NASH: What Helps Beyond Weight Loss? The American journal of gastroenterology, 2017, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Comorbidity; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Imaging; Disease Progression; Hum	2017
Pioglitazone Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Two Rodent Models of Cirrhosis. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2019, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Adiponectin; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Choline; Diet, High-	2019
Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of combined pioglitazone and prednisolone on adjuvant-induced arthritis. European journal of pharmacology, 2013, Oct-15, Volume: 718, Issue:1-3 Topics: Animals; Ankle; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis, Experimental; Body Weight; Disease Progression;	2013
Pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, provides comparable protection to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril against adriamycin nephropathy in rat. European journal of pharmacology, 2014, May-05, Volume: 730 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Disease Progression; Doxor	2014
Protective effects of pioglitazone and/or liraglutide on pancreatic β-cells in db/db mice: Comparison of their effects between in an early and advanced stage of diabetes. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 2015, Jan-15, Volume: 400 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Blood Glucose; Caspases; Cell Proliferation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease	2015
The use of oral pioglitazone in the treatment of lichen planopilaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2015, Volume: 72, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Alopecia; Disease Progression; Edema; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Liche	2015
Spontaneous Aortic Regurgitation and Valvular Cardiomyopathy in Mice. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2015, Volume: 35, Issue:7 Topics: Actins; Animals; Aortic Valve; Aortic Valve Insufficiency; Calcinosis; Cell Death; Disease Progressi	2015
Potential effects of vildagliptin on biomarkers associated with prothrombosis in diabetes mellitus. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 2015, Volume: 19, Issue:12 Topics: Adamantane; Administration, Oral; Animals; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Disease Prog	2015
Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia Predicts Development of Insulin Resistance Glucose Intolerance and Type 2 Diabetes. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atorvastatin; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Causality; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fat	2016
Pioglitazone-Incorporated Nanoparticles Prevent Plaque Destabilization and Rupture by Regulating Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in ApoE-/- Mice. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2016, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Angiotensin II; Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Brachiocep	2016
Effects of combination PPARγ agonist and angiotensin receptor blocker on glomerulosclerosis. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 2016, Volume: 96, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Blood Pressure; Creatinine; Diseas	2016
Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Prevents Development of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction; Inhibition of Wnt-β-catenin Signaling as a Possible Mechanism. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 2016, Volume: 68, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; beta Catenin; Collagen Type I; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Fibrosis; Heart	2016
Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist, Suppresses Rat Prostate Carcinogenesis. International journal of molecular sciences, 2016, Dec-10, Volume: 17, Issue:12 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Body Weight; Carcinogenesis; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Disease	2016
Pioglitazone with imatinib in CML may reduce residual disease. The Lancet. Oncology, 2017, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Disease Progress	2017
Pioglitazone versus rosiglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: cost-effectiveness in the US. Current medical research and opinion, 2008, Volume: 24, Issue:11 Topics: Aged; Cohort Studies; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dise	2008
PERISCOPE and the effect of pioglitazone on the progression of coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes. Diabetes & vascular disease research, 2008, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Topics: Coronary Artery Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents	2008
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone prevents the hyperglycemia caused by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway inhibition by PX-866 without affecting antitumor activity. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 2009, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Progression; Glucose; Glucose Transport Pr	2009
Extension of the life span in patients with Werner syndrome. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2008, Volume: 56, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Chromosome Aberrations; Disease Progression; Genes, Recessive; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-	2008
Relationship between thiazolidinedione use and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes: a time-updated propensity analysis. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Diabetes M	2009
Pioglitazone might prevent the progression of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 2009, Volume: 48, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Oral; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; I	2009
Thiazolidinediones and fractures in men and women. Archives of internal medicine, 2009, Aug-10, Volume: 169, Issue:15 Topics: Adult; Aged; British Columbia; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D	2009
The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2009, Volume: 20, Issue:11 Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Disease Progression; Kidney Diseases; Male; Pioglitazone; PPAR gamma; R	2009
Pioglitazone modulates the balance of effector and regulatory T cells in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2011, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Cytokines; Disease Progression; Flow Cytometry; Forkhea	2011
Roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and -gamma in the development of non-small cell lung cancer. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 2010, Volume: 43, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Disease Progression; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Ne	2010
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-(gamma) receptor ligand partially prevents the development of endometrial explants in baboons: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Endocrinology, 2010, Volume: 151, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Endometriosis; Endometrium; Female; Papio anub	2010
PPAR-gamma agonist ameliorates kidney and liver disease in an orthologous rat model of human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2011, Volume: 300, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Cell Proliferation; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Femal	2011
Pioglitazone-induced progressive pancytopenia. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2011, Volume: 45, Issue:1 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Panc	2011
Rhesus macaques develop metabolic syndrome with reversible vascular dysfunction responsive to pioglitazone. Circulation, 2011, Jul-05, Volume: 124, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Dyslipidemias; Hyperinsulinism;	2011
Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention. The New England journal of medicine, 2011, 07-14, Volume: 365, Issue:2 Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Glucose Intolerance; Glycated Hemoglo	2011
Pioglitazone modulates vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic rabbits noninvasive assessment with FDG-PET-CT and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging, 2011, Volume: 4, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Aorta; Aortography; Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Contrast Media;	2011
Activation of PPARγ in myeloid cells promotes lung cancer progression and metastasis. PloS one, 2011, Volume: 6, Issue:12 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Bone Marrow; Coculture Techniques; Disease Progression; Fluorescent Antibod	2011
Hydrogen-rich water prevents progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and accompanying hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2012, Volume: 56, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Disease Progression; Fatty Liver; Hydrogen; Hypoglycemic Agents; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Mic	2012
Using genetics to enable studies on the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2013, Volume: 93, Issue:2 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Biomarkers; Cognition; Disease Progression;	2013
Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2002, Dec-10, Volume: 106, Issue:24 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Glucose; Cytokines; Disease Models	2002
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist extends survival in transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Experimental neurology, 2005, Volume: 191, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Cell Count; Disease Models, Animal; Di	2005
Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, reduces the progression of experimental osteoarthritis in guinea pigs. Arthritis and rheumatism, 2005, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Collagenases; Disease Models, Animal; Disease P	2005
Commentary: the PROactive study--the glass is half full. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2006, Volume: 91, Issue:1 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Hum	2006
Limited therapeutic efficacy of pioglitazone on progression of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Gut, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Bile Ducts; Carbon Tetrachloride; Choline; Collagen Type I; Disease Progression; Hypoglycem	2006
A mechanism-based disease progression model for comparison of long-term effects of pioglitazone, metformin and gliclazide on disease processes underlying Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, 2006, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Algorithms; Blood Glucose; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Diabetes Mellitus, Type	2006
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulates E-cadherin expression and inhibits growth and invasion of prostate cancer. Molecular and cellular biology, 2006, Volume: 26, Issue:20 Topics: Animals; Cadherins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progressio	2006
Administration of pioglitazone in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice inhibits lesion progression and matrix metalloproteinase expression in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 2006, Volume: 48, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Gene Expression; Matrix Metal	2006
Thiazolidinediones may not reduce diabetes incidence in type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006, Volume: 1079 Topics: Animals; Cyclophosphamide; Cytokines; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Disease Progression; Female; Immuno	2006
Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, controls progress of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Digestive diseases and sciences, 2007, Volume: 52, Issue:12 Topics: Actins; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Benzimidazoles; B	2007
Pioglitazone attenuates diabetic nephropathy through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in type 2 diabetic rats. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2008, Volume: 23, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chemokine CCL2; Collagen Type IV; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Neph	2008
Cellular mechanisms in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: activation of the DAG-PKC-ERK pathway. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2001, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Suppl 1 Topics: Animals; Chromans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Diacylglycerol Kinase; Disease	2001

pioglitazone and Disease Exacerbation