Page last updated: 2024-10-24

negative regulation of appetite

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that reduces appetite. [GOC:add]

Negative regulation of appetite is a complex process involving multiple physiological systems and neurochemical pathways, working in concert to modulate food intake. The primary goal is to maintain energy homeostasis, ensuring sufficient energy intake to meet the body's needs while avoiding overconsumption.

One key player in this process is the hypothalamus, a brain region that acts as a central regulator of appetite. Within the hypothalamus, specialized neuronal populations, such as those producing neuropeptides like leptin and ghrelin, are responsible for integrating various signals from the periphery and modulating appetite.

**Leptin**, produced by adipose tissue, is a hormone that signals satiety and suppresses appetite. When fat stores increase, leptin levels rise, suppressing the activity of neurons that promote hunger and stimulating neurons that promote satiety. Conversely, when fat stores decrease, leptin levels fall, reducing the suppression of hunger and enhancing the drive to eat.

**Ghrelin**, on the other hand, is produced mainly by the stomach and acts as a hunger hormone. Ghrelin levels rise before meals, stimulating appetite and promoting food intake. Following a meal, ghrelin levels decrease.

**Insulin**, a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to rising blood glucose levels, also plays a role in appetite regulation. Insulin can suppress appetite by acting on the hypothalamus, similar to leptin.

**Cholecystokinin (CCK)**, a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of food, signals satiety and promotes feelings of fullness. CCK slows down gastric emptying and reduces food intake.

**Other factors influencing appetite include:**

* **Blood glucose levels:** Fluctuations in blood glucose levels can influence hunger and satiety signals. Low blood glucose levels can trigger hunger, while high levels can promote satiety.
* **Nutritional status:** The body monitors the availability of nutrients and adjusts appetite accordingly. Deficiencies in essential nutrients can lead to increased hunger.
* **Stress and emotions:** Stress and emotional states can significantly affect appetite, leading to either overeating or undereating.
* **Circadian rhythms:** The body's natural circadian rhythms influence hormone levels and appetite, leading to fluctuations in hunger throughout the day.

**The interplay of these factors and their complex interactions within the nervous system ensures a finely tuned regulation of appetite, contributing to the maintenance of energy balance and overall health.**'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1A growth hormone secretagogue receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q92847]Homo sapiens (human)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alphaA peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q07869]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (139)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
palmitic acidhexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.

Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2,4,6-tribromophenolbromophenolenvironmental contaminant;
fungicide;
marine metabolite
gw 2433GW 2433: binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha); structure in first source
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenamideretinoid
bisindolylmaleimide ibisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide
bithionolbithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.

Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.
aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol
antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
ciglitazoneciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.

ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes
aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone
antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
ciprofibratecyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
antilipemic drug
clofibrateangiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinatearomatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acidclofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.

Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.
aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
decanoic aciddecanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.

decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dichlorophenDichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
endosulfanendosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.

Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61)
cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide
acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
fenofibratePharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINEaromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes
antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
flufenamic acidflufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.

Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16)
aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound
antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemfibrozilaromatic etherantilipemic drug
gossypolGossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.
mefenamic acidmefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.
aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound
analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mitotaneMitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.diarylmethane
pioglitazonepioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.

Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.
aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones
antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
stearic acidoctadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
troglitazoneTroglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.chromanes;
thiazolidinone
anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pirinixic acidpirinixic acid: structurearyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
chlordanChlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideGABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.

2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified
tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethaneDichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide
xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthylphenylamineN-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structurenaphthalenes
2-phenylphenol2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure

biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.
hydroxybiphenylsantifungal agrochemical;
environmental food contaminant
methyleugenolmethyleugenol: structurephenylpropanoid
4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-cresol)4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-cresol): structure given in first source
trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol4-tert-butylcyclohexanol: a TRPV1 channel antagonist for treating sensitive skin; structure in first source
12-hydroxy stearic acid12-hydroxy stearic acid: structure in first source

12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid : A hydroxy fatty acid that is stearic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 12.
hydroxyoctadecanoic acid;
secondary alcohol
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dicofoldicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.

Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine acaricide;
tertiary alcohol
2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol)diarylmethane
2-Phenylethyl 2-aminobenzoatebenzoate ester
4-tert-octylphenol4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first sourcealkylbenzene
myristic acidMyristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.

tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.
long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
allethrinsAllethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)cyclopropanecarboxylate esterpyrethroid ester insecticide
o,p'-ddto,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.diarylmethane
heptachlor epoxideHeptachlor Epoxide: An oxidation product of HEPTACHLOR formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after exposure to HEPTACHLOR. It has been shown to remain in soil treated with HEPTACHLOR for over fifteen years and is toxic to animals and humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)oxanes
antimycin abenzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols
antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
ioxynilioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.

ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
iodophenol;
nitrile
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromoxynil3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.

bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromoxynil octanoate
(2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)phenyl)phenylmethanone2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone: exhibits pseudo-positive initiation activity in carcinogenesis; structure in first sourcebenzophenones
4-(octyloxy)benzoic acidbenzoic acids
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source
bromotriethylstannanebromotriethylstannane: not the bromide salt of triethyltin; inhibits red cell & yeast hexokinase
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalatemono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd

mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.
phthalic acid monoester
isostearate16-methylheptadecanoic acid : A methyl-branched fatty acid that is heptadecanoic acid (margaric acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 16.branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
methyl-branched fatty acid
isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilateisopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate: active substance in fumigant strips for mites
butylated hydroxytoluene2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
amitrazamitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.

amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure
formamidines;
tertiary amino compound
acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
substance ppeptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
bezafibratearomatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes
antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
oxyfluorofenoxyfluorofen: structurearomatic etherEC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
dichlorfop-methyldichlorfop-methyl: structure; herbicide for control of wild oat & foxtails in cereal crops

diclofop-methyl : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diclofop-methyl. A proherbicide for diclofop, it is used for the control of wild oats and annual weeds in wheat, barley, rye and broad-leaved crops.

methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid with methanol.
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
diether;
methyl ester
imazethapyrimazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyraromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
lactofenlactofen: structure given in first source
1-(diiodomethyl)sulfonyl-4-methyl benzene1-(diiodomethyl)sulfonyl-4-methyl benzene: RN given in first source
fenofibric acidfenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.

fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure
aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acidhydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
telmisartantelmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.

Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl
angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
perfluorooctanesulfonamideperfluorooctanesulfonamide : A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group.perfluorinated compound;
sulfonamide
persistent organic pollutant
rosiglitazoneaminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
2-bromopalmitate2-bromohexadecanoic acid : A bromo fatty acid that is hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid carrying a single bromo substituent at position 2.

2-bromopalmitate: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd
2-bromocarboxylic acid;
bromo fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain fatty acid
fatty acid oxidation inhibitor
4-chloro-n-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3-ethyl-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-5-carboxamidepyrazole acaricide;
pyrazole insecticide
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizablestraight-chain fatty acid
l 692429L 692429: stimulates release of growth hormone; RN refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source
mk 7675-((2,4-dioxo-5-thiazolidinyl)methyl)-2-methoxy-N-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)benzamide: an antihyperlipidemic agent that also functions as an insulin sensitizer, PPARalpha agonist, and PPARgamma agonist; structure in first source
jtt 501JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source
anacardic acidanacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.

anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
farglitazarfarglitazar: a non-thiazolidinedione insulin sensitiser and PPARgamma agonist
l 163191
muraglitazarmuraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE1,3-oxazoles
tesaglitazartesaglitazar: structure in first source
cp 424391CP 424391: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source
lanosterol14alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid
bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oleic acidoleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.

Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
gw 409544GW 409544: a PPARalpha agonist; structure in first sourcemonocarboxylic acid
gw 6471GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source
drf 2725ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma
epipinoresinolepipinoresinol : An enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-(1R,3aR,4S,6aR)-configuration.pinoresinolmarine metabolite;
plant metabolite
tamoxifen citratecitrate saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent
gsk 3787
azoxystrobinazoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.

azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source
aryloxypyrimidine;
enoate ester;
enol ether;
methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent;
methyl ester;
nitrile
antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor;
quinone outside inhibitor;
xenobiotic
gw 7647GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.

GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source
aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas
PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfatesodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.
organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
linoleic acidlinoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.

Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid
algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
psi-baptigeninpseudobaptigenin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone and in which the phenyl group at position 3 is replaced by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group.7-hydroxyisoflavones;
benzodioxoles
antiprotozoal drug;
plant metabolite
n-oleoylethanolamineN-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor

oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.
endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1
EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source

arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).
benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid
antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
methylbenzethonium chloridealkylbenzene
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dionepregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor3-hydroxy steroidandrogen
amorphastilbolamorphastilbol: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist from Amorpha species
gw 1929GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first sourcebenzophenones
l-1650414-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.aromatic ketone
hexarelinhexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6
alpha-glutamyltryptophanTrp-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-glutamic acid residues.dipeptidemetabolite
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde o-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime: a constitutive androstane receptor agonist; structure in first source
gw 501516GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.

GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source
1,3-thiazoles;
aromatic ether;
aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound
carcinogenic agent;
PPARbeta/delta agonist
sm 130686SM 130686: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source
macimorelin
tabimorelintabimorelin: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source
tzd 18
gft505
gw 9578GW 9578: a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist; structure in first source
gw 7845GW 7845: ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source
naveglitazarnaveglitazar: LY-519818 is the (alpha-S)-isomer; an antidiabetic agent; structure in first sourcearomatic ether
ly 465608LY 465608: a nonthiazolidinedione agonist of both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma of Ligand Pharm. and Eli Lilly
l 162752
l 796449L 796449: a peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist; structure in first source
sk&f 110679
sorbitan monooleatefatty acid ester
gw0742GW 610742: structure in first sourcemonocarboxylic acid
3-chloro-4-(3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-6-benzisoxazolyl)propylthio)phenylacetic acid
ns-220
bm 131246
gw 5907352-methyl-2-(4-(((4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-thiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)propionic acid: an HDLc raising agent; structure in first source
aleglitazaraleglitazar: a dual peroxisome PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma agonist for type 2 diabetes
sotrastaurinsotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.

sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source
indoles;
maleimides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines
anticoronaviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
mbx-8025seladelpar: PPAR-delta agonist
mesosulfuron-methylmesosulfuron-methyl: an herbicide
lt175
ulimorelinulimorelin: ghrelin agonist; an 18-membered macrocycle containing 3 amide bonds and a secondary amine as well as 4 stereogenic centers; belongs to macrocyclic peptidomimeticsoligopeptide
gw9508GW9508: structure in first sourcearomatic amine
n-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-((4-(((3s)-3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl)phenyl)acetyl)-4-piperidinamineN-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-((4-(((3S)-3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl)phenyl)acetyl)-4-piperidinamine: a small molecule motilin receptor agonist; structure in first sourceacetamides
bms 687453
amorfrutin aamorfrutin A: an antidiabetic agent that inhibits NF-kappaB activation; structure in first sourcestilbenoid
yil 781YIL 781: an appetite suppressant and weight loss promoter; structure in first source
sarkosylsarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure
docusate sodiumorganic sodium salt
amorfrutin bamorfrutin B: structure in first source
ys 1212-(4-chloro-6-(2,3-dimethylphenylamino)pyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid: inhibits microsomal prostaglanding E2 synthase; structure in first sourcemedium-chain fatty acid
10-nitro-oleic acid(9E)-10-nitrooctadecenoic acid : A nitro fatty acid that is (9E)-octadec-9-enoic (elaidic) acid substituted by a nitro group at position 10.

10-nitro-oleic acid: structure in first source
long-chain fatty acid;
monounsaturated fatty acid;
nitro fatty acid
human metabolite
nitd 609NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source
gsk 2334470GSK 2334470: a PDK1 inhibitor; structure in first sourceindazoles
gsk0660GSK0660: PPAR antagonist; structure in first sourcesulfonamide
ly 518674LY 518674: a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist; structure in first source