ritonavir and Nausea

Twice-daily darunavir/ritonavir is indicated in treatment-experienced children (≥3 years). This study assessed once-daily administration in treatment-naïve adolescents.. Phase 2, 48-week, open-label, single-arm study evaluating pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected adolescents (≥12 to <18 years, ≥40 kg) with zidovudine/lamivudine or abacavir/lamivudine.. Twelve patients (67% female; median 14.4 years) were enrolled. After 24 and 48 weeks, respectively, 11 of 12 (92%) and 10 of 12 (83%) patients achieved viral load <50 copies/mL (intent-to-treat time-to-loss of virologic response); all had ≥1 log10 drop in viral load versus baseline. Median CD4 cell count increased by 175 and 221 cells/mm (intent-to-treat-noncompleter = failure) after 24 and 48 weeks, respectively. Eighty-three percent of patients were adherent to darunavir/ritonavir. One patient was never suppressed and 1 patient rebounded. No patients developed darunavir resistance-associated mutations or lost phenotypic susceptibility to any commercially available protease inhibitor or any background nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Eleven patients (92%) reported ≥1 adverse event (AE), considered in 2 patients to be at least possibly related to darunavir (gastrointestinal-related events and dizziness). Four patients had ≥1 serious AE. Three patients reported ≥1 grade 3/4 AE; no serious or grade 3/4 AEs were considered darunavir related. No patients discontinued because of AEs.. Over 48 weeks, once-daily darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg plus NRTIs was effective and well-tolerated for treatment of HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-naïve adolescents (≥12 to <18 years). These findings support use of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg in this population.

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Darunavir; Dideoxynucleosides; Drug Resistance, Viral; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Lamivudine; Male; Medication Adherence; Nausea; Neutropenia; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Ritonavir; Sulfonamides; Time Factors; Viral Load; Vomiting; Zidovudine

To compare the safety and antiviral activity of once (QD) or twice (BID) daily lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in combination with investigator-selected nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in treatment-experienced subjects.. Subjects failing treatment with HIV-1 RNA > 1000 copies per milliliter received LPV/r tablets 800/200 mg QD (n = 300) or 400/100 mg BID (n = 299) with investigator-chosen nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Efficacy was determined by the intent-to-treat time to loss of virologic response (ITT-TLOVR) algorithm. Safety, tolerability, adherence, impact of baseline protease mutations on virologic response, and emergence of resistance on therapy were assessed.. Demographics were comparable across groups. By intent-to-treat time to loss of virologic response, 166 QD subjects (55.3%) and 155 BID subjects (51.8%) were responders at week 48 (P = 0.413), with similar mean increases in CD4 T-cell count. QD subjects demonstrated better adherence than BID subjects. The occurrence of treatment-related moderate/severe adverse events was comparable for all events except nausea, which was reported more frequently among BID-treated subjects. Emergence of new protease resistance mutations on treatment was similarly infrequent in both groups.. LPV/r dosed QD resulted in increased treatment adherence and was as efficacious as BID LPV/r while providing similar safety, tolerability, and limited resistance evolution.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Drug Resistance, Viral; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Lopinavir; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Nausea; Pyrimidinones; Ritonavir; Viral Load; Young Adult

The Study of Aldesleukin with and without antiretroviral therapy (STALWART) evaluated whether intermittent interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone or with antiretroviral therapy (ART) around IL-2 cycles increased CD4(+) counts compared to no therapy.. Participants not on continuous ART with > or = 300 CD4(+) cells/mm(3) were randomized to: no treatment; IL-2 for 5 consecutive days every 8 weeks for 3 cycles; or the same IL-2 regimen with 10 days of ART administered around each IL-2 cycle. CD4(+) counts, HIV RNA, and HIV progression events were collected monthly.. A total of 267 participants were randomized. At week 32, the mean CD4(+) count was 134 cells greater in the IL-2 alone group (p<0.001), and 133 cells greater in the IL-2 plus ART group (p<0.001) compared to the no therapy group. Twelve participants in the IL-2 groups compared to 1 participant in the group assigned to no therapy experienced an opportunistic event or died (HR 5.84, CI: 0.59 to 43.57; p = 0.009).. IL-2 alone or with peri-cycle HAART increases CD4(+) counts but was associated with a greater number of opportunistic events or deaths compared to no therapy. These results call into question the immunoprotective significance of IL-2-induced CD4(+) cells.. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00110812.

Topics: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Atazanavir Sulfate; Carbamates; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fever; Furans; HIV Infections; Humans; Interleukin-2; Lopinavir; Male; Nausea; Oligopeptides; Opportunistic Infections; Organophosphates; Pyridines; Pyrimidinones; Ritonavir; Sulfonamides; Treatment Outcome

Antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected volunteers received zidovudine/lamivudine plus either lopinavir/ritonavir (n=104) or efavirenz (n=51). Lopinavir/ritonavir-treated subjects demonstrating 3 consecutive monthly HIV-1 RNA levels <50 copies/mL started lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy. In previous-failure=failure analysis, 48% (lopinavir/ritonavir) and 61% (efavirenz) maintained HIV-1 RNA at <50 copies/mL through week 96, (P= .17; 95% confidence interval [CI] for the difference, -29% to 4%); in noncompletion=failure analysis, 60% (lopinavir/ritonavir) and 63% (efavirenz) maintained HIV-1 RNA at <50 copies/mL at week 96 (P= .73; 95% CI for the difference, -19% to 13%). Significant sparing of peripheral lipoatrophy was noted in the lopinavir/ritonavir simplification strategy. This study has provided important information for future studies using treatment simplified to lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Alkynes; Anti-HIV Agents; Benzoxazines; Cyclopropanes; Diarrhea; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glucose Tolerance Test; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Lopinavir; Nausea; Pyrimidinones; Ritonavir; RNA, Viral; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load

Given the limited treatment options for patients with high-level resistance, antiretroviral (ARV) regimens based on concomitant use of 2 ritonavir (RTV)-boosted protease inhibitors (PIs) were considered a therapeutic option.. Boehringer Ingelheim (BI) study 1182.51 examined the pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and efficacy of RTV-boosted tipranavir (TPV/r), alone and in combination with comparator PIs (CPIs) in 315 triple-class-experienced, HIV-infected patients.. Two weeks after single PI therapy, the addition of TPV/r reduced plasma trough levels 52%, 80%, and 56% for lopinavir (LPV), saquinavir (SQV), and amprenavir (APV) recipients, respectively. After 2 weeks, a TPV/r-only regimen reduced HIV viral load (VL) by a median of 1.06 log(10) copies/mL. VL reductions at 2 weeks between single-boosted CPIs were difficult to compare, because the numbers of patients maintaining their previous failing PI after randomization were different. At week 4, patients initiating treatment with TPV-containing regimens sustained VL reduction (median decrease of 1.27 log(10) copies/mL). Patients adding TPV to regimens at week 2 achieved median reductions from a baseline of 1.19 log(10), 0.96 log(10), and 1.12 log(10) copies/mL at week 4 in dual-boosted LPV, SQV, and APV groups, respectively. At 24 weeks, VL reductions (median: -0.24 to -0.47 log(10) copies/mL) were comparable between treatment groups.. The efficacy of a dual PI regimen depended on the presence of TPV, with additional recycled CPIs having limited activity, even in drug-resistant patient populations with plasma trough concentrations regarded as likely to be adequate in this study. No clear guidelines exist about ARV plasma trough concentrations in treatment-experienced patients, however.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Area Under Curve; Diarrhea; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fatigue; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Nausea; Pyridines; Pyrones; Ritonavir; Sulfonamides; Treatment Outcome

Previous research in healthy volunteers has demonstrated that rifampicin and adjusted doses of lopinavir/ritonavir soft-gel capsules resulted in adequate exposure to lopinavir. Our objective was to study the combined use of rifampicin and the newly introduced lopinavir/ritonavir tablets.. A total of 40 healthy volunteers were planned to start with 600 mg rifampicin once daily from days 1-5. From days 6-15, volunteers were randomized to receive lopinavir/ritonavir tablets dosed as either 600/150 or 800/200 mg twice daily, both in addition to 600 mg rifampicin once daily. A 12 h pharmacokinetic curve was planned on day 15. Safety assessments were conducted regularly throughout the study period.. Eleven volunteers started as the first group in this study. No major complaints occurred during day 1-5 (rifampicin only). After addition of lopinavir/ritonavir, eight volunteers suffered from both nausea and vomiting, one from nausea only, and one from vomiting only. On day 7, increases in aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) levels were reported in all volunteers and on day 8, the study was prematurely terminated. The AST/ALT levels continued to rise and peaked (grade 2, n = 2; grade 3, n = 1; grade 4, n = 8) on days 9-10. All values returned to normal within 6 weeks.. The study showed a high incidence of adverse events when a higher than standard dose of the new lopinavir/ritonavir tablets was combined with rifampicin. In the future, this drug combination should not be given to healthy volunteers. Liver function should be carefully monitored when rifampicin and lopinavir/ritonavir are combined in patients.

Topics: Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Female; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Lopinavir; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Pyrimidinones; Rifampin; Ritonavir; Tablets; Vomiting

Brecanavir (BCV, 640385) is a novel, potent protease inhibitor (PI) with low nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentrations against PI-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. This phase I, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-part single-dose study (first time with humans) was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BCV administered at 10 mg/ml in a tocopherol-polyethylene glycol succinate-polyethylene glycol 400-ethanol 50:40:10 solution. In part 1 of the study, single oral doses of BCV ranged from 25 mg to 800 mg. In part 2, single oral doses of BCV ranged from 10 mg to 300 mg and were coadministered with 100-mg oral ritonavir (RTV) soft gel capsules. Single doses of BCV and BCV/RTV were generally well tolerated. There were no severe adverse events (SAEs), and no subject was withdrawn due to BCV. The most commonly reported drug-related AEs during both parts of the study combined were gastrointestinal disturbances (similar to placebo) and headache. BCV was readily absorbed following oral administration with mean times to maximum concentration from >1 h to 2.5 h in part 1 and from 1.5 h to 3 h in part 2. Administration of BCV without RTV resulted in BCV exposures predicted to be insufficient to inhibit PI-resistant virus based on in vitro data. Coadministration of 300 mg BCV with 100 mg RTV, however, significantly increased the plasma BCV area under the concentration-time curve and maximum concentration 26-fold and 11-fold, respectively, achieving BCV concentrations predicted to inhibit PI-resistant HIV.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Area Under Curve; Benzodioxoles; Capsules; Carbamates; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Combinations; Flatulence; Gels; Half-Life; Headache; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Ritonavir

To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir (APV) and ritonavir (RTV).. Three open-label, randomized, two-sequence, multiple-dose studies having the same design (7 days of APV or RTV alone followed by 7 days of both drugs together) used 450 or 900 mg APV with 100 or 300 mg RTV every 12 h with pharmacokinetic assessments on days 7 and 14. Safety was monitored as clinical adverse events (AEs) and laboratory abnormalities.. Relative to APV alone, RTV co-administration resulted in a 3.3- to 4-fold and 10.84 to 14.25-fold increase in the geometric least-square (GLS) mean area under the plasma concentration--time curve (AUC(tau,ss)) and minimum concentration (C(min,ss)), respectively. APV 900 mg with RTV 100 mg resulted in a 2.09-fold and 6.85-fold increase in the GLS mean AUC(tau,ss) and C(min,ss), respectively. On day 14, the geometric mean (95% confidence interval) for 450 mg APV AUC(tau,ss) (micro x h/mL) was 23.49 (19.32--28.57) with 300 mg RTV and 35.42 (30.46--44.42) with 100 microg RTV, and for the 900 mg APV with 100 mg RTV 47.11 (39.47--61.24). The 450 mg APV C(min,ss) (microg/ml) were 1.32 (1.05--1.67) and 2.01 (1.70--2.61), and 2.47 (2.08--3.32) for 900 mg APV. The most common AEs were mild and included diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, oral parasthesias, and rash. The triglyceride and cholesterol increased significantly from RTV exposure.. Adding RTV to APV resulted in clinically and statistically significant increases in APV AUC and C(min) with variable effects on maximum concentration. The two RTV doses had similar effects on APV but AEs were more frequent with 300 mg RTV.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Body Mass Index; Carbamates; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Exanthema; Female; Furans; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV Seronegativity; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Ritonavir; Statistics, Nonparametric; Sulfonamides

To investigate the influence of combined ritonavir (RTV) and saquinavir (soft-gelatin capsule formulation; SQV) on systemic exposure to SQV with a view to optimizing the dosing regimen of combined RTV and SQV antiretroviral therapy.. In this open labelled, randomized, parallel group study, SQV and RTV were administered twice daily for 14 days to groups of eight healthy subjects. The two antiretrovirals were either administered alone (800 mg SQV, regimen A, and 400 mg RTV, B) or in combination at various dose levels (RTV : SQV: 400 : 400 mg, C; 300 : 600 mg, D; 200 : 800 mg, E; 300 : 800 mg, F; 400 : 800 mg, G; and 400 : 600 mg, H). Pharmacokinetic parameters of saquinavir and ritonavir were determined and adverse events, vital signs, and clinical laboratory variables recorded.. RTV substantially increased the plasma concentration of saquinavir for all dose combinations, compared with SQV alone. Based on the primary statistical analysis there was an overall 17-, 22-, and 23-fold increase in saquinavir AUC(0,24 h) on day 14 with regimens E, F, and G, respectively (with confidence intervals of 10-30, 13-37, and 13-39). The lowest combination dose of RTV (200 : 800 mg; E) significantly increased the saquinavir AUC(0,24 h) from below 5 to 57 microg ml(-1) h, which was higher than the exposure obtained with the 400 : 400 mg twice daily regimen (i.e. 36 microg ml(-1) h). RTV also reduced intersubject variability in AUC(0,24 h) for saquinavir from 105% to 32-68%, and C(max)(0,24 h) from 124% to 30-49%. In contrast, SQV showed no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir. The combination regimens were well tolerated, with the least number of adverse events recorded for the 200 : 800 mg (RTV : SQV) combination regimen.. RTV significantly increases saquinavir exposure as a consequence of inhibiting SQV metabolism and possibly P-glycoprotein efflux. Pharmacokinetic and safety profiles obtained in the current study indicate that the use of a combination with a lower dose of RTV and a higher dose of SQV than the 400 : 400 mg combination frequently used in clinical practice should be further explored.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Area Under Curve; Capsules; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Exanthema; Female; Gelatin; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Patient Dropouts; Ritonavir; Saquinavir; Vomiting

In late 2019, a new coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-was discovered in Wuhan, China, and the World Health Organization later declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic. Numerous drugs have been repurposed and investigated for therapeutic effectiveness in the disease, including those from "Solidarity," an international clinical trial (azithromycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, the fixed combination lopinavir/ritonavir, and remdesivir).. Our objective was to evaluate adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting for drugs when used in the treatment of COVID-19 compared with use for other indications, specifically focussing on sex differences.. We extracted reports on COVID-19-specific treatments from the global ADR database, VigiBase, using an algorithm developed to identify reports that listed COVID-19 as the indication. The Solidarity trial drugs were included, as were any drugs reported ≥ 100 times. We performed a descriptive comparison of reports for the same drugs used in non-COVID-19 indications. The data lock point date was 7 June 2020.. In total, 2573 reports were identified for drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19. In order of frequency, the most reported ADRs were electrocardiogram QT-prolonged, diarrhoea, nausea, hepatitis, and vomiting in males and diarrhoea, electrocardiogram QT-prolonged, nausea, vomiting, and upper abdominal pain in females. Other hepatic and kidney-related events were included in the top ten ADRs in males, whereas no hepatic or renal terms were reported for females. COVID-19-related reporting patterns differed from non-pandemic reporting for these drugs.. Review of a global database of suspected ADR reports revealed sex differences in the reporting patterns for drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19. Patterns of ADR sex differences need further elucidation.

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adenosine Monophosphate; Alanine; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antiviral Agents; Azithromycin; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chloroquine; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Databases, Pharmaceutical; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Drug Eruptions; Drug Repositioning; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Long QT Syndrome; Lopinavir; Male; Nausea; Oseltamivir; Ritonavir; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors; Vomiting

Ritonavir, a protease inhibitor drug, is commonly used in AIDS therapy. As with other chemotherapeutic drugs that cause gastrointestinal adverse effects, ritonavir treatment is associated with significant nausea and vomiting. This study investigated whether Scutellaria baicalensis, and its active flavonoid constituent, baicalein, attenuate the gastrointestinal effects of ritonavir. The effects of herb administration were evaluated in ritonavir-treated rats using a rat pica model, which simulates nausea and vomiting in humans. The effects of herb administration on gastric emptying in rats were also measured. Ritonavir treatment resulted in increased kaolin intake or severe pica, the intensity of which was reduced significantly with S. baicalensis administration (1 mg kg(-1); P<0.05). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of S. baicalensis showed the presence of an extremely potent flavonoid constituent, baicalein. The study aimed to determine if baicalein contributed to the anti-pica effect of the extract. It was observed that baicalein dose-dependently decreased pica in ritonavir-treated rats (P<0.001). In addition to inducing pica, ritonavir also significantly delayed gastric emptying, which could contribute to ritonavir-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction. When S. baicalensis extract was administered to ritonavir-treated rats the delayed gastric emptying was significantly attenuated (P<0.05). The results suggest that S. baicalensis and the constituent baicalein reduce the gastrointestinal dysfunction caused by ritonavir. It is concluded that S. baicalensis may potentially have a role to play in reducing drug-induced adverse effects.

Topics: Animals; Antiemetics; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Gastric Emptying; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Kaolin; Male; Nausea; Pica; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ritonavir; Scutellaria baicalensis; Vomiting

To evaluate the drug interaction between fosamprenavir (FPV) and esomeprazole (ESO) after repeated doses in healthy adults.. Subjects received ESO 20 mg once daily (qd) for 7 days followed by either ESO 20 mg qd + FPV 1400 mg twice daily (bid) or ESO 20 mg qd + FPV 700 mg bid + ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg bid for 14 days in arms 1 and 2, respectively. After a 21- to 28-day washout, subjects received either FPV 1400 mg bid for 14 days (arm 1) or FPV 700 mg bid + RTV 100 mg bid for 14 days (arm 2). Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted on the last day of each treatment.. Simultaneous coadministration of ESO 20 mg qd with either FPV 1400 mg bid or FPV 700 mg bid + RTV 100 mg bid had no effect on steady-state amprenavir pharmacokinetics. The only effect on plasma ESO exposure was a 55% increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosing interval, tau[AUC0-tau], after coadministration of ESO 20 mg qd with FPV 1400 mg bid.. FPV 1400 mg bid or FPV 700 mg bid + RTV 100 mg bid may be coadministered simultaneously with ESO without dose adjustment. However, the impact of staggered administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) on plasma amprenavir exposure is unknown at present.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Carbamates; Diarrhea; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Combinations; Esomeprazole; Female; Furans; Headache; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Organophosphates; Ritonavir; Sulfonamides

Topics: Adult; Alkynes; Anti-HIV Agents; Benzoxazines; Cyclopropanes; Didanosine; Drug Therapy, Combination; HIV Infections; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertriglyceridemia; Indinavir; Middle Aged; Nausea; Oxazines; Ritonavir

A retrospective study was performed to determine whether twice-daily ritonavir 400 mg plus twice-daily saquinavir 400 mg (ritonavir 400/saquinavir 400) was better tolerated than ritonavir 600 mg twice daily (ritonavir 600). A secondary objective was to determine whether the rate of discontinuation due to therapeutic failure differed between the two ritonavir regimens.. The study was a retrospective chart review. Data collected included ritonavir dose; length of ritonavir therapy; reason for discontinuation; HIV-1 RNA prior to and at discontinuation of ritonavir therapy; CD4+ count; and antiretroviral therapy prior to, concomitant with, and initiated after ritonavir therapy.. Patient charts were reviewed in a university teaching hospital clinic.. Patients were identified through a search of the pharmacy database from December 18, 1995, to December 18, 1997. Patients were > 18 years old, but not restricted by gender or race.. The main outcome measures were frequency of discontinuation of ritonavir due to intolerance or due to lack of therapeutic efficacy.. The search identified 116 patients, including 57 patients taking ritonavir 400/saquinavir 400 and 54 patients taking ritonavir 600. Five patients on other ritonavir regimens were excluded. Significantly fewer patients receiving ritonavir 400/saquinavir 400 (14%) discontinued ritonavir due to intolerance compared with ritonavir 600 (37%; p = 0.002). Discontinuations due to therapeutic failure were not significantly different: 8.8% for ritonavir 400/saquinavir 400 and 7.4% for ritonavir 600, despite the fact that ritonavir/saquinavir therapy followed another protease inhibitor in 41 patients (73.2%) compared with 12 patients (24.5%) for ritonavir 600 (p = 0.001).. Ritonavir 400/saquinavir 400 is better tolerated than ritonavir 600.

Topics: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Protease Inhibitors; Retrospective Studies; Ritonavir; Saquinavir; Treatment Outcome; Vomiting

Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; HIV Infections; Humans; Nausea; Ritonavir

Ritonavir, Abbott Laboratories protease inhibitor, has been associated with nausea as a side effect. Abbott claims that the nausea subsides after several weeks of treatment. Taking the drug with a fat-rich meal may decrease nausea. Instructions on how to take the protease inhibitor to prevent gastrointestinal upset are provided.

Topics: Diet; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Nausea; Ritonavir; Thiazoles; Valine