losartan-potassium and Essential-Hypertension

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIFs) is a new class of drug developed for the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. HIFs increase the production of erythropoietin in the kidney and liver, enhance the absorption and utilization of iron, and stimulate the maturation and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells. Besides, HIFs regulate many physiologic processes by orchestrating the transcription of hundreds of genes. Essential hypertension (HT) is an epidemic worldwide. HIFs play a role in many biological processes involved in the regulation of blood pressure (BP). In the current review, we summarize pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the relationship between HIFs and BP regulation in patients with CKD, conflicting issues, and discuss future potential strategies.

Topics: Anemia; Erythropoietin; Essential Hypertension; Humans; Hypoxia; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

Organ crosstalk pathways represent the next frontier for target-mining in molecular medicine for existing syndromes. Pulmonary hypertension and resistant essential hypertension are syndromes that have been proven elusive in etiology, and frequently refractory to first-line management. Underlying crosstalk mechanisms, not yet considered in these treatments, may hinder outcomes or unlock novel treatments. This review focuses systematically on erythropoietin, a synthesizable molecule, as a mediator of brain-kidney crosstalk. Insights gained from this review will be applied to cardiovascular diseases in a clinician-directed fashion.

Topics: Brain; Endothelins; Erythropoietin; Essential Hypertension; Heart; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Kidney; Lung; Nitric Oxide; Prostaglandins; Renin-Angiotensin System

Erythropoietin (ERO) is known to be the main regulator of proliferation and terminal dissociation of erythroid cells. Its receptors are expressed not only in hematopoietic cells but also in the tissues of the cardiovascular system. The aim of this work was to study specific features of circadian rhythm in erythropoietin synthesis and estimate the predictive informative value of serum ERO level variations as regards the risk of developing cardiovascular complications in patients with stage II essential arterial hypertension (EAH). ERO, neopterin, and interleukin-1 levels were measured in 200 such patients. It was shown that ERO levels increased (p < 0.001) compared with normal values (12.6 pg/ml, 95% CI 11.8-13.4 and 68 pg/ml, 95% CI 6.4-7.2 respectively). Analysis of circadian rhythm demonstrated that enhanced probability of complications in the absence of reduction of the ERO level at night time correlated with the decreased number of CD34 cells (p < 0.001) and the increased neopterin level (p < 0.001). It is concluded that these dependences suggest the necessity of further studies of yet unknown effects of ERO and ways of their application for the treatment of EAH.

Topics: Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Circadian Rhythm; Disease Progression; Erythropoietin; Essential Hypertension; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis