losartan-potassium and plerixafor

The use of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) as a source of hematopoietic stem cells is steadily increasing and has nearly supplanted bone marrow transplantation. The present article reviews mobilization of PBSC as well as the side effects. Under steady state conditions less than 0.05% of the white blood cells (WBC) are CD34+ cells. Chemotherapy results in a 5-15-fold increase of PBSC. Combining chemotherapy and growth factors increases CD34+ cells up to 6% of WBC. In the allogeneic setting, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used alone for PBSC mobilization. Several factors affect the mobilization of PBSC: age, gender, type of growth factor, dose of the growth factor and in the autologous setting, the patient's diagnosis, chemotherapy regimen and number of previous chemotherapy cycles or radiation. Muscle and bone pain are frequent adverse events in allogeneic stem cell mobilization but are usually tolerated with the use of analgesics. Spleen enlargement followed by rupture is a serious complication in allogeneic donors. Large volume apheresis (LVL) with a processed volume of more than 4-fold of the patient's blood volume can be used to increase the CD34+ yield in patients with low CD34+ pre-counts, resulting in higher yields of CD34+ cells for transplantation. Processing of more blood in LVL is achieved by an increase of the blood flow rate and an altered anticoagulation regimen with the occurrence of more citrate reactions.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD34; Benzylamines; Cyclams; Erythropoietin; Filgrastim; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Leukapheresis; Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation; Polyethylene Glycols; Recombinant Proteins

Collection of hematopoietic progenitor cells by apheresis (HPC-A) requires separation of cells by density. Previous studies highlighted the challenges of HPC-A collection from patients with abnormal red blood cells (RBCs). TEMPI syndrome is a recently described condition defined by teleangiectasias, elevated erythropoietin and erythrocytosis, monoclonal gammopathy, perinephric fluid collections, and intrapulmonary shunting. Patients with TEMPI syndrome have responded to therapies used to treat plasma cell dyscrasias and may benefit from autologous HPC transplantation. We report HPC-A collection from a patient with TEMPI syndrome that was complicated by severe iron deficiency.. The patient received granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and plerixafor for HPC mobilization and underwent 3 days of HPC-A collection.. The patient presented for collection with a microcytic erythrocytosis. Over 3 days, approximately 50 L of whole blood was processed, and 2 × 10(8) CD34+ cells were collected (2.8 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg). The mean collection efficiency (CE), percentage of mononuclear cells, hematocrit (Hct), and RBC count were 18%, 90%, 14%, and 9 × 10(11) , respectively. Altering collection variables to avoid RBC contamination reduced CE. Ficoll preparations of the products after freeze-thaw showed RBC contamination and hemolysis. Postthaw viability exceeded 95%. The products were not RBC reduced or washed. There were no adverse reactions during or after infusion.. HPC-A collection from a patient with TEMPI syndrome was complicated by microcytic erythrocytosis, leading to RBC contamination and hemolysis in the product. Adequate HPCs were collected and the patient tolerated infusion without RBC depletion or washing. Our report highlights difficulties of HPC-A collection from iron-deficient patients.

Topics: Benzylamines; Cyclams; Cytapheresis; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Erythropoietin; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Paraproteinemias; Polycythemia; Syndrome

Accumulating evidence has indicated that the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis plays a crucial role in the recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into lesion sites in animal models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis on the migration of transplanted BMSCs mobilized by erythropoietin (EPO) toward the lesion site following spinal cord injury (SCI). A model of SCI was established in rats using the modified Allen's test. In the EPO group, EPO was administered at a distance of 2 mm cranially and then 2 mm caudally from the site of injury. In the BMSC group, 10 µl of BMSC suspension was administered in the same manner. In the BMSC + EPO group, both BMSCs and EPO were administered as described above. In the BMSC + EPO + AMD3100 group, in addition to the injection of BMSCs and EPO, AMD3100 (a chemokine receptor antagonist) was administered. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Rating Scale and a grid walk test were used to estimate the neurological recovery following SCI. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to assess the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and SDF-1 expression levels. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to identify the distribution of the BMSCs in the injured spinal cord. A Transwell migration assay was performed to examine BMSC migration. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to detect the apoptotic index (AI). Western blot analysis was performed to measure the expression levels of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) and CXCR4. Significant improvements in locomotor function were detected in the BMSC + EPO group compared with the BMSC group (P<0.05). GFP-labeled BMSCs were observed and were located at the lesion sites. Additionally, EPO significantly decreased the TNF-α levels and increased the SDF-1 levels in the injured spinal cord (P<0.05).The AI in the BMSC + EPO group was significantly lower compared with that in the other groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, EPO significantly upregulated the protein expression of CXCR4 in the BMSCs and promoted the migration of the BMSCs, whereas these effects were markedly inhibited when the BMSCs were co-transplanted with AMD3100. The findings of the present study confirm that EPO mobilizes BMSCs to the lesion site following SCI and enhances the anti-apoptotic effects of the BMSCs by upregulating the expression of SDF-

Topics: Animals; Benzylamines; Cell Movement; Chemokine CXCL12; Cyclams; Erythropoietin; Female; Heterocyclic Compounds; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, CXCR4; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Anemia may accelerate angiogenesis in ischemic organs through its ability to augment tissue hypoxia-induced generation of several known angiogenic factors and to increase erythropoietin levels, which are also potently angiogenic. We examined the effect of controlled phlebotomy (bloodletting) on blood flow in a mouse ischemic leg model. We ligated the right femoral artery of BALB/c mice. In the phlebotomy group, 200 microl of blood were drawn from the tail vein once a week. After 4 wk, blood flow in the ischemic leg was significantly better in the phlebotomy group (flow ratio of the ischemic to nonischemic leg, 0.87 + or - 0.04) than the control group (0.59 + or - 0.05, P < 0.05), and capillary density was significantly higher. Repeated phlebotomy increased serum erythropoietin levels as well as the expression of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor and both the expression and activity of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in ischemic legs. Treatment with wortmannin or N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester significantly attenuated the phlebotomy-induced improvement of blood flow. In addition, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed an increase in circulating peripheral endothelial progenitor cells in the phlebotomy group, and treatment with AMD3100, a specific inhibitor of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, blocked the beneficial effect of phlebotomy. These findings suggest that repeated phlebotomy improves blood flow in ischemic legs through an angiogenic action that involves the Akt/eNOS pathway, endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, and their complicated cross talk. An adequately controlled phlebotomy might be one method by which to induce therapeutic angiogenesis.

Topics: Androstadienes; Animals; Benzylamines; Capillaries; Cyclams; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelial Cells; Enzyme Inhibitors; Erythropoietin; Femoral Artery; Heterocyclic Compounds; Hindlimb; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Ischemia; Ligation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Muscle, Skeletal; Neovascularization, Physiologic; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Phlebotomy; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Receptors, CXCR4; Regional Blood Flow; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Time Factors; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Wortmannin