losartan-potassium and Rodent-Diseases

Malaria and other haemosporin parasites must undergo a round of sexual reproduction in their insect vector in order to produce stages that can be transmitted to vertebrate hosts. Consequently, it is crucial that parasites produce the sex ratio (proportion of male sexual stages) that will maximize the number of fertilization and thus, transmission to new vertebrate hosts. There is some evidence to show that, consistent with evolutionary theory, the sex ratios of malaria parasites are negatively correlated to their inbreeding rate. However, recent theory has shown that when fertilization success is compromised, parasites should respond by increasing their investment in sexual stages or by producing a less female biased ration than predicted by their inbreeding rate alone. Here, we show that two species of rodent malaria, Plasmodium chabaudi and Plasmodium vinckei petteri, adopt different strategies in response to host anaemia, a factor though to compromise transmission success: P. chabaudi increases investment in sexual stages, whereas P. vinckei produces a less female biased sex ratio. We suggest that these different transmission strategies may be due to marked differences in host cell preference.

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Erythropoietin; Female; Fertility; Inbreeding; Malaria; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Plasmodium; Rodent Diseases; Sex Ratio; Species Specificity

DBA/2FG-pcy mice developed the chronic renal failure by the progressive polycystic formation at five months old. Their bilaterally enlarged kidneys occupied about 15% of the body weight. It was about 9 times larger than the normal kidney of DBA/2N mice. A large number of various-sized cysts appeared in cortex and medulla of bilateral light-yellow kidneys of sponge-like shape. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased. Red blood cells (746 +/- 39 x 10(4)/mm3), hemoglobin (8.8 +/- 0.4 g/dl) and hematocrits (31.1 +/- 1.5%) were lower than those of normal control mice. Serum erythropoietin level and reticulocytes did not increase. In addition, the treatment with exogenous erythropoietin improved the anemia in DBA/2FG-pcy mice. It was suggested that the anemia in DBA/2FG-pcy mice was due to the disorder of erythropoietin production caused by the progressive polycystic formation in kidneys.

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Creatinine; Erythrocyte Count; Erythropoietin; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Kidney; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred DBA; Polycystic Kidney Diseases; Recombinant Proteins; Reticulocytes; Rodent Diseases

A normobaric hypoxia chamber was designed in which large numbers of mice (up to 250) were made polycythemic, after which they were used in an erythropoietin assay. The hypoxic atmosphere was composed of air diluted with N2 gas generated from liquid N2. Continuous exposure of mice to 8% O2 for 11 da resulted in a polycythemia of sufficient magnitude and duration to provide appropriate erythropoietic conditions for the erythropoietin assay. The chamber, which has been in almost continuous operation for 3 yr, requires little attention and maintenance and has proved to be reliable, safe, and economical.

Topics: Animals; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; Biological Assay; Erythrocyte Count; Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin; Female; Hematocrit; Hypoxia; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Oxygen; Polycythemia; Rodent Diseases; Sheep

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Cell Division; Disease Models, Animal; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Hemoglobins; Mice; Mutation; Parabiosis; Pigmentation Disorders; Rats; Rodent Diseases; Sex Chromosome Aberrations; Spleen; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Body Weight; DNA; Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin; Fetus; Heme; Hemoglobins; Iron; Liver; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Reticulocytes; RNA; Rodent Diseases; Thymidine

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin; Genotype; Hematocrit; Hypoxia; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Radiation Effects; Rodent Diseases

Topics: Anemia, Aplastic; Animals; Black People; Blood Proteins; Chromatography; Erythrocytes; Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin; Female; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin G; Iron Isotopes; Mice; Polycythemia; Rodent Diseases; Thymectomy; Thymoma

Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Erythropoietin; Hemoglobins; Hypoxia; Mice; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Polycythemia; Rodent Diseases

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Bone Marrow Examination; Castration; Disease Models, Animal; Erythrocyte Aging; Erythrocyte Count; Erythropoietin; Estrogens; Female; Hematocrit; Hematologic Diseases; Hemoglobinometry; Homozygote; Leukocyte Count; Leukopenia; Male; Rats; Rodent Diseases; Sex Factors; Spleen; Splenectomy; Splenomegaly