losartan-potassium and Communicable-Diseases

Topics: Anemia; Cardiovascular Diseases; Communicable Diseases; Erythropoietin; Evidence-Based Medicine; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Hemoglobins; Hospitalization; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recombinant Proteins; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Animals; Blood Loss, Surgical; Blood Substitutes; Blood Transfusion, Autologous; Communicable Diseases; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Erythropoietin; Hemodilution; Humans; Preoperative Care; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Aluminum; Angiotensin II; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder; Communicable Diseases; Erythropoietin; History, 20th Century; Humans; Insulin; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Renal Dialysis; Renin; Uremia; Vitamin D

Circulating erythropoietin (EPO) is mainly produced in the kidneys, depending on blood oxygen level. The present study investigated the postmortem serum EPO levels with regard to the cause of death and survival time. Serial medicolegal autopsy cases of postmortem time within 48 h (n = 536) were examined. Serum EPO levels were within the clinical reference range in most cases. Uremic patients with medical administration of an EPO agent (n = 11) showed a markedly high level (140-4,850 mU/ml; median, 1,798 mU/ml). Otherwise, an elevation in serum EPO level (>30 mU/ml) was mainly seen in protracted deaths due to blunt injury and fire fatality, depending on the survival time (r = 0.69, p < 0.0001, and r = 0.45, p < 0.0001, respectively), and in subacute deaths from gastrointestinal bleeding and infectious diseases. However, mildly to moderately elevated serum EPO levels were sporadically found in acute deaths due to mechanical asphyxiation, fire fatality, and acute ischemic heart disease, and in fatal hypothermia cases, especially for elderly subjects. Protracted deaths due to mechanical asphyxiation and ischemic heart disease did not show any survival time-dependent increase in serum EPO level (p > 0.05). EPO was immunohistochemically detected in the tubular epithelia and interstitial cells, showing no evident difference among the causes of death, independent of survival time or serum level. These findings suggest that serum EPO can be used as a marker for investigating anemia and/or hypoxia as a consequence of fatal insult in subacute or prolonged deaths, or a predisposition to traumatic deaths or fatal heart attacks in acute deaths.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asphyxia; Biomarkers; Communicable Diseases; Drowning; Erythropoietin; Female; Fires; Forensic Pathology; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Hypothermia; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Ischemia; Postmortem Changes; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors; Uremia; Wounds, Nonpenetrating; Young Adult