losartan-potassium and Fetomaternal-Transfusion

Topics: Animals; Blood Viscosity; Cardiovascular Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Erythrocyte Deformability; Erythropoietin; Female; Fetal Hypoxia; Fetofetal Transfusion; Fetomaternal Transfusion; Fetus; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Genital Diseases, Male; Global Health; Growth Disorders; Hematocrit; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Hypocalcemia; Hypoglycemia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mental Disorders; Polycythemia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Prognosis; Respiration Disorders; Sheep; Thrombocytopenia

Long-term loss of fetal blood can occur with fetomaternal hemorrhage, vasoprevia, or placental previa. Our objective was to determine the effects of progressive fetal blood loss over 10 days on fetal plasma erythropoietin (EPO) concentration and its relationship to arterial PO(2), hematocrit, and the volume of blood loss. Late-gestation fetal sheep (n = 8) were hemorrhaged daily at a rate of 1 ml/min over 10 days. The extent of hemorrhage differed in each fetus and ranged from 30 to 80 ml/day, with the cumulative volume removed ranging from 78 to 236 ml/kg estimated fetal weight. Four fetuses served as time controls. EPO concentration measurements were by radioimmunoassay. Statistical analyses included regression, correlation, and analysis of variance. We found that EPO and arterial PO(2) were unchanged until the cumulative hemorrhage volume exceeded 20-40 ml/kg. Once this threshold was exceeded, plasma EPO concentration increased progressively throughout the study and averaged 14.3 +/- 3.2 times basal values on day 10. EPO concentration, arterial PO(2), and hematocrit changes were related curvilinearly to cumulative hemorrhage volume (P < 0.01), whereas the relationship between plasma EPO and arterial PO(2) was log linear (P < 0.001). We conclude that 1) fetal plasma EPO concentration and arterial PO(2) are insensitive to a slow, mild-to-moderate blood loss over several days; 2) unlike the rapid return of EPO to normal within 48 h after acute hemorrhage, fetal EPO concentration undergoes a progressive increase with moderate-to-severe blood loss over several days; 3) the long-term hemorrhage-induced changes in EPO are best correlated with arterial PO(2); and 4) the fetal EPO response to hemorrhage does not appear to be limited by the fetus's ability to produce EPO.

Topics: Animals; Arteries; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Volume; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Erythropoietin; Female; Fetomaternal Transfusion; Fetus; Hematocrit; Iron; Multivariate Analysis; Oxygen; Pregnancy; Sheep