cerebral cortex development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]

The cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of the brain, undergoes a complex and intricate developmental process that begins during prenatal development and continues throughout childhood and adolescence. This process involves a series of coordinated events, including:

1. **Neurogenesis:** This is the process of generating new neurons from neural stem cells. It occurs in the ventricular zone, a specialized region lining the ventricles of the brain. Newly generated neurons migrate radially outwards, guided by radial glial cells, towards their final destination in the developing cortex.

2. **Migration:** The newly formed neurons migrate to their specific layers within the cerebral cortex, guided by chemical and cellular cues. This migration process is crucial for establishing the distinct layers of the cortex and forming functional neural circuits.

3. **Differentiation:** Once neurons reach their final destinations, they differentiate into specific types, each with unique functions. This differentiation involves the expression of specific genes that determine the neuron's morphology, neurotransmitter type, and connectivity.

4. **Axon and Dendrite Growth:** After differentiation, neurons extend axons and dendrites, forming connections with other neurons. Axons, the output projections of a neuron, transmit signals to other neurons, while dendrites, the input projections, receive signals from other neurons. This process of axonal and dendritic growth is essential for establishing functional neural circuits.

5. **Synaptogenesis:** Synapses are the junctions between neurons where communication occurs. Synaptogenesis is the process of forming new synapses, which is essential for the development of functional neural circuits. This process is highly dynamic and continues throughout life, allowing for ongoing learning and adaptation.

6. **Synaptic Pruning:** As neural circuits mature, a process called synaptic pruning occurs. This involves the elimination of unnecessary or weak synapses, resulting in a more efficient and refined neuronal network. Synaptic pruning is crucial for optimizing brain function and reducing noise in neural signaling.

7. **Myelination:** Myelination is the process of wrapping axons with a fatty substance called myelin. Myelin acts as an insulator, increasing the speed and efficiency of signal transmission. Myelination continues throughout childhood and adolescence, contributing to the development of cognitive abilities.

8. **Glial Cell Development:** Glial cells, which are non-neuronal cells, play critical roles in supporting and maintaining the function of neurons. During development, glial cells proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into various types, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. These cells contribute to the development of the blood-brain barrier, provide metabolic support to neurons, and regulate neuronal activity.

These intricate processes are carefully orchestrated, and disruptions in any of these stages can lead to developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. The development of the cerebral cortex is a remarkable example of the complexity and plasticity of the nervous system, allowing for the emergence of higher cognitive functions."

Proteins (19)

Compounds (544)