protectin d1 profile

protectin D1: a docosahexaenoic acid-derived docosatriene protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

protectin D1 : A dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 10 and 17 (the 10R,17S-stereoisomer). Protectin D1 is one of the specialised proresolving mediators. When produced in neural tissues, it is called neuroprotectin D1 [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	16042541
CHEMBL ID	3234407
CHEBI ID	138655
SCHEMBL ID	4160957
MeSH ID	M0468896

Synonym
PD1 ,
660430-03-5
10r,17s-dihydroxy-docosa-4z,7z,11e,13e,15z,19z-hexaenoic acid
neuroprotectin d1
protectin d1
CHEBI:138655
npd1
(n)pd1
(neuro)protectin d1
(4z,7z,10r,11e,13e,15z,17s,19z)-10,17-dihydroxydocosa-4,7,11,13,15,19-hexaenoic acid
(4z,7z,10r,11e,13e,15z,17s,19z)-10,17-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid
10(r),17(s)-dihydroxydocosa-4z,7z,11e,13e,15z,19z-hexaenoic acid
CHEMBL3234407
SCHEMBL4160957
10r,17s-dihydroxy-4z,7z,11e,13e,15z,19z-docosahexaenoic acid
LMFA04040001
10r,17s-dihydroxy-docosa-4z,7z,11e,13e,15z,19z-hexaenoate
p3fx063kli ,
npd-1
Q18345077
(4z,7z,10r,11e,13e,15z,17s,19z) 10,17-dihydroxy-docosa-4,7,11,13,15,19-hexaenoic acid
4,7,11,13,15,19-docosahexaenoic acid, 10,17-dihydroxy-, (4z,7z,10r,11e,13e,15z,17s,19z)-
ap-001
4,7,11,13,15,19-docosahexaenoic acid, 10,17-dihydroxy-,(4z,7z,11e,13e,15z,17s,19z)-
HY-130413
CS-0107663
DTXSID101031663
AKOS040755787

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Protectin D1 is a specialized pro-resolving mediator with potent pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo in several human disease models. "	( Synthesis of protectin D1 analogs: novel pro-resolution and radiotracer agents. Aursnes, M; Colas, RA; Hansen, TV; Nuruddin, S; Olberg, DE; Ramon, S; Serhan, CN; Tungen, JE; Willoch, F, 2018)	2.29
"Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) is an anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediator biosynthesized from the omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). "	( Neuroprotectin D1 reduces the severity of herpes simplex virus-induced corneal immunopathology. Gjorstrup, P; Mulik, S; Rajasagi, NK; Reddy, PB; Rouse, BT, 2013)	1.42
"Protectin D1 (PD1) is a bioactive product generated from docosahexaenoic acid, which may exert anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory diseases. "	( Protectin D1 reduces concanavalin A-induced liver injury by inhibiting NF-κB-mediated CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis and NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome activation. Liu, J; Meng, S; Ren, J; Yan, B; Yu, J, 2016)	3.32
"Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) is a stereoselective mediator derived from the omega-3 essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with potent inflammatory resolving and neuroprotective bioactivity. "	( Docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 induces neuronal survival via secretase- and PPARγ-mediated mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease models. Bazan, NG; Calon, F; Julien, C; Lukiw, WJ; Petasis, NA; Winkler, JW; Zhao, Y, 2011)	1.16
"Protectin D1 (PD1) is an anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediator biosynthesized from the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). "	( Dysregulated synthesis of protectin D1 in eosinophils from patients with severe asthma. Arai, H; Arita, M; Asano, K; Betsuyaku, T; Fukunaga, K; Isobe, Y; Iwamoto, R; Miyata, J; Niimi, K; Oguma, T; Sayama, K; Suzuki, Y; Takamiya, R; Takihara, T; Tomomatsu, K, 2013)	2.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) displays neuroprotection in cells undergoing proteotoxic and oxidative stress."	( The Docosanoid Neuroprotectin D1 Induces TH-Positive Neuronal Survival in a Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease. Bazan, NG; Calandria, JM; Sharp, MW, 2015)	1.2
"Neuroprotectin D1 displays potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective bioactivity."	( Omega-3 fatty acids, pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroprotection. Bazan, NG, 2007)	0.79

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The Fat-1 mice had a shift to the right in the dose-response relationship for methacholine induced bronchoconstriction with a significant increase in the log ED200."	( Fat-1 transgenic mice with elevated omega-3 fatty acids are protected from allergic airway responses. Bilal, S; Haworth, O; Kang, JX; Levy, BD; Weylandt, KH; Wu, L, 2011)	0.37
" Molecular targets of NPD1 and RvD1 are defined by following dose-response and therapeutic window."	( NPD1 Plus RvD1 Mediated Ischemic Stroke Penumbra Protection Increases Expression of Pro-homeostatic Microglial and Astrocyte Genes. Andrew, G; Bazan, NG; Belayev, L; Habeb, BF; Ji, JX; Kautzmann, MI; Khoutorova, L; Mukherjee, PK; Obenaus, A; Oria, RB; Reid, MM; Roque, CR, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
anti-inflammatory agent	Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
neuroprotective agent	Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
PPARgamma agonist	A PPAR modulator which activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.
apoptosis inhibitor	Any substance that inhibits the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
hepatoprotective agent	Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
human xenobiotic metabolite	Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans.
specialised pro-resolving mediator	A class of cell signaling molecules enzymatically derived from n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that have important roles in orchestrating the resolution of tissue inflammation.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid	A docosanoid that consists of any docosahexaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at unspecified positions.
secondary allylic alcohol	An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to one other carbon and one hydrogen.
protectin
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Metabolism	1496	1108
Metabolism of lipids	500	463
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs)	13	107
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs	11	56
Biosynthesis of protectins	2	14
Docosahexaenoic acid oxylipin metabolism	0	36
Pro-survival signaling of neuroprotectin D1	16	1

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1128856	Pro-resolving activity in human macrophages assessed as increase of phagocytosis of fluorescence-labeled yeast cell wall particles at 100 nM to 10 pM preincubated for 15 mins measured after 60 mins	2014	Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4	Total synthesis of the lipid mediator PD1n-3 DPA: configurational assignments and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions.
AID1165780	Anti-inflammatory activity in FVB mouse with zymosan-induced sterile peritonitis assessed as reduction in TXB2 in peritoneal inflammatory exudates at 10 ng, ip dosed 10 mins before zymosan challenge by LC-MS/MS based targeted lipid mediator metabololipido	2014	Journal of natural products, Oct-24, Volume: 77, Issue:10	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities of 22-OH-PD1, a monohydroxylated metabolite of protectin D1.
AID1617036	Half life in human HepG2 cells at 13 uM by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617042	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as omega-hydroxylated dinor-NPD1 formation at 13 uM incubated for 4 hrs by RP-HPLC/MS analysis
AID1165777	Anti-inflammatory activity in FVB mouse with zymosan-induced sterile peritonitis assessed as reduction in PMN infiltration in peritoneal inflammatory exudates at 10 ng, ip measured at 4 hrs dosed 10 mins before zymosan challenge by light microscopy and fl	2014	Journal of natural products, Oct-24, Volume: 77, Issue:10	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities of 22-OH-PD1, a monohydroxylated metabolite of protectin D1.
AID1165778	Anti-inflammatory activity in FVB mouse with zymosan-induced sterile peritonitis assessed as reduction in PGD2 in peritoneal inflammatory exudates at 10 ng, ip dosed 10 mins before zymosan challenge by LC-MS/MS based targeted lipid mediator metabololipido	2014	Journal of natural products, Oct-24, Volume: 77, Issue:10	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities of 22-OH-PD1, a monohydroxylated metabolite of protectin D1.
AID1165779	Anti-inflammatory activity in FVB mouse with zymosan-induced sterile peritonitis assessed as reduction in PGF2alpha in peritoneal inflammatory exudates at 10 ng, ip dosed 10 mins before zymosan challenge by LC-MS/MS based targeted lipid mediator metabolol	2014	Journal of natural products, Oct-24, Volume: 77, Issue:10	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities of 22-OH-PD1, a monohydroxylated metabolite of protectin D1.
AID1617048	Drug excretion in healthy human urine assessed as 3Z,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13S,15Z)-6,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-3,7,9,11,15-pentaenoic Acid formation by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617040	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as Tmax for 3Z,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13S,15Z)-6,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-3,7,9,11,15-pentaenoic Acid formation at 2.6 uM by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617027	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as (5Z,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15S,17Z)-8,15-Dihydroxyicosa-5,9,11,13,17-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM after 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1165783	Inhibition of LTB4-induced cell adhesion to fibronectin in human primary PMN at 0.1 to 10 nM pre-incubated for 10 mins followed by LTB4 stimulation by flow cytometry	2014	Journal of natural products, Oct-24, Volume: 77, Issue:10	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities of 22-OH-PD1, a monohydroxylated metabolite of protectin D1.
AID1617033	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as 3Z,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13S,15Z)-6,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-3,7,9,11,15-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM after 24 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis relative to baseline
AID1617030	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as (5Z,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15S,17Z)-8,15-Dihydroxyicosa-5,9,11,13,17-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM up to 8 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617041	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as hexanor-NPD1 formation at 13 uM incubated for 4 hrs by RP-HPLC/MS analysis
AID1617029	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as parent compound remaining level at 13 uM after 24 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis relative to control
AID1617038	Half life in human HepG2 cells at 0.52 uM by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617026	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells treated with 13 uM Protectin-D1 assessed as compound formation incubated for 4 hrs by by tandem mass spectrometric analysis
AID1617035	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells at 0.52 uM measured at 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617039	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as Tmax for 3Z,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13S,15Z)-6,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-3,7,9,11,15-pentaenoic Acid formation at 0.52 uM by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1128855	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse assessed as reduction of zymosan-induced neutrophil recruitment during peritonitis at 10 ng, iv administered 5 mins before zymosan challenge measured after 4 hrs by light microscopy/flow cytometry	2014	Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4	Total synthesis of the lipid mediator PD1n-3 DPA: configurational assignments and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions.
AID1128857	Pro-resolving activity in human macrophages assessed as increase of phagocytosis of bisbenzimide-labeled apoptotic neutrophils at 100 nM to 10 pM preincubated for 15 mins measured after 60 mins	2014	Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4	Total synthesis of the lipid mediator PD1n-3 DPA: configurational assignments and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions.
AID1617024	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as (5Z,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15S,17Z)-8,15-Dihydroxyicosa-5,9,11,13,17-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM incubated for 4 hrs by tandem mass spectrometric analysis
AID1617037	Half life in human HepG2 cells at 2.6 uM by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617019	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as 22-OH-NPD1 formation at 13 uM incubated for 4 hrs by RP-HPLC/MS analysis
AID1128854	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse assessed as reduction of zymosan-induced number of neutrophils recovered from peritoneal exudates at 10 ng, iv administered 5 mins before zymosan challenge measured after 4 hrs by light microscopy/flow cytometry	2014	Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4	Total synthesis of the lipid mediator PD1n-3 DPA: configurational assignments and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions.
AID1617023	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as 22-OH-NPD1 formation at 13 uM incubated for 4 hrs by tandem mass spectrometric analysis
AID1617021	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as 3Z,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13S,15Z)-6,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-3,7,9,11,15-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM incubated for 4 hrs by RP-HPLC/MS analysis
AID1617045	Drug level in healthy human urine assessed as drug recovery at 50 ng measured up to 24 hrs at room temperature in presence of BHT by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617047	Drug excretion in healthy human urine assessed as (5Z,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15S,17Z)-8,15-Dihydroxyicosa-5,9,11,13,17-pentaenoic Acid formation by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617032	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as 3Z,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13S,15Z)-6,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-3,7,9,11,15-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM after 24 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617025	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as 3Z,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13S,15Z)-6,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-3,7,9,11,15-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM incubated for 4 hrs by tandem mass spectrometric analysis
AID1617028	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as 3Z,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13S,15Z)-6,13-Dihydroxyoctadeca-3,7,9,11,15-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM after 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617046	Drug excretion in healthy human urine by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617031	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as (5Z,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15S,17Z)-8,15-Dihydroxyicosa-5,9,11,13,17-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM after 24 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis
AID1617020	Drug metabolism in human HepG2 cells assessed as (5Z,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15S,17Z)-8,15-Dihydroxyicosa-5,9,11,13,17-pentaenoic Acid formation at 13 uM incubated for 4 hrs by RP-HPLC/MS analysis
AID1165781	Inhibition of LTB4-induced chemotaxis of human primary PMN at 0.01 to 100 nM pre-incubated for 10 mins followed by LTB4 stimulation by flow cytometry	2014	Journal of natural products, Oct-24, Volume: 77, Issue:10	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities of 22-OH-PD1, a monohydroxylated metabolite of protectin D1.
AID1165782	Inhibition of IL8-induced chemotaxis of human primary PMN at 0.01 to 100 nM pre-incubated for 10 mins followed by IL8 stimulation by flow cytometry	2014	Journal of natural products, Oct-24, Volume: 77, Issue:10	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities of 22-OH-PD1, a monohydroxylated metabolite of protectin D1.
AID1617049	Inhibition of LTB4-induced chemotaxis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes incubated for 90 mins by Diff-Quick staining based densitometric analysis
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	36 (25.17)	29.6817
2010's	81 (56.64)	24.3611
2020's	26 (18.18)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (0.68%)	5.53%
Reviews	38 (25.68%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	109 (73.65%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.41	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
adrenic acid adrenic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.1	1	0	docosatetraenoic acid	mouse metabolite
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	9.6	4	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
rolipram [no description available]	3.35	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.11	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.03	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.48	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.11	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.17	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.86	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.05	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.1	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.35	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	2.41	1	0	organic calcium salt
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	7.31	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	5.27	8	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.49	2	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.06	1	0
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	3.35	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
wortmannin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.1	1	0	tripeptide
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.5	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	8.47	16	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.06	1	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.11	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
(e)-3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-n-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide 3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and antihyperalgesic agent; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.06	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	4.89	5	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
leukotriene a4 Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.	2.15	1	0	epoxy fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid; oxylipin; polyunsaturated fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.15	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.47	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).	2.06	1	0	prostaglandins J	human metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	6.07	8	1	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	2.15	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	3.71	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given is for cpd without isomeric designation; an arachidonate metabolite which stimulates neutrophils to mobilize Ca and promotes PMN degranulation responses	2.08	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.06	1	0
docosapentaenoic acid docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.	7.79	3	0	docosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
9-cis-retinal 9-cis-retinal : A retinal in which the double bond at position 9 has cis configuration, whilst the remaining acyclic double bonds have trans configuration.	2.11	1	0	retinal
8-hydroxylinoleic acid 8-hydroxylinoleic acid: RN given refers to (9Z,12Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/92	2.15	1	0
17-hydroxy-4,7,10,13,15,19-docosahexaenoic acid 17-hydroxy-4,7,10,13,15,19-docosahexaenoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/90. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid : A hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that consists of 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid bearing an additional 17-hydroxy substituent.	5.5	8	0	hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; secondary allylic alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
14-hydroxydocosahexaenoate 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.44	3	0
arginyl-glutamine arginyl-glutamine: attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal mice. Arg-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-arginyl and L-glutamine residues.	2.17	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.5	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
5s,12r,18r-trihydroxy-6z,8e,10e,14z,16e-eicosapentaenoic acid 5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-eicosapentaenoic acid: a bioactive oxygenated product of EPA, was identified in human plasma and prepared by total organic synthesis; structure in first source. resolvin E1 : A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18R stereoisomer).	7.9	13	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; nonclassic icosanoid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
resolvin d2 resolvin D2: structure in first source; a potent endogenous regulator of excessive inflammatory responses that acts via multiple cellular targets to stimulate resolution and preserve immune vigilance. resolvin D2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).	3.63	2	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-obesity agent; estrogen receptor agonist; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
resolvin e2 resolvin E2: structure in first source; derivative of eicosapentaenoic acid in contrast to resolvin D that derives from docosahexaenoic acid. resolvin E2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-icosapentaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 5 and 18 (the 5S,18R stereoisomer).	4.06	2	0	diol; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
resolvin d5 resolvin D5: isolated from E coli; structure in first source. resolvin D5 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 17 (the 7S,17S-stereoisomer).	3.86	2	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.08	1	0
resolvin d1 resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).	8.28	18	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent
resolvin D4 resolvin D4: a lipoxygenase-induced metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that is involved in host protection and bacterial clearance. resolvin D4 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (6E,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 5 and 17 (the 4S,5R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.69	2	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
resolvin d3 resolvin D3: structure in first source. resolvin D3 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (5Z,7E,9E,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 11 and 17 (the 4S,11R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.25	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	3.35	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	7.13	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	7.57	29	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.57	29	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	3.6	2	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.31	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	6.63	8	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	11.63	8	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	7.41	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	6.26	17	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	7.41	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.41	1	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.41	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.66	4	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	6.84	9	1
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	4.25	4	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	4.25	4	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	6.84	9	1
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	4.21	9	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	4.21	9	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	2.6	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.51	7	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.51	7	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.53	2	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	2.21	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	3.73	3	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	3.73	3	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	3.64	1	1
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	3.23	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.88	2	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	5.71	8	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.31	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	5.71	8	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Umbilical Cyst [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.55	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.79	3	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	2.25	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.25	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.31	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.31	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Itching [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	2.31	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.55	2	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.31	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	3.48	2	0
Ache [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	7.83	3	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	3.48	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	2.31	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	5.45	6	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.48	2	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	5.45	6	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.17	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.17	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Aura [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.17	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	3.7	3	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	7.21	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	7.21	1	0
Brain Injuries, Penetrating [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.58	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.08	1	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.77	3	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.08	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.08	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	9.69	6	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Infection [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	3.01	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	8.42	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.14	3	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.1	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.1	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	7.32	18	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	7.32	18	0
Grippe [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	3.03	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.49	2	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.11	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.11	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.47	2	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Angiitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.04	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.44	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	4.11	3	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.05	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.05	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.97	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.98	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	3.67	3	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.98	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.93	4	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	4.93	4	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.93	4	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	4.93	4	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.93	4	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	4.93	4	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.93	4	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	4.93	4	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.08	1	0
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	3.87	2	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	3	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.94	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.03	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.03	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.95	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.95	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.95	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.95	1	0

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