Page last updated: 2024-10-24

postsynaptic endocytic zone

Definition

Target type: cellularcomponent

A stably positioned site of clathrin adjacent and physically attached to the postsynaptic specialization, which is the site of endocytosis of post-synaptic proteins. [PMID:17880892]

The postsynaptic endocytic zone is a specialized region of the plasma membrane at the synapse, responsible for the internalization of neurotransmitter receptors and other molecules following synaptic activity. It is a highly dynamic structure, constantly assembling and disassembling in response to synaptic signaling. The key components of the postsynaptic endocytic zone include:

- **Clathrin-coated pits:** These are invaginations of the plasma membrane coated with the protein clathrin. Clathrin-coated pits are the primary sites of endocytosis, and they play a critical role in the internalization of neurotransmitter receptors.

- **Adaptor proteins:** These proteins, such as AP-2, bind to clathrin and to transmembrane receptors, linking the receptors to the clathrin coat. Adaptor proteins also recruit other proteins involved in endocytosis, such as dynamin.

- **Dynamin:** This GTPase protein is responsible for pinching off clathrin-coated vesicles from the plasma membrane. It forms a ring around the neck of the budding vesicle and uses the energy from GTP hydrolysis to constrict the ring and sever the vesicle from the membrane.

- **Other proteins:** In addition to these core components, many other proteins are involved in the regulation of endocytosis at the postsynaptic endocytic zone. These include proteins that regulate the assembly and disassembly of clathrin-coated pits, proteins that control the recruitment of receptors to the endocytic zone, and proteins that mediate the signaling pathways that regulate endocytosis.

- **Scaffolding proteins:** These proteins, such as PSD-95 and GKAP, play a role in organizing the postsynaptic endocytic zone and linking it to other components of the synapse, such as the postsynaptic density.

- **Lipid rafts:** These specialized microdomains of the plasma membrane are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts are thought to play a role in the clustering of neurotransmitter receptors and other signaling molecules at the synapse.

- **Actin filaments:** These cytoskeletal proteins are involved in the movement and trafficking of clathrin-coated vesicles and other components of the endocytic zone.

The postsynaptic endocytic zone is a complex and highly regulated structure that plays a critical role in the regulation of synaptic function. Its ability to internalize and recycle neurotransmitter receptors is essential for maintaining synaptic plasticity and ensuring proper signal transmission.'
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Proteins (1)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Glutamate receptor 2A glutamate receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P42262]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (59)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
aminolevulinic acid5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.

Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.
4-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.

5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid
human metabolite
alanylalaninealanylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomerdipeptide
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acidalpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
cyclothiazidecyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.

cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure
benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
gyki 52466GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first sourcebenzodiazepine
kainic acidKainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
glycylglycinedipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
human metabolite
glutamic acidglutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.

Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid
Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
selfotelselfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairmentnon-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
leucyl-alanineLeu-Ala : A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-alanine joined by a peptide linkage.dipeptidemetabolite
alanylprolinealanylproline: RN given refers to all (L)-isomerdipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
glycylleucineGly-Leu : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-leucine joined by a peptide linkage.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
alanyltyrosineAla-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of L-alanine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.

alanyltyrosine: tyrosine source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
glycylsarcosineglycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
glycylaspartic acidglycylaspartic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomerdipeptidemetabolite
histidinoalaninehistidinoalanine: cross-linking amino acid in calcified tissue collagen; RN given refers to (L)-isomerdipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
argiotoxin-636argiotoxin-636: from the venom of Argiope aurantia; blocks neuromuscular transmission in insects; structure in first source.N-acyl-amino acid
2-amino-3-(3-(carboxymethoxy)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid2-amino-3-(3-(carboxymethoxy)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid: glutamate receptor antagonist; protects against kainic acid neurotoxicity in cultured cerebral cortex neurons
5-fluorowillardiine3-(5-fluorouracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : An alanine derivative that is L-alanine bearing a 5-fluorouracil-1-yl substituent at position 3. A more potent and selective AMPA receptor agonist (at hGluR1 and hGluR2) than AMPA itself (Ki = 14.7, 25.1, and 1820 nM for hGluR1, hGluR2 and hGluR5 respectively).

5-fluorowillardiine: a glutamate agonist; RN given for (S)-isomer
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organofluorine compound
AMPA receptor agonist
gyki 53655GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist
ly 293558tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist
alanylglutamic acidalanylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer

L-alanyl-L-glutamic acid : A dipeptide consisting of L-glutamic acid having an L-alanyl attached to its alpha-amino group
dipeptide
prolyl-tyrosinePro-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-tyrosine residues.

prolyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source
dipeptidemetabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
5-bromowillardiine5-bromowillardiine: acts as a kainate-like agonist on chick EAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91
prolylglutamic acidPro-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamic acid residues.dipeptidemetabolite
cysteinylglycinecysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83

L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
willardiine3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.

willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure
amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
aspartyl-aspartic acidAsp-Asp : A dipeptide formed from two L-aspartic acid units.

aspartyl-aspartic acid: do not confuse with cyclo(Asp-Asp)
dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
ly382884benzoic acids
4-bromohomoibotenic acid, (rs)-isomer
glycylprolineGly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonistnaphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041FG 9041: structure given in first sourcequinoxaline derivative
seryl-prolineSer-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-serine and L-proline residues.dipeptidemetabolite
lofepramine hydrochloride
phenylalanylalaninePhe-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues.

phenylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
acetylalanylalanineacetylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer
alpha-aspartylalaninealpha-aspartylalanine: found in pig brain

Asp-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-valine residues.
dipeptidemetabolite
alanyltyrosineTyr-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
ubp 310UBP 310: a GluR5 antagonist; structure in first source
ubp 302
prolylglycineL-prolylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-prolyl group attached to its alpha-amino nitrogen.

prolylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
glutamylalanineGlu-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-glutamyl and L-alanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
phenylalanylphenylalaninePhe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylalanyl-valineVal-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-phenylalanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
alanylglycinedipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
valyltyrosineVal-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues.

valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate
dipeptidemetabolite
phenylalanylprolinePhe-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-proline residues.dipeptidemetabolite
glycylhistidineGly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.

glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
prolyl-serinePro-Ser : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-serine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
prolylvalineVal-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-proline residues.dipeptidemetabolite
tqx 173
ly 404187LY 404187: structure in first source
6-azido-7-nitro-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione6-azido-7-nitro-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: structure in first source
4-ethyl-7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide4-ethyl-7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide: an AMPA modulator; structure in first source
4-cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide4-cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide: a GluA2 positive allosteric modulator; structure in first source