Compounds > 2',3'-dideoxythymidine
Page last updated: 2024-11-06

2',3'-dideoxythymidine

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2',3'-dideoxythymidine (ddT) is a nucleoside analog that inhibits DNA synthesis. It is a chain terminator, meaning that once it is incorporated into a growing DNA strand, it prevents further elongation. ddT is a potent antiviral agent that is used to treat HIV infection. It was first synthesized in the early 1970s and its antiviral activity was discovered shortly thereafter. ddT is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme DNA polymerase, which is responsible for replicating DNA. When ddT is incorporated into a DNA strand, it prevents the polymerase from adding more nucleotides to the chain. This effectively stops DNA synthesis and prevents the virus from replicating. ddT is also used in research to study DNA replication and repair mechanisms. It is a useful tool for investigating the function of DNA polymerases and other enzymes involved in DNA metabolism.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID65119
CHEMBL ID444314
SCHEMBL ID23485
MeSH IDM0071724

Synonyms (40)

Synonym
thymidine, 3'-deoxy-
2',3'-dideoxythymidine & granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
ddt & gm-csf
1-[(2r,5s)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-5-methyl-pyrimidine-2,4-dione
thymidine, 3'-deoxy- & colony-stimulating factor 2
d2t ,
3'-deoxythymidine ,
nsc617596
3416-05-5
thymidine, 2',3'-dideoxy-
3'-deoxythymidine, 98%
dideoxythymidine
CHEMBL444314 ,
1-[(2r,5s)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-dione
2',3'-dideoxythymidine
1-((2r,5s)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione
1-(5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-5-methyl-1h-pyrimidine-2,4-dione
bdbm50018445
cid_5280
1-((2r,5s)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione
nsc 617596
AKOS015999118
AKOS015912435
SCHEMBL23485
1-[(2r,5s)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione
38S ,
XKKCQTLDIPIRQD-JGVFFNPUSA-N
W-200577
AC-32184
mfcd00010570
DTXSID60187760
desoxythymidin
3'-deoxy thymidine
DS-14580
Q27453630
CS-W013027
A852119
1-((2r,5s)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione;1-((2r,5s)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione
PD150966
Z2044774928
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (4)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Thymidine kinase, cytosolic Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki400.00002.40004.20006.5000AID210886
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH Human immunodeficiency virus 1IC50 (µMol)0.08500.00011.076810.0000AID197924; AID289142
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
DNA damage responseThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic processThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic processThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
thymidine metabolic processThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
1,4-alpha-oligoglucan phosphorylase activityThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
thymidine phosphorylase activityThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
glycosyltransferase activityThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
pentosyltransferase activityThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (2)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytosolThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
membraneThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
cytosolThymidine phosphorylaseEscherichia coli K-12
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (59)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID230271Ratio of TICD50 to that of IC50 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Synthesis and antiviral activity of several 2,5'-anhydro analogues of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-halouridines, and 3'-deoxythymidine against human immunodeficiency virus and Rauscher-murine leukemia
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID458192Activity at Drosophila melanogaster dNK by spectrophotometry2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 20, Issue:3
Synthesis of fluorescent nucleoside analogs as probes for 2'-deoxyribonucleoside kinases.
AID163315Concentration of compound required to inhibit 50% of viral replication of Rauscher-Murine leukemia virus1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Synthesis and antiviral activity of several 2,5'-anhydro analogues of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-halouridines, and 3'-deoxythymidine against human immunodeficiency virus and Rauscher-murine leukemia
AID197924Concentration required to inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-04, Volume: 35, Issue:18
3',3'-Difluoro-3'-deoxythymidine: comparison of anti-HIV activity to 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine.
AID230269Ratio of TICD50 to that of IC50 of Rauscher-Murine leukemia virus (R-MuLv)1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Synthesis and antiviral activity of several 2,5'-anhydro analogues of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-halouridines, and 3'-deoxythymidine against human immunodeficiency virus and Rauscher-murine leukemia
AID1865837Anti-HIV activity against HIV-1 infected in human CEM-TK(-) cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID105762Toxicity was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 0.2 uM concentration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID1865836Anti-HIV activity against HIV-1 infected in human CEM-SS cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication
AID126594Competitive inhibition against rat mitochondrial thymidine kinase1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID381860Activity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase assessed as drug phosphorylation after 1 hr2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 16, Issue:7
Kinetic parameters and recognition of thymidine analogues with varying functional groups by thymidine phosphorylase.
AID105766Toxicity was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 5 uM concentration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID381859Activity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 16, Issue:7
Kinetic parameters and recognition of thymidine analogues with varying functional groups by thymidine phosphorylase.
AID126600Affinity towards mitochondrial thymidine kinase relative to TdR.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID289141Inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect in wild type HIV 3a infected MT2 cells after 5 days2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis, anti-HIV activity, and resistance profile of thymidine phosphonomethoxy nucleosides and their bis-isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl (bisPOC) prodrugs.
AID125177In vitro inhibitory activity against Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MULV) replication, a mammalian T-lymphotropic retrovirus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2
Synthesis and antiviral activity of various 3'-azido, 3'-amino, 2',3'-unsaturated, and 2',3'-dideoxy analogues of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides against retroviruses.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1865843Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability
AID125179Compound was tested against Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MULV) in 3T3 cells, at a concentration of 100 uM1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2
Synthesis and antiviral activity of various 3'-azido, 3'-amino, 2',3'-unsaturated, and 2',3'-dideoxy analogues of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides against retroviruses.
AID105747Protection was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 0.008 uM concentration.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID105373Concentration required to reduce the number of viable cells in the untreated MT-4 cell culture1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-04, Volume: 35, Issue:18
3',3'-Difluoro-3'-deoxythymidine: comparison of anti-HIV activity to 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine.
AID105578Concentration required to affect a 50% reduction in the cytopathic effect of HIV for MT-4 cells1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-04, Volume: 35, Issue:18
3',3'-Difluoro-3'-deoxythymidine: comparison of anti-HIV activity to 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID152642Cytotoxic effect in uninfected human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3
Structure-activity relationships of pyrimidine nucleosides as antiviral agents for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
AID234204Therapeutic index (Ratio = ID50/ED50).1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID233146Differential affinity is the ratio between M-TK and C-TK1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID105756Protection was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 5 uM concentration.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1865842Cytotoxicity against human CEM-TK(-) cells assessed as reduction in cell viability
AID1865838Anti-HIV activity against HIV-1 infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication
AID289142Inhibition of HIV1 reverse transcriptase2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis, anti-HIV activity, and resistance profile of thymidine phosphonomethoxy nucleosides and their bis-isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl (bisPOC) prodrugs.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID125178Compound was tested against Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MULV) in 3T3 cells, at a concentration of 10 uM1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2
Synthesis and antiviral activity of various 3'-azido, 3'-amino, 2',3'-unsaturated, and 2',3'-dideoxy analogues of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides against retroviruses.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1865841Cytotoxicity against human CEM-SS cells assessed as reduction in cell viability
AID105764Toxicity was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 125 uM concentration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID45017Concentration of compound required to inhibit 50% of host cell replication of human immunodeficiency virus in CEM-F cells1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Synthesis and antiviral activity of several 2,5'-anhydro analogues of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-halouridines, and 3'-deoxythymidine against human immunodeficiency virus and Rauscher-murine leukemia
AID45016Concentration of compound required to inhibit 50% of viral replication of human immunodeficiency virus in CEM-F cells1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Synthesis and antiviral activity of several 2,5'-anhydro analogues of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-halouridines, and 3'-deoxythymidine against human immunodeficiency virus and Rauscher-murine leukemia
AID32065Protection of ATH8 cells against the cytopathic effect of HIV.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID381854Activity of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase assessed as drug phosphorylation after 2 hrs2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 16, Issue:7
Kinetic parameters and recognition of thymidine analogues with varying functional groups by thymidine phosphorylase.
AID105751Protection was determined by evaluation of cluster morphology and reclustering properties in mock infected MT-4 cells at 0.2 uM concentration; Range is 10-401987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID154959Antiviral activity against HIV I strain (LAV) in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3
Structure-activity relationships of pyrimidine nucleosides as antiviral agents for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID210888Affinity towards cytoplasmic Thymidine kinase relative ot TdR.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID210886Competitive inhibition against rat cytoplasmic Thymidine kinase1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Species- or isozyme-specific enzyme inhibitors. 5. Differential effects of thymidine substituents on affinity for rat thymidine kinase isozymes.
AID32066Required dose to reduce viability of normal uninfected ATH8 cells.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
3'-substituted 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as potential anti-HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) agents.
AID163316Concentration of compound required to inhibit 50% of host cell replication of Rauscher-Murine leukemia virus1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
Synthesis and antiviral activity of several 2,5'-anhydro analogues of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-halouridines, and 3'-deoxythymidine against human immunodeficiency virus and Rauscher-murine leukemia
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (53)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199032 (60.38)18.7374
1990's14 (26.42)18.2507
2000's4 (7.55)29.6817
2010's2 (3.77)24.3611
2020's1 (1.89)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 16.61

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index16.61 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.01 (2.92)
Research Growth Index3.99 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index10.37 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (16.61)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (1.85%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other53 (98.15%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		1.9710monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		1.9710benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.6630benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		1.9710carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.2160one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.3820methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.37201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		1.9710naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
thymidine
[no description available]		4.6270pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		1.97102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
uridine
[no description available]		2.3920uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cytidine
[no description available]		1.9610cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.76110beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dimethyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		1.9610alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
immunosuppressive agent
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		1.9710N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.4880pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.6730pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyadenosine
2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source		1.9710purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		3.5990dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		2.8940adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.3720beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		4.78100pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0110delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
coformycin
[no description available]		1.9710coformycinsEC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
alovudine
[no description available]		2.6830pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.21160azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		1.97101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.6630
2',3'-dideoxycytidinene
2',3'-dideoxycytidinene: 2',3'-unsaturated derivative of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine; potent inhibitor of HTLV-III in vitro; structure given in first source		3.0750
2'3'-didehydro-2'3'-dideoxyadenosine
2'3'-didehydro-2'3'-dideoxyadenosine: structure given in first source		1.9710
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-bromouridine
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-bromouridine: a potent, selective inhibitor of HIV replication; a weak competitive inhibitor of thymidylate kinase		2.6630
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methylcytidine
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methylcytidine: inhibits reproduction of AIDS virus in cultured cells		2.6630
ibacitabine
ibacitabine: antiherpetic agent		1.9610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
2',3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate
ddTTP : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having thymine as the nucleobase.		1.9610pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate
methylthymidine
methylthymidine: RN given refers to N-3-methylthymidine		1.9610
2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.6630
2',3'-dideoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.3720pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxythymidine
5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8940
stavudine triphosphate
stavudine triphosphate: shows termination substrate properties in DNA synthesis catalyzed by several different DNA polymerases; also abbreviated d4TTP		2.0310
zidovudine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
4'-thiothymidine
[no description available]		2.0410
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		1.9910
3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxythymidine
[no description available]		2.8940
5-amino-2'-deoxyuridine
5-amino-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source		1.9610
3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxyuridine
3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxyuridine: structure given in first source; a major metabolite of the antiviral agent, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine		1.9710
5,6-dihydrothymidine
5,6-dihydrothymidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 5,6-dihydrothymidine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having dihydrothymine as the nucleobase.		1.9610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
arabinose
[no description available]		1.9610L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		1.9710coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
5-methyldeoxycytidine
[no description available]		1.96102'-deoxycytidine
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine
[no description available]		1.9710
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.3720
5-bromo-2',3'-dideoxyuridine
5-bromo-2',3'-dideoxyuridine: structure given in first source		1.9710
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		4.16170tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine: structure given in first source		1.9710
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		1.9610
deoxyribose
[no description available]		2.0710deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0310fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
5-(1-propenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine
5-(1-propenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: has anti-herpes activity; structure in first source		1.9610
4'-thiothymidine
4'-thiothymidine: RN & structure given in first source		2.0410
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.4120
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		1.9610carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		1.9610purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		3.0810purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		04.4990
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		02.3620
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		01.9610
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		01.9610
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		01.9510
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8910
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		02.8910
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.3820
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9710
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9710
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9710