Target type: biologicalprocess
The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane. [GOC:jl]
Viral release from the host cell is a complex and multifaceted process that involves a series of events orchestrated by the virus to escape the confines of its cellular prison and spread to new targets. The specific mechanisms employed by different viruses vary considerably, but some common themes emerge:
**1. Budding:** This is a widely adopted strategy, particularly among enveloped viruses like HIV, influenza, and Ebola. The viral genome encodes proteins that integrate into the host cell membrane, forming a scaffold-like structure. As new viral particles are assembled, they bud from the plasma membrane, acquiring their envelope in the process. This envelope, derived from the host cell membrane, is studded with viral glycoproteins essential for attachment to and entry into new target cells.
**2. Lysis:** This method is more drastic, involving the destruction of the host cell to release progeny virions. This is typical of non-enveloped viruses like poliovirus and adenoviruses. These viruses replicate within the cytoplasm of the host cell, using the host's cellular machinery to produce new viral components. Once a critical mass of virions has been assembled, viral proteins trigger the breakdown of the cell membrane, causing the host cell to burst open and release the newly formed viral particles.
**3. Exocytosis:** This mechanism is employed by certain viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV). Viral particles are packaged into membrane-bound vesicles within the host cell. These vesicles then move towards the cell membrane and fuse with it, releasing the viral particles into the extracellular environment.
**4. Cell-to-cell spread:** Some viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can bypass the need for release into the extracellular environment by directly spreading from infected cell to uninfected cell. This occurs through the formation of intercellular bridges or nanotubes, allowing viral particles to move between cells without being exposed to the immune system.
**The release process is tightly regulated by the virus, and the efficiency of release can be influenced by a number of factors, including:
* **Host cell factors:** The type and state of the host cell can impact viral release. For example, some viruses preferentially release from specific cell types or during specific stages of the cell cycle.
* **Viral factors:** The specific proteins encoded by the viral genome, such as the envelope glycoproteins and the proteins involved in lysis, are crucial for efficient release.
* **Immune response:** The host's immune system can hinder viral release through the production of antibodies that neutralize viral particles or by targeting infected cells for destruction.
**Consequences of Viral Release:**
Viral release is the culmination of the viral replication cycle and is essential for the propagation and spread of infection. Successful release allows the virus to escape the host cell and infect new cells, amplifying the infection and potentially causing disease. The consequences of viral release can vary depending on the virus and the host, ranging from mild symptoms to severe disease and death.
**Understanding the mechanisms of viral release is critical for developing antiviral therapies that can block this crucial step in the viral life cycle. By targeting specific viral proteins or cellular pathways involved in release, it may be possible to prevent the spread of infection and limit the severity of disease.**'
"
Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Neuraminidase | A neuraminidase subtype N1 (Influenza A virus) that is encoded in the genome of the H1N1 strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934. [PMID:11779399, PMID:15163504, PMID:15567494, PMID:15744059, PMID:16192481, PMID:6927853, PMID:7010182, PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:P03468] | Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)) |
DNA damage-binding protein 1 | A DNA damage-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16531] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D | A eukaryotic-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q08752] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A | A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P62937] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Ras-related protein Rab-7a | A Ras-related protein Rab-7a that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P51149] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
berberine | alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker | |
thalidomide | 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide. Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. | phthalimides; piperidones | |
2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid | lutidinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 4. | pyridinedicarboxylic acid | |
daminozide | daminozide: induces tumors | straight-chain fatty acid | |
zanamivir | Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE. | guanidines | antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor |
oseltamivir | oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza. Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE. | acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound | antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic |
2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid | 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid reduced across the 2,3-bond with loss of the hydroxy group at C-2; it is a minor component of body fluids although abundant in sialuria. 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid: also known as NeuAc2en, but this is also synonym for another compound | N-acetylneuraminic acids | |
prolinal | pyrrolidines | ||
4'-methoxyflavone | 4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first source | ether; flavonoids | |
tamiflu | phosphate salt | ||
pomalidomide | 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source | aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator |
4'-chloroflavone | 4'-chloroflavone: structure given in first source | ||
bcx 1812 | 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; acetamides; cyclopentanols; guanidines | antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor | |
matteucinol | matteucinol : A dihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone with hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, methyl groups at positions 6 and 8 and a methoxy group at position 4'. matteucinol: isolated from leaves of Rhododendron simsii; structure given in first source | 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone | plant metabolite; radical scavenger |
(2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone | (2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and methyl groups at positions 6 and 8. Isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus, it has been shown to exhibit inhibitory effects on the viral neuraminidases from two influenza viral strains, H1N1 and H9N2. | dihydroxyflavanone | EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
lenalidomide | aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator | |
1-[4-carboxy-2-(3-pentylamino)phenyl]-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one | 1-[4-carboxy-2-(3-pentylamino)phenyl]-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by pentan-2-ylamino and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl groups, respectively. | benzoic acids; primary alcohol; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary amino compound | |
n-acetylneuraminic acid | N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid with beta configuration at the anomeric centre. | N-acetylneuraminic acid | epitope |
farnesol | (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1. Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed) | farnesol | plant metabolite |
4-amino-2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid | |||
bana 113 | |||
gs 4071 | GS 4071: The acid form. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza. | acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound | antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite |
3'-methoxyflavone | 3'-methoxyflavone : The parent member of the class of 3'-methoxyflavones that is flavone which carries a methoxy group at the 3'-position. | 3'-methoxyflavones | plant metabolite |
2-[[benzamido(sulfanylidene)methyl]amino]-5,5-dimethyl-4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxylic acid | CID1067700: a pan-GTPase inhibitor; structure in first source | thienopyran | |
oxalylglycine | N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes. oxalylglycine: structure given in first source | amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine | EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor |
dryocrassin | |||
quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
cyclosporine | ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
sanglifehrin a | sanglifehrin A: binds cyclophilin A; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source | ||
4'-chloroaurone | 4'-chloroaurone: aurones from marine brown alga Spatoglossum variabile; structure in first source | ||
(melle-4)cyclosporin | (melle-4)cyclosporin: a non-immunosuppressive analog of cyclosporin A | ||
cyclosporin g | cyclosporin G: similar immunosuppressive actions as cyclosporin, but without nephrotoxic side effects; cyclosporin A analog; MW 1217 | ||
scy-635 | |||
nutlin-3a | nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source | stilbenoid | |
alisporivir | alisporivir: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog; structure/sequence in first source | homodetic cyclic peptide | anticoronaviral agent |
jq1 compound | carboxylic ester; organochlorine compound; tert-butyl ester; thienotriazolodiazepine | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; ferroptosis inducer | |
MZ1 | organic molecular entity | ||
guanosine diphosphate | Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
guanosine triphosphate | Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |