Page last updated: 2024-10-24

viral release from host cell

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane. [GOC:jl]

Viral release from the host cell is a complex and multifaceted process that involves a series of events orchestrated by the virus to escape the confines of its cellular prison and spread to new targets. The specific mechanisms employed by different viruses vary considerably, but some common themes emerge:

**1. Budding:** This is a widely adopted strategy, particularly among enveloped viruses like HIV, influenza, and Ebola. The viral genome encodes proteins that integrate into the host cell membrane, forming a scaffold-like structure. As new viral particles are assembled, they bud from the plasma membrane, acquiring their envelope in the process. This envelope, derived from the host cell membrane, is studded with viral glycoproteins essential for attachment to and entry into new target cells.

**2. Lysis:** This method is more drastic, involving the destruction of the host cell to release progeny virions. This is typical of non-enveloped viruses like poliovirus and adenoviruses. These viruses replicate within the cytoplasm of the host cell, using the host's cellular machinery to produce new viral components. Once a critical mass of virions has been assembled, viral proteins trigger the breakdown of the cell membrane, causing the host cell to burst open and release the newly formed viral particles.

**3. Exocytosis:** This mechanism is employed by certain viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV). Viral particles are packaged into membrane-bound vesicles within the host cell. These vesicles then move towards the cell membrane and fuse with it, releasing the viral particles into the extracellular environment.

**4. Cell-to-cell spread:** Some viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can bypass the need for release into the extracellular environment by directly spreading from infected cell to uninfected cell. This occurs through the formation of intercellular bridges or nanotubes, allowing viral particles to move between cells without being exposed to the immune system.

**The release process is tightly regulated by the virus, and the efficiency of release can be influenced by a number of factors, including:

* **Host cell factors:** The type and state of the host cell can impact viral release. For example, some viruses preferentially release from specific cell types or during specific stages of the cell cycle.
* **Viral factors:** The specific proteins encoded by the viral genome, such as the envelope glycoproteins and the proteins involved in lysis, are crucial for efficient release.
* **Immune response:** The host's immune system can hinder viral release through the production of antibodies that neutralize viral particles or by targeting infected cells for destruction.

**Consequences of Viral Release:**

Viral release is the culmination of the viral replication cycle and is essential for the propagation and spread of infection. Successful release allows the virus to escape the host cell and infect new cells, amplifying the infection and potentially causing disease. The consequences of viral release can vary depending on the virus and the host, ranging from mild symptoms to severe disease and death.

**Understanding the mechanisms of viral release is critical for developing antiviral therapies that can block this crucial step in the viral life cycle. By targeting specific viral proteins or cellular pathways involved in release, it may be possible to prevent the spread of infection and limit the severity of disease.**'
"

Proteins (5)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
NeuraminidaseA neuraminidase subtype N1 (Influenza A virus) that is encoded in the genome of the H1N1 strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934. [PMID:11779399, PMID:15163504, PMID:15567494, PMID:15744059, PMID:16192481, PMID:6927853, PMID:7010182, PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:P03468]Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1))
DNA damage-binding protein 1A DNA damage-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16531]Homo sapiens (human)
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase DA eukaryotic-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q08752]Homo sapiens (human)
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P62937]Homo sapiens (human)
Ras-related protein Rab-7aA Ras-related protein Rab-7a that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P51149]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (39)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
berberinealkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
thalidomide2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.

thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.

Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.
phthalimides;
piperidones
2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acidlutidinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 4.pyridinedicarboxylic acid
daminozidedaminozide: induces tumorsstraight-chain fatty acid
zanamivirZanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
oseltamiviroseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.

Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.
acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound
antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid reduced across the 2,3-bond with loss of the hydroxy group at C-2; it is a minor component of body fluids although abundant in sialuria.

2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid: also known as NeuAc2en, but this is also synonym for another compound
N-acetylneuraminic acids
prolinalpyrrolidines
4'-methoxyflavone4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first sourceether;
flavonoids
tamifluphosphate salt
pomalidomide3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first sourcearomatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
4'-chloroflavone4'-chloroflavone: structure given in first source
bcx 18123-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
acetamides;
cyclopentanols;
guanidines
antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
matteucinolmatteucinol : A dihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone with hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, methyl groups at positions 6 and 8 and a methoxy group at position 4'.

matteucinol: isolated from leaves of Rhododendron simsii; structure given in first source
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
monomethoxyflavanone
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
(2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone(2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and methyl groups at positions 6 and 8. Isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus, it has been shown to exhibit inhibitory effects on the viral neuraminidases from two influenza viral strains, H1N1 and H9N2.dihydroxyflavanoneEC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
lenalidomidearomatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
1-[4-carboxy-2-(3-pentylamino)phenyl]-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one1-[4-carboxy-2-(3-pentylamino)phenyl]-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by pentan-2-ylamino and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl groups, respectively.benzoic acids;
primary alcohol;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
secondary amino compound
n-acetylneuraminic acidN-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.N-acetylneuraminic acidepitope
farnesol(2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.

farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.

Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
farnesolplant metabolite
4-amino-2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid
bana 113
gs 4071GS 4071: The acid form.

oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.
acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound
antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
3'-methoxyflavone3'-methoxyflavone : The parent member of the class of 3'-methoxyflavones that is flavone which carries a methoxy group at the 3'-position.3'-methoxyflavonesplant metabolite
2-[[benzamido(sulfanylidene)methyl]amino]-5,5-dimethyl-4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxylic acidCID1067700: a pan-GTPase inhibitor; structure in first sourcethienopyran
oxalylglycineN-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.

oxalylglycine: structure given in first source
amino dicarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine
EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
dryocrassin
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
cyclosporineramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MFhomodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
sanglifehrin asanglifehrin A: binds cyclophilin A; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source
4'-chloroaurone4'-chloroaurone: aurones from marine brown alga Spatoglossum variabile; structure in first source
(melle-4)cyclosporin(melle-4)cyclosporin: a non-immunosuppressive analog of cyclosporin A
cyclosporin gcyclosporin G: similar immunosuppressive actions as cyclosporin, but without nephrotoxic side effects; cyclosporin A analog; MW 1217
scy-635
nutlin-3anutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first sourcestilbenoid
alisporiviralisporivir: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog; structure/sequence in first sourcehomodetic cyclic peptideanticoronaviral agent
jq1 compoundcarboxylic ester;
organochlorine compound;
tert-butyl ester;
thienotriazolodiazepine
angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
ferroptosis inducer
MZ1organic molecular entity
guanosine diphosphateGuanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphateGuanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor