bupropion and Obesity studies

Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.
bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.

Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The authors tested the effectiveness of naltrexone-bupropion and behavioral weight loss therapy (BWL), alone and combined, for binge-eating disorder comorbid with obesity."	9.51	Naltrexone-Bupropion and Behavior Therapy, Alone and Combined, for Binge-Eating Disorder: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. ( Fineberg, SK; Grilo, CM; Gueorguieva, R; Ivezaj, V; Lydecker, JA; Moreno, JO, 2022)
"This study assessed the effects of 32 mg naltrexone sustained release (SR)/360 mg bupropion SR (NB) on body weight in adults with obesity, with comprehensive lifestyle intervention (CLI), for 78 weeks."	9.24	Method-of-use study of naltrexone sustained release (SR)/bupropion SR on body weight in individuals with obesity. ( Fujioka, K; Gilder, K; Halseth, A; Shan, K; Walsh, B, 2017)
"To determine whether the combination of naltrexone and bupropion increases major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, defined as cardiovascular death, nonfatal stroke, or nonfatal myocardial infarction) compared with placebo in overweight and obese patients."	9.22	Effect of Naltrexone-Bupropion on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Overweight and Obese Patients With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Bakris, G; Buse, JB; Nissen, SE; Perez, A; Prcela, L; Smith, SR; Wadden, T; Wolski, KE, 2016)
"To assess the efficacy and safety of 32 mg naltrexone sustained-release (SR)/360 mg bupropion SR (NB) in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes with or without background oral antidiabetes drugs."	9.17	Effects of naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release combination therapy on body weight and glycemic parameters in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. ( Bays, H; Burns, C; Fujioka, K; Greenway, F; Gupta, AK; Hollander, P; Klassen, P; Plodkowski, R, 2013)
"CONTRAVE Obesity Research-II (COR-II) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 1,496 obese (BMI 30-45 kg/m(2) ) or overweight (27-45 kg/m(2) with dyslipidemia and/or hypertension) participants randomized 2:1 to combined naltrexone sustained-release (SR) (32 mg/day) plus bupropion SR (360 mg/day) (NB32) or placebo for up to 56 weeks."	9.17	A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). ( Apovian, CM; Aronne, L; Burns, C; Dunayevich, E; Kim, D; Rubino, D; Still, C; Wyatt, H, 2013)
" The objective of this study was to perform a randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the short-term efficacy of bupropion for the treatment of BED in overweight and obese women."	9.17	Bupropion for overweight women with binge-eating disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Grilo, CM; White, MA, 2013)
"A sustained-release combination of naltrexone plus bupropion could be a useful therapeutic option for treatment of obesity."	9.14	Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. ( Dunayevich, E; Erickson, J; Fujioka, K; Greenway, FL; Guttadauria, M; Kim, DD; Mudaliar, S; Plodkowski, RA, 2010)
"A combination of sustained release (SR) naltrexone (32 mg/day) and bupropion SR (360 mg/day) plus behavioral counseling was evaluated for the treatment of smoking cessation and mitigation of nicotine withdrawal and weight gain."	9.14	An open-label study of naltrexone and bupropion combination therapy for smoking cessation in overweight and obese subjects. ( Billes, SK; Dunayevich, E; Erickson, JS; Katz, BB; Oskooilar, N; Tollefson, G; Wilcox, CS, 2010)
"Our objective was to determine whether opioid receptor antagonism (naltrexone) plus pro-opiomelanocortin activation (bupropion) causes greater weight loss than placebo or monotherapy."	9.14	Comparison of combined bupropion and naltrexone therapy for obesity with monotherapy and placebo. ( Cowley, MA; Dunayevich, E; Erickson, J; Fujioka, K; Greenway, FL; Guttadauria, M; Tollefson, G, 2009)
"Zonisamide and bupropion have been investigated for weight reduction in obese adults."	9.12	Combination therapy of zonisamide and bupropion for weight reduction in obese women: a preliminary, randomized, open-label study. ( Foust, MS; Gadde, KM; Wagner, HR; Yonish, GM, 2007)
"Obese adults (body mass index, 30 to 44 kg/m(2)) not currently meeting criteria for major depression but with depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory score 10-30) received bupropion SR 300 mg/d or placebo for 26 weeks with a 500 kcal/d-deficit diet."	9.10	Bupropion SR vs. placebo for weight loss in obese patients with depressive symptoms. ( Allison, DB; Brewer, ER; Buaron, KS; Gadde, KM; Haight, B; Jain, AK; Jamerson, BD; Kaplan, RA; Leadbetter, RA; Metz, A; Richard, N; Wadden, TA, 2002)
"To critically examine the efficacy of bupropion SR for weight loss."	9.10	Bupropion SR enhances weight loss: a 48-week double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. ( Anderson, JW; Fujioka, K; Gadde, KM; Greenway, FL; McKenney, J; O'Neil, PM, 2002)
"On the basis of the clinical observations that bupropion facilitated weight loss, we investigated the efficacy and tolerability of this drug in overweight and obese adult women."	9.09	Bupropion for weight loss: an investigation of efficacy and tolerability in overweight and obese women. ( Drezner, MK; Gadde, KM; Krishnan, KR; Logue, EJ; Maner, LG; Parker, CB; Wagner, HR, 2001)
"Few studies on combination therapies for the treatment of obesity had been conducted until recently, when two fixed-dose combinations, bupropion-naltrexone ER fixed-dose combination and phentermine-topiramate ER titrated-dose combinations were evaluated in clinical studies that ultimately led to FDA approval."	8.95	Safety assessment of combination therapies in the treatment of obesity: focus on naltrexone/bupropion extended release and phentermine-topiramate extended release. ( Halpern, B; Mancini, MC, 2017)
"Contrave(®) is a combination of naltrexone hydrochloride extended release and bupropion hydrochloride extended release for the treatment of obesity, and is used with lifestyle modification."	8.93	Naltrexone/bupropion for the treatment of obesity and obesity with Type 2 diabetes. ( Apovian, CM, 2016)
" Melatonin, liraglutide, and naltrexone/bupropion are examples of drugs with different mechanisms of action that have favorable effects on obesity or medication-related weight gain."	8.91	Melatonin, Liraglutide, and Naltrexone/Bupropion for the Treatment of Obesity and Medication-Related Weight Gain. ( Howland, RH, 2015)
"The mechanism of action of the combination therapy, naltrexone/bupropion (NB), for obesity has not been fully described to date."	8.90	Naltrexone/bupropion for obesity: an investigational combination pharmacotherapy for weight loss. ( Billes, SK; Cowley, MA; Sinnayah, P, 2014)
"This review examines the safety and antiobesity effects of naltrexone and bupropion alone and in combination."	8.90	Drug safety evaluation of naltrexone/bupropion for the treatment of obesity. ( Bello, NT; Verpeut, JL, 2014)
"This review covers the development of naltrexone/bupropion combination therapy for obesity, as well as the published clinical trials on the safety and efficacy of the combination in overweight and obese humans."	8.87	Combination therapy with naltrexone and bupropion for obesity. ( Billes, SK; Greenway, FL, 2011)
"Naltrexone/bupropion is an investigational combination for weight loss and maintenance in patients who are obese or have a BMI ≥ 27 kg/m(2) with comorbid diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidemia."	8.87	Naltrexone/bupropion: an investigational combination for weight loss and maintenance. ( Gwinn, KM; Hurren, KM; Makowski, CT, 2011)
"Bupropion and naltrexone are centrally active drugs that have shown potential efficacy - alone and in combination - for the treatment of obesity."	8.85	Bupropion and naltrexone: a review of their use individually and in combination for the treatment of obesity. ( Chau, DL; Nguyen, L; Nguyen, Q; Plodkowski, RA; St Jeor, S; Sundaram, U, 2009)
" While the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone is associated with minimal weight loss as monotherapy, it does have potential utility in the treatment of obesity when combined with the pro-opiomelanocortin activator bupropion."	8.85	Naltrexone for the treatment of obesity: review and update. ( Fujioka, K; Lee, MW, 2009)
"Contrave, under development by Orexigen Therapeutics Inc for the potential treatment of obesity, is an oral, sustained-release combination of the dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake antagonist bupropion and the opioid antagonist naltrexone."	8.85	Contrave, a bupropion and naltrexone combination therapy for the potential treatment of obesity. ( Padwal, R, 2009)
"To investigate the changes of circulating levels of all proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) in individuals with overweight or obesity receiving liraglutide (3 mg) or naltrexone/bupropion (32/360 mg), and to explore the association between induced changes in postprandial PGDP levels and body composition, as well as metabolic variables, after 3 and 6 months on treatment."	8.31	Circulating levels of proglucagon-derived peptides are differentially regulated by the glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist liraglutide and the centrally acting naltrexone/bupropion and can predict future weight loss and metabolic improvements: A 6-month long ( Argyrakopoulou, G; Bontozoglou, N; Kalra, B; Kokkinos, A; Konstantinidou, SK; Kouvari, M; Kumar, A; Kumar, M; Kyriakopoulou, K; Mantzoros, CS; Simati, S; Stefanakis, K, 2023)
", with naltrexone) has been explored as an anti-obesity strategy, and is particularly effective when co-administered with dual inhibitors of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake (e."	7.79	Effects of amylin and bupropion/naltrexone on food intake and body weight are interactive in rodent models. ( Athanacio, J; Clapper, JR; D'Souza, L; Griffin, PS; Parkes, DG; Roth, JD; Wittmer, C, 2013)
"The combination of bupropion and naltrexone is one of the most promising new possibilities for the treatment of obesity in an era of increasing prevalence of this disease and decreasing options for its pharmacological management."	7.77	Bupropion/naltrexone fixed-dose combination for the treatment of obesity. ( Faria, AM; Halpern, A; Halpern, B, 2011)
"Weight loss is associated with improved quality of life in some, but not all, weight loss trials."	6.80	Patient-reported quality of life in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone/bupropion for obesity. ( Chen, S; Gilder, K; Greenway, FL; Klassen, P; Kolotkin, RL, 2015)
"Insulin resistance was also assessed at the end."	6.71	Weight gain and cardiovascular risk factors during smoking cessation with bupropion or nicotine. ( Alvarez, F; Botella-Carretero, JI; Cantarero, M; Escobar-Morreale, HF; García, G; Martín, I; Valero, AM; Varela, C, 2004)
"The treatment with liraglutide 3."	6.66	New-generation anti-obesity drugs: naltrexone/bupropion and liraglutide. An update for endocrinologists and nutritionists. ( Barrea, L; Colao, A; Laudisio, D; Muscogiuri, G; Pugliese, G; Savastano, S, 2020)
"Obesity is an emerging disease worldwide."	6.50	Naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release for the management of obesity: review of the data to date. ( Albert, L; Caixàs, A; Capel, I; Rigla, M, 2014)
"The prevalence of obesity is growing rapidly worldwide, and therefore there is a need for effective treatment strategies."	6.47	Naltrexone sustained-release (SR) + bupropion SR combination therapy for the treatment of obesity: 'a new kid on the block'? ( Hatzitolios, AI; Katsiki, N; Mikhailidis, DP, 2011)
"Bupropion is a norepinephrine and dopamine uptake inhibitor that has been available for several years for the treatment of depression and aiding smokers to quit."	6.44	Bupropion for weight reduction. ( Gadde, KM; Xiong, GL, 2007)
" The authors tested the effectiveness of naltrexone-bupropion and behavioral weight loss therapy (BWL), alone and combined, for binge-eating disorder comorbid with obesity."	5.51	Naltrexone-Bupropion and Behavior Therapy, Alone and Combined, for Binge-Eating Disorder: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. ( Fineberg, SK; Grilo, CM; Gueorguieva, R; Ivezaj, V; Lydecker, JA; Moreno, JO, 2022)
"This study assessed the effects of 32 mg naltrexone sustained release (SR)/360 mg bupropion SR (NB) on body weight in adults with obesity, with comprehensive lifestyle intervention (CLI), for 78 weeks."	5.24	Method-of-use study of naltrexone sustained release (SR)/bupropion SR on body weight in individuals with obesity. ( Fujioka, K; Gilder, K; Halseth, A; Shan, K; Walsh, B, 2017)
"To determine whether the combination of naltrexone and bupropion increases major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, defined as cardiovascular death, nonfatal stroke, or nonfatal myocardial infarction) compared with placebo in overweight and obese patients."	5.22	Effect of Naltrexone-Bupropion on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Overweight and Obese Patients With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Bakris, G; Buse, JB; Nissen, SE; Perez, A; Prcela, L; Smith, SR; Wadden, T; Wolski, KE, 2016)
"CONTRAVE Obesity Research-II (COR-II) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 1,496 obese (BMI 30-45 kg/m(2) ) or overweight (27-45 kg/m(2) with dyslipidemia and/or hypertension) participants randomized 2:1 to combined naltrexone sustained-release (SR) (32 mg/day) plus bupropion SR (360 mg/day) (NB32) or placebo for up to 56 weeks."	5.17	A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). ( Apovian, CM; Aronne, L; Burns, C; Dunayevich, E; Kim, D; Rubino, D; Still, C; Wyatt, H, 2013)
" The objective of this study was to perform a randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the short-term efficacy of bupropion for the treatment of BED in overweight and obese women."	5.17	Bupropion for overweight women with binge-eating disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Grilo, CM; White, MA, 2013)
"To assess the efficacy and safety of 32 mg naltrexone sustained-release (SR)/360 mg bupropion SR (NB) in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes with or without background oral antidiabetes drugs."	5.17	Effects of naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release combination therapy on body weight and glycemic parameters in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. ( Bays, H; Burns, C; Fujioka, K; Greenway, F; Gupta, AK; Hollander, P; Klassen, P; Plodkowski, R, 2013)
" Here, we explore combination therapy with bupropion (BUP), a putative stimulator of melanocortin pathways, and an opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NAL), to antagonize an inhibitory feedback loop that limits sustained weight reduction."	5.14	Rational design of a combination medication for the treatment of obesity. ( Anderson, JW; Atkinson, RL; Cowley, MA; Dunayevich, E; Fujioka, K; Gadde, KM; Greenway, FL; Gupta, AK; Guttadauria, M; O'Neil, P; Schumacher, D; Smith, D; Tollefson, GD; Weber, E; Whitehouse, MJ, 2009)
"Our objective was to determine whether opioid receptor antagonism (naltrexone) plus pro-opiomelanocortin activation (bupropion) causes greater weight loss than placebo or monotherapy."	5.14	Comparison of combined bupropion and naltrexone therapy for obesity with monotherapy and placebo. ( Cowley, MA; Dunayevich, E; Erickson, J; Fujioka, K; Greenway, FL; Guttadauria, M; Tollefson, G, 2009)
"A sustained-release combination of naltrexone plus bupropion could be a useful therapeutic option for treatment of obesity."	5.14	Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. ( Dunayevich, E; Erickson, J; Fujioka, K; Greenway, FL; Guttadauria, M; Kim, DD; Mudaliar, S; Plodkowski, RA, 2010)
"A combination of sustained release (SR) naltrexone (32 mg/day) and bupropion SR (360 mg/day) plus behavioral counseling was evaluated for the treatment of smoking cessation and mitigation of nicotine withdrawal and weight gain."	5.14	An open-label study of naltrexone and bupropion combination therapy for smoking cessation in overweight and obese subjects. ( Billes, SK; Dunayevich, E; Erickson, JS; Katz, BB; Oskooilar, N; Tollefson, G; Wilcox, CS, 2010)
"Zonisamide and bupropion have been investigated for weight reduction in obese adults."	5.12	Combination therapy of zonisamide and bupropion for weight reduction in obese women: a preliminary, randomized, open-label study. ( Foust, MS; Gadde, KM; Wagner, HR; Yonish, GM, 2007)
"This study evaluated the ability of polymorphisms in five candidate genes to predict weight gain among patients taking bupropion or placebo in a smoking cessation trial."	5.12	No evidence for a major role of polymorphisms during bupropion treatment. ( Allison, DB; Berrettini, WH; Hu, J; Lerman, C; Pinto, A; Redden, DT; Restine, SL; Shields, PG, 2006)
"To critically examine the efficacy of bupropion SR for weight loss."	5.10	Bupropion SR enhances weight loss: a 48-week double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. ( Anderson, JW; Fujioka, K; Gadde, KM; Greenway, FL; McKenney, J; O'Neil, PM, 2002)
"Obese adults (body mass index, 30 to 44 kg/m(2)) not currently meeting criteria for major depression but with depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory score 10-30) received bupropion SR 300 mg/d or placebo for 26 weeks with a 500 kcal/d-deficit diet."	5.10	Bupropion SR vs. placebo for weight loss in obese patients with depressive symptoms. ( Allison, DB; Brewer, ER; Buaron, KS; Gadde, KM; Haight, B; Jain, AK; Jamerson, BD; Kaplan, RA; Leadbetter, RA; Metz, A; Richard, N; Wadden, TA, 2002)
"On the basis of the clinical observations that bupropion facilitated weight loss, we investigated the efficacy and tolerability of this drug in overweight and obese adult women."	5.09	Bupropion for weight loss: an investigation of efficacy and tolerability in overweight and obese women. ( Drezner, MK; Gadde, KM; Krishnan, KR; Logue, EJ; Maner, LG; Parker, CB; Wagner, HR, 2001)
"Four new medicines-liraglutide, lorcaserin, bupropion/naltrexone, and phentermine/topiramate-have been recently added to the pharmacological arsenal for obesity treatment and could represent important tools to manage this epidemic disease."	5.01	Gender-related issues in the pharmacology of new anti-obesity drugs. ( Barrea, L; Cataldi, M; Colao, A; Guida, B; Muscogiuri, G; Savastano, S; Taglialatela, M, 2019)
" The aim of the present review is to summarize the current data on the eff ects of antiobesity drugs approved in Europe (orlistat, liraglutide 3 mg od and naltrexone/bupropion) on weight loss in patients with PCOS and to discuss their impact on the endocrine, reproductive and metabolic abnormalities of this population."	4.98	The Role of Antiobesity Agents in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. ( Chatzis, P; Dinas, K; Makris, V; Pratilas, GC; Sotiriadis, A; Tziomalos, K, 2018)
"Few studies on combination therapies for the treatment of obesity had been conducted until recently, when two fixed-dose combinations, bupropion-naltrexone ER fixed-dose combination and phentermine-topiramate ER titrated-dose combinations were evaluated in clinical studies that ultimately led to FDA approval."	4.95	Safety assessment of combination therapies in the treatment of obesity: focus on naltrexone/bupropion extended release and phentermine-topiramate extended release. ( Halpern, B; Mancini, MC, 2017)
"Contrave(®) is a combination of naltrexone hydrochloride extended release and bupropion hydrochloride extended release for the treatment of obesity, and is used with lifestyle modification."	4.93	Naltrexone/bupropion for the treatment of obesity and obesity with Type 2 diabetes. ( Apovian, CM, 2016)
" Phentermine/topiramate ER appeared to have the best overall average weight loss from baseline as well as highest percentages of patients achieving both ≥5% and ≥10% weight loss benchmarks, followed second by naltrexone/bupropion, and then liraglutide, with lorcaserin showing the lowest rates."	4.93	A Comparison of New Pharmacological Agents for the Treatment of Obesity. ( Megyeri, J; Nuffer, W; Trujillo, JM, 2016)
" In BED with obesity or overweight, bupropion may cause mild weight loss without seizures, and chromium may improve glucose regulation."	4.91	Psychopharmacologic treatment of eating disorders: emerging findings. ( Guerdjikova, AI; Keck, PE; McElroy, SL; Mori, N, 2015)
"This review examines the safety and antiobesity effects of naltrexone and bupropion alone and in combination."	4.90	Drug safety evaluation of naltrexone/bupropion for the treatment of obesity. ( Bello, NT; Verpeut, JL, 2014)
"The mechanism of action of the combination therapy, naltrexone/bupropion (NB), for obesity has not been fully described to date."	4.90	Naltrexone/bupropion for obesity: an investigational combination pharmacotherapy for weight loss. ( Billes, SK; Cowley, MA; Sinnayah, P, 2014)
"A short overview of new drugs approved for the treatment of obesity (lorcaserin, phentermine/topiramate combination) as well as those with a perspective for approval as antiobesity drugs (cetilistat, naltrexone/bupropion combination, liraglutide) is presented."	4.90	Overview of new antiobesity drugs. ( Hainer, V, 2014)
"This review covers the development of naltrexone/bupropion combination therapy for obesity, as well as the published clinical trials on the safety and efficacy of the combination in overweight and obese humans."	4.87	Combination therapy with naltrexone and bupropion for obesity. ( Billes, SK; Greenway, FL, 2011)
"Contrave is an investigational fixed-dose combination drug of naltrexone and bupropion currently in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of obesity."	4.87	ACS chemical neuroscience molecule spotlight on contrave. ( Mercer, SL, 2011)
"Naltrexone/bupropion is an investigational combination for weight loss and maintenance in patients who are obese or have a BMI ≥ 27 kg/m(2) with comorbid diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidemia."	4.87	Naltrexone/bupropion: an investigational combination for weight loss and maintenance. ( Gwinn, KM; Hurren, KM; Makowski, CT, 2011)
"In March 2010, Orexigen(R) Therapeutics submitted a new drug application (NDA) for approval of naltrexone sustained release (SR)/bupropion SR (Contrave(R)) for the treatment of obesity in the US."	4.86	Naltrexone/bupropion: Contrave(R); naltrexone SR/bupropion SR. ( , 2010)
"Bupropion and naltrexone are centrally active drugs that have shown potential efficacy - alone and in combination - for the treatment of obesity."	4.85	Bupropion and naltrexone: a review of their use individually and in combination for the treatment of obesity. ( Chau, DL; Nguyen, L; Nguyen, Q; Plodkowski, RA; St Jeor, S; Sundaram, U, 2009)
"Contrave, under development by Orexigen Therapeutics Inc for the potential treatment of obesity, is an oral, sustained-release combination of the dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake antagonist bupropion and the opioid antagonist naltrexone."	4.85	Contrave, a bupropion and naltrexone combination therapy for the potential treatment of obesity. ( Padwal, R, 2009)
" While the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone is associated with minimal weight loss as monotherapy, it does have potential utility in the treatment of obesity when combined with the pro-opiomelanocortin activator bupropion."	4.85	Naltrexone for the treatment of obesity: review and update. ( Fujioka, K; Lee, MW, 2009)
" Bupropion is less likely than other antidepressants to cause weight gain and sexual dysfunction, the 2 side effects that are of greatest concern to patients and that have the greatest impact on long-term compliance."	4.82	Why isn't bupropion the most frequently prescribed antidepressant? ( Attiullah, N; Baymiller, S; Berlowitz, SL; Boland, RJ; Chelminski, I; Friedman, M; Posternak, MA; Rahman, S; Singer, S; Uy, KK; Zimmerman, M, 2005)
"To investigate the changes of circulating levels of all proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) in individuals with overweight or obesity receiving liraglutide (3 mg) or naltrexone/bupropion (32/360 mg), and to explore the association between induced changes in postprandial PGDP levels and body composition, as well as metabolic variables, after 3 and 6 months on treatment."	4.31	Circulating levels of proglucagon-derived peptides are differentially regulated by the glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist liraglutide and the centrally acting naltrexone/bupropion and can predict future weight loss and metabolic improvements: A 6-month long ( Argyrakopoulou, G; Bontozoglou, N; Kalra, B; Kokkinos, A; Konstantinidou, SK; Kouvari, M; Kumar, A; Kumar, M; Kyriakopoulou, K; Mantzoros, CS; Simati, S; Stefanakis, K, 2023)
"To evaluate the effects of combining topiramate, bupropion and naltrexone in obesity-induced rats on their weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue."	4.12	Effects of topiramate, bupropion and naltrexone isolated or combined on subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese rats. ( Correa, OMT; Doretto-Silva, L; Morreale, S; Nassis, C; Petri, G; Santos, JFRD; Scudeler, MA; Veridiano, JM, 2022)
" This analysis looked at the add-on of NB to incretins to see if weight loss could occur in patients already stabilized on incretin agents."	4.02	Extended-release naltrexone/bupropion is safe and effective among subjects with type 2 diabetes already taking incretin agents: a post-hoc analysis of the LIGHT trial. ( Barakat, M; Blavignac, J; Burrows, M; Camacho, F; Christensen, RAG; Gould, E; Kamran, E; Wharton, S; Yin, P, 2021)
"The recent approval of liraglutide, lorcaserin, naltrexone/bupropion extended-release, and phentermine/topiramate extended-release, brings the number of medications for long-term weight loss to 5 (including orlistat)."	3.83	Answers to Clinical Questions in the Primary Care Management of People with Obesity: Pharmacologic Management. ( Braverman-Panza, J; Fujioka, K, 2016)
" Keywords used to obtain relevant articles included obesity and drug, or orlistat, topiramate/phentermine, lorcaserin, bupropion/naltrexone, and liraglutide."	3.83	Review of pharmacotherapy options for the management of obesity. ( Bragg, R; Crannage, E, 2016)
"The significant weight loss observed with combination naltrexone-sustained release (SR) 32 mg and bupropion SR 360 mg (NB32) therapy is thought to be due, in part, to bupropion stimulation of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, and naltrexone blockade of opioid receptor-mediated POMC autoinhibition, but the neurobiological mechanisms are not fully understood."	3.80	Effect of combined naltrexone and bupropion therapy on the brain's reactivity to food cues. ( Caparelli, EC; Dunayevich, E; Telang, F; Tomasi, D; Volkow, ND; Wang, GJ; Wang, R, 2014)
" Lorcaserin (Belviq(®)), phentermine/topiramate combination (Qsymia(®)), and bupropion/naltrexone combination have been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of obesity, as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and physical activity, although their absolute safety has yet to be established with more widespread use or longer use."	3.79	Therapies for obesity and medication-associated weight gain. ( Howland, RH, 2013)
", with naltrexone) has been explored as an anti-obesity strategy, and is particularly effective when co-administered with dual inhibitors of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake (e."	3.79	Effects of amylin and bupropion/naltrexone on food intake and body weight are interactive in rodent models. ( Athanacio, J; Clapper, JR; D'Souza, L; Griffin, PS; Parkes, DG; Roth, JD; Wittmer, C, 2013)
"Weight loss is associated with improved quality of life in some, but not all, weight loss trials."	2.80	Patient-reported quality of life in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone/bupropion for obesity. ( Chen, S; Gilder, K; Greenway, FL; Klassen, P; Kolotkin, RL, 2015)
" However, they are costly and may have adverse effects in some individuals."	2.72	Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? ( Lee, SY; Tak, YJ, 2021)
"Insulin resistance was also assessed at the end."	2.71	Weight gain and cardiovascular risk factors during smoking cessation with bupropion or nicotine. ( Alvarez, F; Botella-Carretero, JI; Cantarero, M; Escobar-Morreale, HF; García, G; Martín, I; Valero, AM; Varela, C, 2004)
"Obesity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes and may complicate type 1 diabetes."	2.58	Medication use for the treatment of diabetes in obese individuals. ( Wilding, JPH, 2018)
"Obesity is a growing epidemic and a major contributor to the global burden of disease."	2.52	Drug treatment of obesity: current status and future prospects. ( Dahiya, N; Kakkar, AK, 2015)
" Thus, if following the appropriate guidelines according to package labels, the practitioner can feel safe in prescribing these medications."	2.52	Safety and tolerability of medications approved for chronic weight management. ( Fujioka, K, 2015)
"Obesity is a major correlate of cardiovascular disease."	2.50	Modern obesity pharmacotherapy: weighing cardiovascular risk and benefit. ( Cunningham, JW; Wiviott, SD, 2014)
"Over the past decade, treatment for obesity has been limited because of an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity, lack of recognition of it as a disease, and limited efficacy of treatment options."	2.50	Evolving directions in obesity management. ( Aronne, LJ, 2014)
" However, in the existing studies PHEN/TPM ER had a superior weight loss profile to lorcaserin but the incidence of adverse effects was lower with lorcaserin."	2.50	Tolerability and safety of the new anti-obesity medications. ( Aldhoon-Hainerová, I; Hainer, V, 2014)
"Obesity is an important causative factor in morbidity, disability and premature death."	2.49	A review of late-stage CNS drug candidates for the treatment of obesity. ( Gosden, J; Heal, DJ; Smith, SL, 2013)
"The prevalence of obesity is rising worldwide, with the U."	2.48	Recent advancements in drug treatment of obesity. ( Carter, R; Mouralidarane, A; Oben, J; Ray, S; Soeda, J, 2012)
"The prevalence of obesity is growing rapidly worldwide, and therefore there is a need for effective treatment strategies."	2.47	Naltrexone sustained-release (SR) + bupropion SR combination therapy for the treatment of obesity: 'a new kid on the block'? ( Hatzitolios, AI; Katsiki, N; Mikhailidis, DP, 2011)
"Bupropion is a norepinephrine and dopamine uptake inhibitor that has been available for several years for the treatment of depression and aiding smokers to quit."	2.44	Bupropion for weight reduction. ( Gadde, KM; Xiong, GL, 2007)
"Weight gain is cited as a primary reason for not trying to quit smoking."	2.42	Smoking cessation and weight gain. ( Fernández Pinilla, MC; Fernández-Cruz, A; Filozof, C, 2004)
"Measuring nicotine dependence using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence may help to define the therapeutic strategy."	2.42	[Current therapeutic strategies in smoking cessation]. ( Aubin, HJ; Berlin, I; Borgne, A, 2004)
"Obesity is a complex endocrine disease, mainly caused by environmental, behavioral and biological factors."	1.62	[Pharmacotherapy for obesity]. ( Abawi, O; van den Akker, ELT; van der Valk, ES; van der Voorn, B; van Rossum, EFC; Welling, MS, 2021)
" Central nervous system-active medications have the potential to affect mood; therefore, post hoc analysis of clinical trial data was conducted to evaluate psychiatric adverse events (PAEs) and effects on mood of NB therapy versus placebo."	1.51	Psychiatric adverse events and effects on mood with prolonged-release naltrexone/bupropion combination therapy: a pooled analysis. ( Acevedo, LM; Apovian, CM; Dunayevich, E; Greenway, FL; McElroy, SL; Pi-Sunyer, X, 2019)
"Obesity is a chronic disease universally defined as an excess of adipose tissue resulting in body mass index (BMI) > 30."	1.46	Obesity Epidemic: Pharmaceutical Weight Loss. ( Curry, SA, 2017)
"Because obesity can affect catecholaminergic signaling, we determined the effects of i."	1.34	Inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake produces additive effects on energy balance in lean and obese mice. ( Billes, SK; Cowley, MA, 2007)

Research

Studies (109)

Authors

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (0.92)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	23 (21.10)	29.6817
2010's	73 (66.97)	24.3611
2020's	12 (11.01)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Roberto da Silva, G	1
Carneiro, MG	1
Barbosa, MP	1
Costa, JA	1
de Souza, IA	1
Dos Santos Oliveira, L	1
de Vasconcelos, DAA	1
do Nascimento, E	1
Matos, RJB	1
Lopes de Souza, S	1
de Freitas, MFL	1
Scudeler, MA	1
Morreale, S	1
Doretto-Silva, L	1
Petri, G	1
Santos, JFRD	1
Nassis, C	1
Correa, OMT	1
Veridiano, JM	1
Grilo, CM	3
Lydecker, JA	2
Fineberg, SK	1
Moreno, JO	1
Ivezaj, V	1
Gueorguieva, R	2
Stefanakis, K	1
Kokkinos, A	1
Argyrakopoulou, G	1
Konstantinidou, SK	1
Simati, S	1
Kouvari, M	1
Kumar, A	1
Kalra, B	1
Kumar, M	1
Bontozoglou, N	1
Kyriakopoulou, K	1
Mantzoros, CS	1
Onakpoya, IJ	1
Lee, JJ	1
Mahtani, KR	1
Aronson, JK	1
Heneghan, CJ	1
Milano, W	1
De Biasio, V	1
Di Munzio, W	1
Foggia, G	1
Capasso, A	1
Barrea, L	2
Pugliese, G	1
Muscogiuri, G	2
Laudisio, D	1
Colao, A	2
Savastano, S	2
Brown, SA	1
Izzy, M	1
Watt, KD	1
Morgan, PT	1
Tak, YJ	1
Lee, SY	1
van Rossum, EFC	1
Welling, MS	1
van der Voorn, B	1
van der Valk, ES	1
Abawi, O	1
van den Akker, ELT	1
Wharton, S	1
Yin, P	1
Burrows, M	1
Gould, E	1
Blavignac, J	1
Christensen, RAG	1
Kamran, E	1
Camacho, F	1
Barakat, M	1
Dalton, M	1
Finlayson, G	1
Walsh, B	4
Halseth, AE	3
Duarte, C	1
Blundell, JE	1
Wilding, JPH	2
Guerdjikova, AI	2
Shan, K	2
Dunayevich, E	10
McElroy, SL	3
Bersoux, S	1
Byun, TH	1
Chaliki, SS	1
Poole, KG	1
Cataldi, M	1
Guida, B	1
Taglialatela, M	1
Pi-Sunyer, X	1
Apovian, CM	3
Acevedo, LM	1
Greenway, FL	9
Bello, NT	2
Chatzis, P	1
Tziomalos, K	1
Pratilas, GC	1
Makris, V	1
Sotiriadis, A	1
Dinas, K	1
Aronne, L	1
Rubino, D	1
Still, C	1
Wyatt, H	1
Burns, C	3
Kim, D	2
Smith, SR	2
Fujioka, K	12
Gupta, AK	3
Billes, SK	5
Howland, RH	2
White, MA	1
Wang, GJ	1
Tomasi, D	1
Volkow, ND	1
Wang, R	1
Telang, F	1
Caparelli, EC	1
Hollander, P	1
Plodkowski, R	2
Greenway, F	1
Bays, H	1
Klassen, P	2
Sinnayah, P	1
Cowley, MA	4
Verpeut, JL	1
Ueno, H	1
Nakazato, M	1
Hainer, V	2
Aldhoon-Hainerová, I	1
Aronne, LJ	3
Cunningham, JW	1
Wiviott, SD	1
Caixàs, A	1
Albert, L	1
Capel, I	1
Rigla, M	1
Citrome, L	2
Rubio, MA	1
Buehler, AM	1
Zimmerman, MP	1
Mehr, SR	1
Kakkar, AK	1
Dahiya, N	1
Mori, N	1
Keck, PE	1
Nau, JY	1
Greig, SL	1
Keating, GM	1
Bragg, R	1
Crannage, E	1
McGinty, EE	1
Baller, J	1
Azrin, ST	1
Juliano-Bult, D	1
Daumit, GL	1
Kolotkin, RL	1
Chen, S	1
Gilder, K	3
Ali, KF	1
Shukla, AP	1
Yang, M	1
Chen, H	1
Johnson, ML	1
Essien, EJ	1
Peters, RJ	1
Wu, IH	1
Abughosh, SM	1
Nuffer, W	1
Trujillo, JM	1
Megyeri, J	1
Sharfstein, JM	1
Psaty, BM	1
Nissen, SE	1
Wolski, KE	1
Prcela, L	1
Wadden, T	1
Buse, JB	1
Bakris, G	1
Perez, A	1
Tolles, J	1
Lewis, RJ	1
Wise, J	1
Alfaris, N	1
Kyle, TK	1
Nadai, J	1
Stanford, FC	1
O'Neil, PM	3
Hong, K	1
Herrmann, K	1
Dybala, C	1
Lam, H	1
Foreyt, JP	2
Braverman-Panza, J	1
Halpern, B	2
Mancini, MC	1
Stefanidis, A	1
Man Lee, CC	1
Brown, WA	1
Oldfield, BJ	1
Halseth, A	1
Igel, LI	1
Kumar, RB	1
Saunders, KH	1
Curry, SA	1
Kapoor, S	1
Whitehouse, MJ	1
Guttadauria, M	3
Anderson, JW	2
Atkinson, RL	1
Gadde, KM	6
O'Neil, P	1
Schumacher, D	1
Smith, D	1
Tollefson, GD	1
Weber, E	1
Plodkowski, RA	2
Nguyen, Q	1
Sundaram, U	1
Nguyen, L	1
Chau, DL	1
St Jeor, S	1
Lee, MW	1
Padwal, R	1
Tollefson, G	2
Erickson, J	2
Wilcox, CS	1
Oskooilar, N	1
Erickson, JS	2
Katz, BB	1
Kaplan, LM	1
Wadden, TA	2
Foster, GD	1
Hill, JO	1
Klein, S	1
Perri, MG	1
Pi-Sunyer, FX	1
Rock, CL	1
Maier, HN	1
Kim, DD	2
Mudaliar, S	1
Astrup, A	1
Katsiki, N	1
Hatzitolios, AI	1
Mikhailidis, DP	1
Faria, AM	1
Halpern, A	1
Bray, GA	1
Ryan, DH	1
Makowski, CT	1
Gwinn, KM	1
Hurren, KM	1
Hiatt, WR	1
Thomas, A	1
Goldfine, AB	1
Heal, DJ	1
Gosden, J	1
Smith, SL	1
Mercer, SL	1
Carter, R	1
Mouralidarane, A	1
Ray, S	1
Soeda, J	1
Oben, J	1
Clapper, JR	1
Athanacio, J	1
Wittmer, C	1
Griffin, PS	1
D'Souza, L	1
Parkes, DG	1
Roth, JD	1
Jain, AK	1
Kaplan, RA	1
Allison, DB	2
Brewer, ER	1
Leadbetter, RA	1
Richard, N	1
Haight, B	1
Jamerson, BD	1
Buaron, KS	1
Metz, A	1
Botella-Carretero, JI	1
Escobar-Morreale, HF	1
Martín, I	1
Valero, AM	1
Alvarez, F	1
García, G	1
Varela, C	1
Cantarero, M	1
Filozof, C	1
Fernández Pinilla, MC	1
Fernández-Cruz, A	1
Shekelle, PG	1
Morton, SC	1
Maglione, M	1
Suttorp, M	1
Tu, W	1
Li, Z	1
Maggard, M	1
Mojica, WA	1
Shugarman, L	1
Solomon, V	1
Borgne, A	1
Aubin, HJ	1
Berlin, I	1
Carter, GT	1
Yudkowsky, MP	1
Han, JJ	1
McCrory, MA	1
Zimmerman, M	1
Posternak, MA	1
Attiullah, N	1
Friedman, M	1
Boland, RJ	1
Baymiller, S	1
Berlowitz, SL	1
Rahman, S	1
Uy, KK	1
Singer, S	1
Chelminski, I	1
Menaster, MJ	1
McCreadie, R	1
Hu, J	1
Redden, DT	1
Berrettini, WH	1
Shields, PG	1
Restine, SL	1
Pinto, A	1
Lerman, C	1
Xiong, GL	1
Ramseier, CA	1
Bornstein, MM	1
Saxer, UP	1
Klingler, K	1
Walter, C	1
Yonish, GM	1
Foust, MS	1
Wagner, HR	2
Aylwin, S	1
Al-Zaman, Y	1
Parker, CB	1
Maner, LG	1
Logue, EJ	1
Drezner, MK	1
Krishnan, KR	1
McKenney, J	1
Nobrega, JN	1
Coscina, DV	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder in Obesity: Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination Versus Placebo[NCT02317744]		22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Completed
The Use of a Virtual Weight Management Program for Prescription of Phentermine in Patients With Overweight or Obesity Compared to Standard Face to Face Visits[NCT04614545]	Phase 4	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion Sustained Release (SR) and Placebo in Obese Subjects[NCT00567255]	Phase 3	1,496 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bupropion for the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder[NCT00414167]	Phase 2/Phase 3	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-12-31	Completed
Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR) 32 mg and Bupropion Sustained Release (SR) 360 mg Combination Therapy in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Changes in Overweight or Obese Subjects[NCT00711477]	Phase 2	46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Naltrexone 32 mg Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion 360 mg Sustained Release (SR) and Placebo in Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus[NCT00474630]	Phase 3	505 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing the Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) in Overweight and Obese Subjects With Cardiovascular Risk Factors Receiving Naltrexone SR/Bupropion SR[NCT01601704]	Phase 3	8,910 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Terminated
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled, Method-of-Use Study Assessing the Effect of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion SR on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Subjects (The Ignite Study)[NCT01764386]	Phase 3	242 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-28	Completed
Phase II Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Bupropion Versus Bupropion + Naltrexone for Smoking Cessation[NCT00419731]	Phase 2/Phase 3	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Recruiting
The Beef WISE Study: Beef's Role in Weight Improvement, Satisfaction, and Energy[NCT02627105]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion SR and Placebo in Subjects With Obesity Participating in a Behavior Modification Program[NCT00456521]	Phase 3	793 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Two Doses of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion Sustained Release (SR) and Placebo in Obese Subjects[NCT00532779]	Phase 3	1,742 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Completed
Effect of Sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium Water Consumption on the Body Weight and Gut Microbiota Composition in Overweight and Obese Patients Under Low-calorie Diet[NCT02154230]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to failure to enroll)
WhatsApp Embedded in Routine Service Delivery for Smoking Cessation: Effects on Success Rates in a Randomized Controlled Study[NCT03714971]		127 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Binge eating will be assessed by interview and self-report and the primary outcome is frequency. Frequency also is defined continuously (analyzed dimensionally). (NCT02317744)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up (an average of 6 months following treatment)

Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)

Intervention	binge eating days (out of 28) (Mean)
Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination	5.4
Pill Placebo	2.9

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Intervention	binge eating days (out of 28) (Mean)
Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination	4.4
Pill Placebo	3.0

BMI is calculated using measured height and weight. (NCT02317744)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up (an average of 6 months following treatment)

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Intervention	kg/m^2 (Mean)
Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination	35.9
Pill Placebo	40.3

BMI is calculated using measured height and weight. (NCT02317744)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (at 3 months)

Adherence to Medication Use

Intervention	kg/m^2 (Mean)
Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination	34.5
Pill Placebo	39.7

Percentage of patients that took the medication as prescribed (NCT04614545)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Adherence to Weight Management Program

Intervention	Percentage of pts completed medication (Number)
Virtual Visits	93.3
Face to Face Visits	83.3

Assessed as percentage of patients who completed all visits (NCT04614545)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Change in Body Weight (Percentage)

Intervention	Percentage of completed patients (Number)
Virtual Visits	82.9
Face to Face Visits	62.9

The primary endpoint is mean change in body weight (%) from baseline (visit 1) to 12 weeks (visit 4) in body weight. (NCT04614545)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Percentage of Patients That Tolerated Full Dosage of Phentermine (37.5mg)

Percentage of Patients Who Achieved More Than 5% Weight Loss Over the Course of the Study (12 Weeks)

Body Weight- Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Week 56

Intervention	mean change in body weight (%) (Mean)
Virtual Visits	-6.61
Face to Face Visits	-7.68

Intervention	Percentage of patients on full dose (Number)
Virtual Visits	85.7
Face to Face Visits	90

Intervention	Percentage of patients with >5% wt loss (Number)
Virtual Visits	64.7
Face to Face Visits	70.5

"Beginning at Week 28 through Week 44, NB32-treated subjects who failed to achieve or maintain at least 5% body weight loss from baseline were re-randomized (1:1 ratio) to continue NB32 or begin treatment with a higher dose of naltrexone SR - naltrexone SR 48 mg/bupropion SR 360 mg (referred to as NB48) (daily dose of bupropion SR was 360 mg for NB32 and NB48).The analysis of NB32 vs. placebo at Week 56 was completed using a weighted analysis. This analysis was referred to as the weighted LOCF analysis.~Subjects treated with NB32 who were re-randomized to NB48 were not included. Subjects re-randomized to NB32 were double-weighted and subjects who were not re-randomized were single-weighted. Subjects in the placebo group were single-weighted. The double weighting analysis restored the influence of poor performers at Weeks 28 to 44 in the NB32 group without including any data from the higher dose group (NB48)." (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease From Baseline to Week 28

Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease From Baseline to Week 56

Intervention	percentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-6.40
Placebo	-1.23

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
NB32	27.27
Placebo	7.02

Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure

Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels

Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol Levels

Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Score

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
NB32	50.48
Placebo	17.11

Intervention	mm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	0.20
Placebo	-0.67

Intervention	mg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-2.11
Placebo	-1.73

Intervention	mg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	1.19
Placebo	-1.40

Intervention	percent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-14.14
Placebo	-0.50

Intervention	mg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-4.36
Placebo	0.00

Intervention	percent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-7.32
Placebo	-1.36

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The carbohydrates subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-2.68
Placebo	-2.20

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The sweets subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-3.20
Placebo	-3.18

Intervention	percent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-9.38
Placebo	-1.14

HOMA-IR= Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Change in IDS-SR Total Score

Intervention	percent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-16.44
Placebo	-4.15

IDS-SR= Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Subject Rated IDS-SR total score is based on 30 items. The total score can range from 0-84, with 0 being no depressive symptoms and 84 being very severe depressive symptoms. A total score ≤ 13 indicates no depression. (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-0.23
Placebo	-0.28

IWQOL-Lite= Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite Questionnaire Total score is based on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the poorest and 100 the best quality of life and where a score of 71-79 indicates moderate impairment (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	9.94
Placebo	6.17

Question 19: Generally, how difficult has it been to control your eating? Scoring: 0=not at all difficult; 100=extremely difficult (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Change in Waist Circumference

Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Week 28

Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease From Baseline to Week 28

Frequency of Binge Eating Episodes

Percent BMI Loss

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-18.32
Placebo	-11.09

Intervention	mm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-0.93
Placebo	-1.23

Intervention	cm (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-6.16
Placebo	-2.74

Intervention	percentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-6.45
Placebo	-1.89

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
NB32	55.64
Placebo	17.54

Intervention	episodes/week (Mean)
Bupropion	0.8
Placebo	1.0

Percent loss in Body Mass Index (NCT00414167)
Timeframe: 8 weeks (baseline and 8 weeks)

Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire

Intervention	Percent loss (Mean)
Bupropion	1.8
Placebo	0.6

Question 19: Generally, how difficult has it been to control your eating? Scoring: 0=not at all difficult; 100=extremely difficult (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Emotional Eating A Subscale Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-13.55
Placebo	-4.14

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the type of eating behavior and is organized into 3 subscales (emotional eating, externally-induced eating, and restrained eating). Subjects rated the frequency of their eating behaviors using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=seldom, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often. The Emotional Eating A subscale (clearly labeled emotions) consisted of 9 items and the scores ranged from 9 (better outcome) to 45 (worse outcome). (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Emotional Eating B Subscale Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-1.16
Placebo	0.48

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the type of eating behavior and is organized into 3 subscales (emotional eating, externally-induced eating, and restrained eating). Subjects rated the frequency of their eating behaviors using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=seldom, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often. The Emotional Eating B subscale (diffuse emotions) consisted of 4 items and the scores ranged from 4 (better outcome) to 20 (worse outcome). (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in External Eating Subscale Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-0.90
Placebo	0.45

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the type of eating behavior and is organized into 3 subscales (emotional eating, externally-induced eating, and restrained eating). Subjects rated the frequency of their eating behaviors using a 5-point scale where 1=never, 2=seldom, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often. The External Eating subscale consisted of 10 items and the scores ranged from 10 (better outcome) to 50 (worse outcome). (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Restrained Eating Subscale Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-2.64
Placebo	-0.16

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the type of eating behavior and is organized into 3 subscales (emotional eating, externally-induced eating, and restrained eating). Subjects rated the frequency of their eating behaviors using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=seldom, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often. The Restrained Eating subscale consisted of 10 items and the scores ranged from 10 (worse outcome) to 50 (better outcome). (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Percent Change in Body Weight

Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Anterior Cingulate

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	1.47
Placebo	1.87

Intervention	percentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB32	-0.99
Placebo	-0.43