Compounds > chlorodibromomethane

Page last updated: 2024-12-06

chlorodibromomethane

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Chlorodibromomethane (CHBr2Cl) is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor. It is primarily used as a solvent and reagent in organic synthesis. While its synthesis can be achieved through various methods, it is typically produced by the reaction of methane with bromine and chlorine. Chlorodibromomethane is known to be a potent greenhouse gas, contributing to climate change, and is also classified as a potential human carcinogen due to its ability to damage DNA. Its use is therefore restricted in many applications, and its impact on the environment is actively studied. The study of chlorodibromomethane is essential to understand its environmental impact and develop safer alternatives for its industrial applications.'

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	31296
CHEMBL ID	157093
CHEBI ID	34627
SCHEMBL ID	76438
MeSH ID	M0101891

Synonyms (54)

Synonym
BIDD:ER0343
AKOS015848668
dibromo(chloro)methane
ccris 938
methane, chlorodibromo-
einecs 204-704-0
brn 1731046
monochlorodibromomethane
cdbm
nci-c55254
hsdb 2763
methane, dibromochloro-
chlorodibromomethane
dibromochloromethane ,
NCGC00091422-01
124-48-1
inchi=1/chbr2cl/c2-1(3)4/h1
dibromochloromethane, analytical standard
dibromochloromethane, 98%
FT-0666487
CHEMBL157093
dibromo-chloro-methane
chebi:34627 ,
S0643
A805237
bis(bromanyl)-chloranyl-methane
NCGC00091422-02
tox21_200153
cas-124-48-1
dtxsid1020300 ,
dtxcid30300
NCGC00257707-01
4-01-00-00081 (beilstein handbook reference)
unii-3t4ajr1h24
3t4ajr1h24 ,
FT-0623638
chlorodibromomethane [iarc]
chlorodibromomethane [hsdb]
chlorobromoform
chlorodibromomethane [mi]
SCHEMBL76438
dibromomonochloromethane
GATVIKZLVQHOMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
chclbr2
J-005082
mfcd00000820
dibromochloromethane, analytical standard, amylene stabilized
dibromochloromethane 100 microg/ml in methanol
chlorodibromomethane; dbcm; dibromomonochloromethane; monochlorodibromomethane
dibromochloromethane (stabilized with ethanol)
Q411773
FS-3822
D89312
CS-0315221

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Based on the results of this study, the (LOAEL) lowest observed adverse effect level for DCBM when administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in corn oil gavage was 50 mg."	( Ninety-day oral toxicity study of dibromochloromethane in Sprague-Dawley rats. Condie, LW; Daniel, FB; Robinson, M; York, RG, 1990)	0.28
" No adverse effects on survival in treated rats were observed."	( Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chlorodibromomethane in Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Dunnick, JK; Haseman, JK; Lilja, HS; Wyand, S, 1985)	0.55
" One of the important issues considering ballast water treatment is to determine whether treated ballast water, once discharged, is safe to the aquatic environment."	( Acute and chronic toxicity of selected disinfection byproducts to Daphnia magna, Cyprinodon variegatus, and Isochrysis galbana. Burton, D; Fisher, D; Friedel, E; Yonkos, L; Ziegler, G, 2014)	0.4

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The metabolic elimination amounts at various exposure concentrations were extrapolated using the estimated pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Estimation of absorption of trihalomethanes and carbon tetrachloride in low-level exposure by inhalation pharmacokinetic analysis in rats. Andoh, K; Fukuhara, M; Yoshida, T, 1999)	0.3
" The significant increase in blood concentrations of THMs could be a consequence of pharmacokinetic interactions between two or more of the THMs present simultaneously."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interactions between orally administered trihalomethanes in the rat. Charest-Tardif, G; Da Silva, ML; Krishnan, K; Tardif, R, 2000)	0.31
" To use biomonitoring data in understanding exposure, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can be used in a reverse dosimetry approach to assess a distribution of exposures possibly associated with specific blood or urine levels of compounds."	( Reverse dosimetry: interpreting trihalomethanes biomonitoring data using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Clewell, HJ; Liao, KH; Tan, YM, 2007)	0.34

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Trihalomethanes are well absorbed by the oral route which was selected for this study as being that most relevant to humans."	( Assessment of the potential in vivo genotoxicity of three trihalomethanes: chlorodibromomethane, bromodichloromethane and bromoform. Howard, WR; Proudlock, RJ; Statham, J; Stocker, KJ, 1997)	0.53

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" A dosing accident rendered the number of low-dose male mice inadequate for statistical analysis."	( Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chlorodibromomethane in Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Dunnick, JK; Haseman, JK; Lilja, HS; Wyand, S, 1985)	0.55
" The potentiated response observed with acetone plus BrCHCl2 or Br2CHCl was equal to or greater than that observed with acetone plus an approximately equimolar dosage of CHCl3."	( Acetone-induced potentiation of trihalomethane toxicity in male rats. Brown, EM; Hewitt, WR; Plaa, GL, 1983)	0.27
" This study compares dose-response relationships of gavage-administered chlorinated/brominated trihalomethanes for hepatotoxicity, replicative DNA synthesis, and hepatocarcinogenicity in female B6C3F1 mice."	( Regenerative hyperplasia is not required for liver tumor induction in female B6C3F1 mice exposed to trihalomethanes. Dunnick, JK; Kohn, MC; Leininger, JR; Melnick, RL, 1998)	0.3
" Suggestive dose-response relationships were also observed between elevated blood TCM or ∑ THMs (sum of TCM, BDCM, DBCM and TBM) concentration and decreased sperm concentration (both p for trend=0."	( Baseline blood trihalomethanes, semen parameters and serum total testosterone: a cross-sectional study in China. Cao, WC; Gu, LJ; Li, M; Li, YF; Liu, AL; Lu, WQ; Xie, SH; Yue, J; Zeng, Q; Zheng, D, 2013)	0.39
" The association was further confirmed in the cubic spline model, and a linear dose-response relationship was observed."	( First-trimester blood concentrations of drinking water trihalomethanes and neonatal neurobehavioral development in a Chinese birth cohort. Ai, SH; Chen, YJ; Cheng, YH; Huang, LL; Huang, Z; Lei, HS; Li, J; Liu, C; Liu, J; Liu, XY; Liu, YA; Lu, WQ; Pan, A; Sun, L; Wang, X; Wang, YX, 2019)	0.51
" Additionally, we found positive dose-response relationships between blood BDCM, DBCM, and Br-THM concentrations and serum markers of oxidative stress (i."	( Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations and Osteoarthritis among U.S. Population Aged over 50 Years. Messerlian, C; Mustieles, V; Qian, D; Sun, Y; Wang, YX; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
organochlorine compound	An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, HADH2 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.0251	20.2376	39.8107	AID886
Chain B, HADH2 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.0251	20.2376	39.8107	AID886
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.5012	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID588532
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0032	0.3758	27.4851	61.6524	AID588527
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	15.3125	0.0003	23.4451	159.6830	AID743065; AID743067
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (2)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID37562	Induction of aneuploidy in Aspergillus nidulans.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4	Molecular similarity matrices and quantitative structure-activity relationships: a case study with methodological implications.
AID19825	Partition coefficient (logP)	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4	Molecular similarity matrices and quantitative structure-activity relationships: a case study with methodological implications.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (87)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	17 (19.54)	18.7374
1990's	24 (27.59)	18.2507
2000's	14 (16.09)	29.6817
2010's	25 (28.74)	24.3611
2020's	7 (8.05)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 41.72

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	41.72 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.51 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.82 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	59.85 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (41.72)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	3 (3.33%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	87 (96.67%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	1.98	1	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	1.96	1	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	7.42	2	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	1.96	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.17	1	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	1.96	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.21	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.42	2	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	1.99	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	1.99	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.11	1	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
bromoform bromoform: structure	6.37	51	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.09	5	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.05	1	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	6.23	45	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
hexachloroethane [no description available]	1.98	1	chlorocarbon; chloroethanes	carcinogenic agent; refrigerant
bromoacetate [no description available]	2.17	1	carboxylic acid; organohalogen compound
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.4	2	chloroethanes	polar solvent
bromoethane bromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying a bromo substituent. It is an alkylating agent used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses.	1.98	1	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; refrigerant; solvent
bromochloromethane bromochloromethane: inhibitor of ruminal methane production. bromochloromethane : A halomethane that is chloromethane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom.	2.44	2	halomethane
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.39	2	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
bromodichloromethane bromodichloromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. bromodichloromethane : A halomethane that is dichloromethane in which oneof the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom. It occurs as a contaminant in drinking water.	6.6	65	halomethane	environmental contaminant; reagent
1,1-dichloroethane [no description available]	1.98	1	organochlorine compound
vinylidene chloride vinylidene chloride: potent hepatotoxin. 1,1-dichloroethene : A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene in which both of the hydrogens attached to one of the carbons are replaced by chlorines.	1.98	1	chloroethenes	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite; mutagen
iodoform [no description available]	2.21	1	iodomethanes
bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.	2.38	2
trichlorofluoromethane trichlorofluoromethane: refrigerant, aerosol propellant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trichlorofluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.	1.98	1	chlorofluorocarbon; halomethane	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; NMR solvent; refrigerant
pentachloroethane [no description available]	1.98	1	chloroethanes	non-polar solvent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.74	3	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene dichloride propylene dichloride: Russian drug; structure. 1,2-dichloropropane : A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.	1.98	1	chloroalkane; volatile organic compound
2,3-dichloro-1-propene 2,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant	1.98	1
1,1,2-trichloroethane 1,1,2-trichloroethane: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 1,1,2-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.	1.98	1	chloroethanes
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	8.1	5	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: see also record for tetrachloroethane. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.	1.98	1	chloroethanes
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
n,n-diethyl 4-phenylenediamine N,N-diethyl 4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1
1,2,3-trichloropropane [no description available]	1.98	1	organochlorine compound
1-bromo-2-chloroethane 1-bromo-2-chloroethane : A haloalkane that is bromoethane substituted by chlorine at position 2.	1.98	1	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	mutagen
butyl bromide [no description available]	1.98	1
butyl chloride butyl chloride: structure	1.98	1
benzyl acetate benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.	2.01	1	acetate ester; benzyl ester	metabolite
1,3-dichloropropane 1,3-dichloropropane : A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by a chlorine.	1.98	1	chloroalkane; chlorohydrocarbon	environmental contaminant; nematicide
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	1.98	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
1-chloro-2-methylpropene [no description available]	1.98	1	organochlorine compound
1-chlorohexane [no description available]	1.98	1
3-chloro-2-methylprop-1-ene [no description available]	1.98	1	organochlorine compound
2,2-dichloropropane 2,2-dichloropropane: a water pollutant	1.98	1
1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane: see also record for tetrachloroethane	1.98	1	chloroethanes
dibromoacetic acid dibromoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.	2.53	2	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; marine metabolite
dichloroacetonitrile dichloroacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source	2.41	2	aliphatic nitrile
p-chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride p-chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride: structure in first source	2.01	1
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2	1	diatomic bromine
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.76	10	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.02	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
chloramine [no description available]	2.21	1	halide
fluorides [no description available]	2.31	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.53	2	benzenes; phenyl acetates
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	8.11	5	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.1	1	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.07	1
bilirubin [no description available]	2.6	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.5	2	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.07	1	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bromate sodium bromate : An inorganic sodium salt having bromate as the counterion.	2.1	1	bromate salt; inorganic sodium salt	nephrotoxin; oxidising agent
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.5	2
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.96	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Aneuploid [description not available]	1.98	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.34	6
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.6	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.6	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.61	2
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.25	1
Complications, Labor [description not available]	2.25	1
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.25	1
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.17	1
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.17	1
Harelip [description not available]	2.17	1
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.17	1
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	2.17	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.59	2
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	2.17	1
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.17	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.21	5
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.21	5
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.21	1
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.1	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.37	2
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.37	2
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.37	2
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.07	5
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	1.99	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.67	3
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	1.99	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.67	3
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.91	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	1.98	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	1.97	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	1.97	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	1.97	1
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	1.96	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	1.96	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	1.96	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	1.96	1

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