Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranyl diphosphate. [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-5122]
The geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process is a key pathway in the production of terpenes, a large and diverse class of organic compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Terpenes play a wide range of roles in biological systems, including serving as pigments, hormones, and defense compounds.
The biosynthesis of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) begins with the condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to form dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase.
Next, DMAPP and another molecule of IPP are combined by the enzyme geranyl diphosphate synthase to form GPP. This reaction involves a series of steps, including:
* Formation of a carbocation intermediate
* Addition of IPP to the carbocation
* Loss of a proton to form GPP
GPP is a precursor to many other terpenes, including monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), and triterpenes (C30). These terpenes are synthesized by different enzymes that use GPP as a starting material.
For example, monoterpenes are formed by the addition of one molecule of IPP to GPP. Sesquiterpenes are formed by the addition of two molecules of IPP to GPP. And so on.
The geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process is a highly regulated pathway that is essential for the production of a wide range of terpenes. This pathway is also a target for the development of new drugs and agricultural chemicals.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Farnesyl diphosphate synthase | A farnesyl diphosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli K-12. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P22939] | Escherichia coli K-12 |
| Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase | A farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14324] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase | A geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O95749] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| diphosphoric acid | diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid. | acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| alendronate | alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups. | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound | bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor |
| incadronate | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | ||
| pamidronate | phosphonoacetic acid | ||
| risedronic acid | Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION. | pyridines | |
| isopentenyladenosine | Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group. | N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite |
| 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylidine-1,1-bisphosphonate | 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylidine-1,1-bisphosphonate: inhibits hypercalciuria | ||
| ibandronic acid | Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | ||
| salvin | salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae) | abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid | angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| zoledronic acid | zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS. | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles | bone density conservation agent |
| 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate | 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | |
| ne 58051 | NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source | ||
| ym 529 | YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source | ||
| aminobutane bisphosphonate | aminobutane bisphosphonate: may be useful measure for controlling hypercalcemia in patients with carcinoma | ||
| bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin | bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin: structure given in first source; a platelet activating factor antagonist | ||
| 2-(5-Chlorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)acetic acid | 1-benzothiophenes | ||
| 1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate | |||
| cimadronate | cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source | ||
| 1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate | |||
| carnosol | carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata | diterpenoid | |
| farnesyl pyrophosphate | 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate. farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | farnesyl diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| sq 109 | N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity | ||
| ne 21650 | NE 21650: inhibits isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; structure in first source | ||
| ne 10790 | |||
| digeranyl bisphosphonate | digeranyl bisphosphonate: structure in first source | ||
| alendronate sodium |