Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues. [ISBN:0198547684]
Isoprenoids are a diverse class of organic molecules that play vital roles in all living organisms. They are derived from the five-carbon precursor isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). The isoprenoid metabolic process encompasses the biosynthesis, modification, and degradation of isoprenoids.
**Biosynthesis:**
* **Mevalonate pathway:** This is the classical pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis found in most eukaryotes and some bacteria. It begins with the condensation of acetyl-CoA to form mevalonic acid, which is subsequently phosphorylated and decarboxylated to produce IPP and DMAPP.
* **Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway:** This alternative pathway is found in bacteria, plastids of plants, and some algae. It utilizes pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as starting materials and proceeds through a series of enzymatic steps to produce IPP and DMAPP.
**Modification:**
* **Prenylation:** IPP and DMAPP are used as building blocks for the synthesis of longer isoprenoids. They are linked together by prenyltransferases, which catalyze the formation of C10, C15, C20, and other isoprenoids.
* **Cyclization:** Many isoprenoids undergo cyclization reactions to form complex ring structures. These reactions are catalyzed by various enzymes, including cyclases and isomerases.
* **Oxidation and reduction:** Isoprenoids can be modified by oxidation, reduction, and other reactions to generate a wide array of functional groups.
**Degradation:**
* Isoprenoids can be degraded through various enzymatic pathways. The degradation products can be used as precursors for other metabolic pathways or excreted as waste products.
**Biological Functions:**
* **Steroids:** Cholesterol, a major component of cell membranes, is an important isoprenoid. Other steroids, such as hormones like estrogen and testosterone, are also derived from isoprenoids.
* **Carotenoids:** These pigments are essential for photosynthesis and act as antioxidants. Examples include beta-carotene and lycopene.
* **Terpenes:** These volatile compounds are found in plants and contribute to their scents and flavors. Examples include menthol and limonene.
* **Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q):** An essential electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
* **Dolichol:** A long-chain isoprenoid involved in protein glycosylation.
* **Prenylated proteins:** These proteins are modified by the attachment of isoprenoids, which can affect their localization, function, and stability.
The isoprenoid metabolic process is highly regulated and interconnected with other metabolic pathways. It is essential for a wide range of biological functions, including cell growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase | A geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O95749] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
alendronate | alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups. | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound | bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor |
pamidronate | phosphonoacetic acid | ||
risedronic acid | Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION. | pyridines | |
ibandronic acid | Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | ||
zoledronic acid | zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS. | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles | bone density conservation agent |
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate | 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | |
ne 58051 | NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source | ||
ym 529 | YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source | ||
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate | |||
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate | |||
farnesyl pyrophosphate | 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate. farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | farnesyl diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
sq 109 | N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity | ||
digeranyl bisphosphonate | digeranyl bisphosphonate: structure in first source |