Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-5120]
The geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) biosynthetic process is a crucial step in the production of isoprenoids, a vast and diverse class of organic molecules with essential roles in various cellular functions. GGPP is a 20-carbon isoprenoid that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of a wide range of biologically active compounds, including sterols, carotenoids, and ubiquinone.
The biosynthesis of GGPP occurs in the cytoplasm and involves a series of enzymatic reactions that begin with the condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to form geranyl diphosphate (GPP). GPP is then elongated by another IPP molecule to generate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Finally, FPP is further elongated by an additional IPP molecule to produce GGPP.
The key enzymes involved in this process are:
- **Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPPI):** Catalyzes the isomerization of DMAPP to IPP.
- **Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS):** Condenses IPP and DMAPP to form GPP.
- **Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS):** Condenses IPP and GPP to form FPP.
- **Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS):** Condenses IPP and FPP to form GGPP.
GGPP biosynthesis is tightly regulated to ensure the appropriate levels of isoprenoids are produced to meet the cell's needs. Several factors, including the availability of substrates, enzyme activity, and the presence of regulatory proteins, can influence the rate of GGPP synthesis.
Defects in GGPP biosynthesis can lead to various human diseases, including disorders of the nervous system, skeletal system, and cardiovascular system. This highlights the essential role of GGPP in maintaining normal cellular function.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
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Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase | A geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O95749] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
alendronate | alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups. | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound | bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor |
pamidronate | phosphonoacetic acid | ||
risedronic acid | Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION. | pyridines | |
ibandronic acid | Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | ||
zoledronic acid | zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS. | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles | bone density conservation agent |
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate | 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | |
ne 58051 | NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source | ||
ym 529 | YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source | ||
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate | |||
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate | |||
farnesyl pyrophosphate | 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate. farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | farnesyl diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
sq 109 | N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity | ||
digeranyl bisphosphonate | digeranyl bisphosphonate: structure in first source |