Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. [GOC:jl]
The farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process is a crucial metabolic pathway that produces farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a fundamental isoprenoid precursor for various essential biomolecules. The process is initiated with the condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to form geranyl diphosphate (GPP) by the enzyme geranyl diphosphate synthase. This is followed by another condensation reaction involving GPP and another IPP molecule, catalyzed by farnesyl diphosphate synthase, resulting in the production of FPP. The reaction involves the removal of a diphosphate group from IPP and the addition of the isopentenyl moiety to the GPP molecule. The entire process can be summarized as follows:
IPP + IPP → GPP
GPP + IPP → FPP
FPP serves as a central building block for a plethora of biomolecules, including:
* **Steroids:** FPP is a precursor for cholesterol biosynthesis, which is essential for cell membrane structure and function, as well as the synthesis of steroid hormones.
* **Ubiquinone:** FPP contributes to the biosynthesis of ubiquinone, a critical component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria, vital for cellular respiration and energy production.
* **Dolichol:** FPP is involved in the synthesis of dolichol, a lipid carrier essential for protein glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
* **Prenylated proteins:** FPP is used for the prenylation of proteins, a process that modifies proteins by attaching an isoprenoid group to their cysteine residues. This modification can alter protein localization, stability, and interactions with other molecules.
Farnesyl diphosphate biosynthesis is tightly regulated by a complex interplay of enzymatic activity, substrate availability, and cellular demands. Dysregulation of this pathway can lead to various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the intricate details of FPP biosynthesis and its downstream metabolic routes is essential for developing therapeutic strategies targeting these conditions.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Farnesyl diphosphate synthase | A farnesyl diphosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli K-12. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P22939] | Escherichia coli K-12 |
| Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase | A farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14324] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase | A geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O95749] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| diphosphoric acid | diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid. | acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| alendronate | alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups. | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound | bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor |
| incadronate | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | ||
| pamidronate | phosphonoacetic acid | ||
| risedronic acid | Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION. | pyridines | |
| isopentenyladenosine | Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group. | N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite |
| 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylidine-1,1-bisphosphonate | 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylidine-1,1-bisphosphonate: inhibits hypercalciuria | ||
| ibandronic acid | Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | ||
| salvin | salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae) | abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid | angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| zoledronic acid | zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS. | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles | bone density conservation agent |
| 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate | 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | |
| ne 58051 | NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source | ||
| ym 529 | YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source | ||
| aminobutane bisphosphonate | aminobutane bisphosphonate: may be useful measure for controlling hypercalcemia in patients with carcinoma | ||
| bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin | bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin: structure given in first source; a platelet activating factor antagonist | ||
| 2-(5-Chlorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)acetic acid | 1-benzothiophenes | ||
| 1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate | |||
| cimadronate | cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source | ||
| 1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate | |||
| carnosol | carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata | diterpenoid | |
| farnesyl pyrophosphate | 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate. farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | farnesyl diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| sq 109 | N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity | ||
| ne 21650 | NE 21650: inhibits isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; structure in first source | ||
| ne 10790 | |||
| digeranyl bisphosphonate | digeranyl bisphosphonate: structure in first source | ||
| alendronate sodium |