Toll-like receptor 9

A Toll-like receptor 9 that is encoded in the genome of human. []

Synonyms

Research

Bioassay Publications (1)

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	0 (0.00)	29.6817
2010's	1 (100.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Compounds (1)

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
hydroxychloroquine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1100	1	1

Enables

This protein enables 5 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
interleukin-1 receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to an interleukin-1 receptor. [GOC:go_curators]
siRNA binding	molecular function	Binding to a small interfering RNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by an RNAse enzyme. [PMID:15066275, PMID:15066283]
pattern recognition receptor activity	molecular function	Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:ar, GOC:bf]
protein homodimerization activity	molecular function	Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
unmethylated CpG binding	molecular function	Binding to uan nmethylated CpG motif. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters. [GOC:ai, PMID:10688657]

Located In

This protein is located in 14 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
Golgi membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
extracellular region	cellular component	The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
lysosome	cellular component	A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]
endosome	cellular component	A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
endoplasmic reticulum	cellular component	The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
endosome membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. [GOC:mah]
basolateral plasma membrane	cellular component	The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
apical plasma membrane	cellular component	The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]
early phagosome	cellular component	A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis. [GOC:mah, PMID:12388753]
endolysosome	cellular component	An transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome, and in which active degradation takes place. [GOC:pde, PMID:21878991]
endolysosome membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome. [GOC:pde]

Active In

This protein is active in 3 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
endoplasmic reticulum	cellular component	The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
early endosome membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome. [GOC:pz]
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 46 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
microglial cell activation	biological process	The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:10626665, PMID:10695728, PMID:12580336, PMID:9893949]
regulation of protein phosphorylation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. [GOC:hjd]
toll-like receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447]
positive regulation of immunoglobulin production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. [GOC:add]
regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. [GOC:add]
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway	biological process	A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447]
male gonad development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]
positive regulation of autophagy	biological process	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
positive regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]
maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium	biological process	Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of B cell proliferation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]
detection of molecule of bacterial origin	biological process	The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:add, GOC:rl]
positive regulation of chemokine production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interferon-alpha production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production. [GOC:mah, PMID:15546383]
positive regulation of interferon-beta production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. [GOC:mah, PMID:15546383]
positive regulation of type II interferon production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, PMID:15546383]
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interleukin-12 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interleukin-18 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:10891884, PMID:15560120]
toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 9. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway. [GOC:add, PMID:16551253, PMID:17328678]
defense response to bacterium	biological process	Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. [GOC:jl]
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. [GOC:go_curators]
innate immune response	biological process	Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mtg_sensu]
regulation of B cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
positive regulation of JNK cascade	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. [GOC:bf]
positive regulation of inflammatory response	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai]
defense response to Gram-negative bacterium	biological process	Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
positive regulation of B cell activation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. [GOC:ai]
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0121245462, ISBN:0896039986]
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to metal ion	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB cascade. [GOC:TermGenie]
negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19708671]
cellular response to chloroquine	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chloroquine stimulus. [GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23922869]
positive regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_miRNA, GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23904268]
defense response to virus	biological process	Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030]
canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	biological process	An intracellular signaling cassette characterized by the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, also known as the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. The canonical NF-kappaB pathway is mainly stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, antigen ligands, and toll-like receptors (TLRs). [GOC:bf, PMID:12773372, PMID:34659217]

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