Page last updated: 2024-10-24

dipeptide import across plasma membrane

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of a dipeptide from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [PMID:22226946]

Dipeptide import across the plasma membrane is a crucial process for cells, allowing them to obtain essential amino acids for protein synthesis and other metabolic functions. This process is facilitated by specific transport proteins embedded within the plasma membrane, known as dipeptide transporters. These transporters exhibit high selectivity for dipeptides, which are molecules composed of two amino acids linked together by a peptide bond. The mechanism of dipeptide import involves a series of steps. First, the dipeptide binds to the transporter protein on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. This binding event triggers a conformational change in the transporter, opening a channel that allows the dipeptide to enter the cell. The movement of the dipeptide across the membrane is driven by a concentration gradient, with dipeptides moving from an area of high concentration outside the cell to an area of lower concentration inside the cell. Once the dipeptide has entered the cytoplasm, it is typically hydrolyzed into its constituent amino acids by intracellular peptidases. These amino acids can then be used for various cellular processes, such as protein synthesis, energy production, or biosynthesis of other essential molecules. The efficiency of dipeptide import can be influenced by several factors, including the concentration of dipeptides in the extracellular environment, the activity of the dipeptide transporters, and the presence of inhibitors that can block transporter function. Disruptions in dipeptide import can have significant consequences for cellular health, affecting protein synthesis, metabolic homeostasis, and overall cell survival. This process is essential for maintaining cellular function and is a critical aspect of amino acid metabolism.'
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Proteins (3)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Cystine/glutamate transporterA cystine/glutamate transporter that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UPY5]Homo sapiens (human)
Solute carrier family 15 member 2A solute carrier family 15 member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16348]Homo sapiens (human)
Solute carrier family 15 member 1A solute carrier family 15 member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P46059]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (131)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
aminolevulinic acid5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.

Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.
4-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.

5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid
human metabolite
alanylalaninealanylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomerdipeptide
mesalaminemesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.

Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sulfapyridinesulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.

Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.
pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic
antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazinesulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.

Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)
cephaloridinecefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.

Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial drug
floxuridinefloxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
cysteinecysteine;
cysteine zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
penicillin gbenzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.

Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
cephalothincefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.

Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.
azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
levodopaL-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease

Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.
amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
cloxacillincloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.

Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
oxacillinoxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.

Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.
penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
ampicillinampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.

Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug
penicillin vPenicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.

phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
aminopenicillanic acid6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.

aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids
allergen
glycyl-glycyl-glycineglycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.tripeptide;
tripeptide zwitterion
glycylglycinedipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
human metabolite
levulinic acid4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.

levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316
oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
plant metabolite
dicloxacillindicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.

Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.
dichlorobenzene;
penicillin
antibacterial drug
cyclacillinCyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.penicillinantibacterial drug
floxacillinFloxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.

flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug
cephalexincephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.

Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial drug
cephapirincephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefazolincefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.

Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles
antibacterial drug
amoxicillinamoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.

Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug
cephradinecephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.

Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin
antibacterial drug
methyldopaalpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.

Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
quisqualic acidQuisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
cefmetazolecefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.

Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillinpiperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.

Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug
moxalactammoxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.

Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.
cephalosporin;
oxacephem
antibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrouscefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.

Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrouscefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.

Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
tyrosyltyrosineTyr-Tyr : Tyrosyltyrosine in which each tyrosine residue has L-configuration.

tyrosyltyrosine : A dipeptide comprising tyrosine with a tyrosyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen.

tyrosyltyrosine: RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer
tyrosyltyrosineMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
leucyl-glycyl-glycineLeu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.

leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer
tripeptidemetabolite
glycyl-histidyl-lysineGly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.

glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer
tripeptidechelator;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
vulnerary
leucylleucineLeu-Leu : A dipeptide formed from two L-leucine residues.dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion
human metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
tamifluphosphate salt
leucyl-alanineLeu-Ala : A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-alanine joined by a peptide linkage.dipeptidemetabolite
alanylprolinealanylproline: RN given refers to all (L)-isomerdipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
phenylalanylphenylalanylamide
Trp-TrpTrp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.

tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent
dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
glycyltryptophanGly-Trp : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-tryptophan residues.

glycyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
glycyltyrosineGly-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.dipeptidemetabolite
glycylleucineGly-Leu : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-leucine joined by a peptide linkage.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
alanyltyrosineAla-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of L-alanine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.

alanyltyrosine: tyrosine source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
glycyl-l-phenylalanineGly-Phe : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.

glycylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
human metabolite;
metabolite
glycylsarcosineglycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
alanylphenylalaninealanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L-Ala-L-PheAla)-isomerdipeptidemetabolite
prolyl-glycyl-glycineprolyl-glycyl-glycine: structure given in first sourceoligopeptide
tryptophylglycineTrp-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and glycine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
glycylaspartic acidglycylaspartic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomerdipeptidemetabolite
n-glycylglutamic acidGly-Glu : A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-glutamic acid residues.

N-glycylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
histidylglycineHis-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and glycine residues.

histidylglycine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
histidinoalaninehistidinoalanine: cross-linking amino acid in calcified tissue collagen; RN given refers to (L)-isomerdipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
valylvalineVal-Val : A dipeptide formed from two L-valine residues.

valylvaline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycineTyr-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-tyrosine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.

tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to L-isomer; this may not be the same as IMREG-1
tripeptide;
tripeptide zwitterion
metabolite
glycyl-leucyl-phenylalanineglycyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: an immunostimulatory peptide; RN given refer to all (L)-isomeroligopeptide
lysyllysineLys-Lys : A dipeptide formed from two L-lysine residues.

lysyllysine: RN given refers to (L-Lys)-isomer
dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
alanylglutamic acidalanylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer

L-alanyl-L-glutamic acid : A dipeptide consisting of L-glutamic acid having an L-alanyl attached to its alpha-amino group
dipeptide
prolylargininePro-Arg : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-arginine residues.

prolylarginine: fragment of tuftsin peptide with analgesic action; RN given refers to all L-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
aspartylglycineAsp-Gly : A dipeptide composed of L-aspartic acid and glycine joined by a peptide linkage.dipeptidemetabolite
arginylarginineArg-Arg : A dipeptide formed from two L-arginine residues.dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
prolyl-tyrosinePro-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-tyrosine residues.

prolyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source
dipeptidemetabolite
serine o-sulfateL-serine O-sulfate : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is the O-sulfo derivative of L-serine.

serine O-sulfate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-sulfoamino acid
n-valyltryptophanN-valyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomerpeptide
homocysteic acidhomocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.

homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd

L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.
homocysteic acidNMDA receptor agonist
prolylglutamic acidPro-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamic acid residues.dipeptidemetabolite
carnosinepolaprezinc: stimulates bone growthamino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
cysteinylglycinecysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83

L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutamyl-glutamic acidGlu-Glu : A dipeptide composed of two L-glutamic acid units joined by a peptide linkage.

glutamyl-glutamic acid: RN given for (L,L)-isomer
dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cefoxitincefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.

Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial drug
7-aminocephalosporanic acid7beta-aminocephalosporanic acid : The alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is the active nucleus for the synthesis of cephalosporins and intermediates.alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion
cefamandolecefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.

Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial drug
aspartyl-aspartic acidAsp-Asp : A dipeptide formed from two L-aspartic acid units.

aspartyl-aspartic acid: do not confuse with cyclo(Asp-Asp)
dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cefsulodincefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.

Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.
cephalosporin;
organosulfonic acid;
primary carboxamide
antibacterial drug
n-glycylalanineGly-Ala : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-alanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
glycylprolineGly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
glycyllysineGly-Lys : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-lysine residues.

glycyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
trimethionineoligopeptide
susalimodsusalimod: analogue of sulphasalazine, was designed for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
seryl-prolineSer-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-serine and L-proline residues.dipeptidemetabolite
7432 sceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.

Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.
cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid
antibacterial drug
cefodizimecefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.

cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
cefiximecephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
enalaprilenalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).

Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
alanyl-alanyl-alanineAla-Ala-Ala : A tripeptide composed of three L-alanine units joined by peptide linkages.

alanyl-alanyl-alanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer
tripeptidemetabolite
cefuroxime3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether
drug allergen
ceftriaxone1,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepimecefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.

Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug
hr 810cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.

cefpirome: structure in first source
cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
ceftazidimecephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
alanylalanineL-alanyl-L-alanine : A dipeptide consisting of two L-alanine units joined by a peptide linkage.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
tyrosyl-alanyl-glycinetyrosyl-alanyl-glycine: RN given refers to unlabeled (L-Tyr-D-Ala)-isomer
phenylalanylalaninePhe-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues.

phenylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
acetylalanylalanineacetylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer
alpha-aspartylalaninealpha-aspartylalanine: found in pig brain

Asp-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-valine residues.
dipeptidemetabolite
alanyltyrosineTyr-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
cefotaximecefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.

Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefpodoximecarboxylic acid;
cephalosporin
antibacterial drug
prolylglycineL-prolylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-prolyl group attached to its alpha-amino nitrogen.

prolylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
aspartyllysineAsp-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-lysine residues.

aspartyllysine: from feces of axenic mice
dipeptidemetabolite
arginyllysineArg-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-arginyl and L-leucine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
methampicillinmetampicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido side-group.

methampicillin: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
phenylalanylglycinePhe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.

phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
glutamylalanineGlu-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-glutamyl and L-alanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
phenylalanylphenylalaninePhe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
histidylhistidinehistidylhistidine: RN given for L-,L-isomerdipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylalanyl-valineVal-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-phenylalanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
alanylglycinedipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
valyltyrosineVal-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues.

valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate
dipeptidemetabolite
lysylglutamic acidLys-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-glutamic acid residues.

lysylglutamic acid: a geroprotective agent
dipeptidemetabolite
Ala-LysAla-Lys : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanine with the alpha-amino group of L-lysine.dipeptidemarine metabolite
valyl-valyl-valinepeptide
phenylalanylprolinePhe-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-proline residues.dipeptidemetabolite
lysylglycineLys-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and glycine residues.

lysylglycine: structure in first source
dipeptidemetabolite
glycylhistidineGly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.

glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
isoleucyl-tyrosineIle-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-tyrosine residues.

isoleucyl-tyrosine: a dipeptide with antihypertensive effect
dipeptidemetabolite
prolyl-serinePro-Ser : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-serine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
jbp 485JBP 485: has antihepatitis activity
valyl-prolyl-prolineVal-Pro-Pro : A tripeptide composed of L-valine and two L-proline units joined by peptide linkages.tripeptidemetabolite
prolylvalineVal-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-proline residues.dipeptidemetabolite
isoleucyl-prolyl-prolineoligopeptide
erastinerastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.

erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source
aromatic ether;
diether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinazolines;
tertiary carboxamide
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer;
voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
isoleucyl-valyl-tyrosineoligopeptide
prolyl-prolinePro-Pro : A dipeptide formed from two L-proline residues.dipeptidehuman urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cephapirin sodiumcephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt
antibacterial drug
valtrexorganic molecular entity
valacyclovirValacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.L-valyl esterantiviral drug