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cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway
Definition
Target type: molecularfunction
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:11717445, Wikipedia:Caspase]
Cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway refers to the ability of certain enzymes, specifically those belonging to the caspase family, to cleave peptide bonds within target proteins. These enzymes are crucial mediators of apoptosis, a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death. Caspases are synthesized as inactive pro-caspases and become activated during apoptosis through a cascade of proteolytic events. Activated caspases execute the apoptotic program by cleaving specific substrates, leading to dismantling of the cell.
These substrates include:
- **Structural proteins:** Caspases cleave cytoskeletal proteins, such as actin and lamin, disrupting the cell's structure.
- **DNA repair proteins:** Caspases target proteins involved in DNA repair, contributing to DNA fragmentation.
- **Inhibitors of apoptosis:** Caspases cleave proteins that normally inhibit apoptosis, removing the brakes on the cell death program.
The cleavage of these substrates leads to a series of downstream events, including:
- **Nuclear fragmentation:** Caspase-mediated cleavage of nuclear lamins leads to nuclear envelope breakdown and DNA fragmentation.
- **Cell shrinkage:** Caspases induce cell shrinkage by altering the cytoskeleton and promoting membrane blebbing.
- **Apoptotic body formation:** The cell breaks down into smaller membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies, which are phagocytosed by neighboring cells.
Caspase activation and execution of apoptosis is tightly regulated to prevent uncontrolled cell death. Inappropriate caspase activation can contribute to various diseases, while defects in caspase activity can lead to cancer development.
The specific molecular function of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway is thus the precise cleavage of target proteins by caspases, ultimately leading to the orderly dismantling of the cell. This process ensures that the dying cell does not release potentially damaging cellular contents into the surrounding environment.'
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Proteins (5)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Caspase-2 | A caspase-2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P42575] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Caspase-10 | A caspase-10 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q92851] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Caspase-8 | A caspase-8 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Caspase-9 | A caspase-9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P55211] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Caspase-3 | A caspase-3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:JAN, UniProtKB:P42574] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (36)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid | 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen. | aminobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| spermine | polyazaalkane; tetramine | antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent | |
| 4-biphenylylacetic acid | biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis. | biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| fenbufen | fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd | 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; biphenyls | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ibuprofen | Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
| indoprofen | indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein. Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21) | gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ketoprofen | ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ketorolac | 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively. ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure. Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed) | amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene | stilbenoid | ||
| tiaprofenic acid | tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group. tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione | isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione: structure in first source | ||
| n-methylisatin | N-methylisatin: structure given in first source | ||
| 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one | 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one: a preservative in water-based solutions such as paints, cutting fluids, printing inks, cleaning agents, polyvinyl chloride gloves, etc. benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one : An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion. | organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound | disinfectant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sensitiser; xenobiotic |
| cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous | cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat. tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent | chloride salt; organic chloride salt | antiseptic drug; surfactant |
| etoposide | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor | |
| 2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis-benzoic acid | 2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis-benzoic acid: structure given in first source | ||
| stictic acid | stictic acid: antioxidant from lichen, Usnea articulata; structure in first source | aromatic ether | |
| 1-benzylpiperazine | 1-benzylpiperazine : A tertiary amino compound that is piperazine substituted by a benzyl group at position 1. It is a serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug. 1-benzylpiperazine: possesses psychomotor stimulant activity similar to dextroamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | N-alkylpiperazine | environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic |
| pralnacasan | pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source | ||
| naproxen | naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2h)-one | 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2H)-one: structure given in first source; sulfur analog of ebselen | ||
| (R)-Roemerine | isoquinoline alkaloid | ||
| 1,3(2h,4h)-isoquinolinedione | 1,3(2H,4H)-isoquinolinedione: structure in first source | ||
| acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal | Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7. acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor | tetrapeptide | protease inhibitor |
| 1,6-dimethyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione | pyrimidotriazine | ||
| 1,6-dimethyl-3-propylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione | pyrimidotriazine | ||
| 5-Nitroisatin | indoles | anticoronaviral agent | |
| n-acetyltyrosyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl aldehyde | |||
| benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone | cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1). | ||
| benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone | |||
| acetic acid 2-[4-methyl-8-(4-morpholinylsulfonyl)-1,3-dioxo-2-pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolinyl]ethyl ester | pyrroloquinoline | ||
| PF-00835231 | PF-00835231 : A primary alcohol resulting from the cleavage of the phosphate group of the prodrug PF-07304814. It is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 main protease (3CLpro) and exhibits potent in vitro antiviral activity. | aromatic ether; indolecarboxamide; L-leucine derivative; primary alcohol; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor |
| pf 03491390 | |||
| grassystatin a | grassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source | ||
| MK-8353 | MK-8353 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by a 6-(propan-2-yloxy)pyridin-3-yl group at position 3 and by a {[(3S)-3-(methylsulfanyl)-1-(2-{4-[4-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl}-2-oxoethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}amino group at position 5. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of ERK1 and ERK2 in vitro (IC50 values of 23.0 nM and 8.8 nM, respectively). The drug is being developed by Merck Sharp & Dohme and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of advanced/metastatic solid tumors. MK-8353: ERK inhibitor used in oncology | aromatic ether; dihydropyridine; indazoles; methyl sulfide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor |
| 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate |