neural retina development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]

Neural retina development is a complex and intricate process that transforms a simple sheet of undifferentiated cells into the intricate structure of the retina, the light-sensitive layer of the eye. This process involves a series of precisely regulated events, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and axon guidance, all orchestrated by intricate molecular signaling pathways.

The development of the retina begins during embryonic development with the formation of the optic vesicle, an outpouching of the diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain. This vesicle invaginates to form the optic cup, which consists of two layers: the outer layer, which will become the pigmented epithelium, and the inner layer, which will become the neural retina.

The neural retina is further subdivided into five main cell types: photoreceptor cells, which convert light into electrical signals; bipolar cells, which relay these signals to ganglion cells; ganglion cells, which send the signals to the brain via the optic nerve; horizontal cells, which modulate the signals between photoreceptors and bipolar cells; and amacrine cells, which refine the signals between bipolar and ganglion cells.

The development of these different cell types is a complex and highly orchestrated process. It begins with the expression of specific transcription factors, which activate the expression of genes that determine cell fate. These factors also regulate the expression of cell adhesion molecules, which guide the migration and positioning of cells within the retina.

As cells differentiate, they form specific connections with each other, forming the intricate circuitry of the retina. Photoreceptor cells extend axons to the inner nuclear layer, where they synapse with bipolar cells. Bipolar cells then extend axons to the ganglion cell layer, where they synapse with ganglion cells. The axons of ganglion cells then converge to form the optic nerve, which carries visual information to the brain.

The development of the retina is also influenced by environmental cues, including light. Light exposure plays a crucial role in the development of photoreceptor cells, including the formation of their light-sensitive outer segments. This process is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, including the rhodopsin pathway, which is activated by light.

In addition to these fundamental processes, several other factors influence retinal development, including the interaction between the retinal cells and the surrounding tissues, such as the choroid and sclera. The choroid provides blood supply and nutrients to the retina, while the sclera provides structural support.

Disruptions in any of these processes can lead to various retinal diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying neural retina development is crucial for developing effective treatments for these debilitating conditions.

In summary, neural retina development is a complex and fascinating process that involves a series of precisely regulated events, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and axon guidance, all orchestrated by intricate molecular signaling pathways. This process gives rise to the complex and highly organized structure of the retina, enabling us to perceive the world around us.'
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Proteins (3)

Compounds (33)