lignans and Metabolic-Syndrome

This systematic review aimed to appraise and recapitulate all research investigations to elucidate the effects of Sesamum indicum preparations on managing the cardiometabolic syndrome of Diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS).. A systematic review was carried out in a Cochrane fashion and in compliance with the PRISMA checklist using the published academic works in PubMed/MEDLINE, WOS, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases that were searched up to June 2021. Abstracts that met PICO criteria for qualitative studies were duplicate reviewed for data extraction to assess the quality and details of the study.. Sesamum indicum preparations and its bioactive lignans, such as sesamin, sesamol, and pinoresinol, were found to possess anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-hypertensive, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects both in patients with T2DM as well as in experimental animal models with T1DM and MetS. The incorporation of sesame oil as a natural adjuvant can be effective in improving vascular reactivity and aortic permeability, reproductive parameters, and diabetic nephropathy, as well as modification of anthropometry indices. Therefore, sesame oil and bioactive lignans as combination therapy with drugs can exhibit synergistic effects and provide a favorable preference in clinical settings.. Sesame oil and lignans present in it act in a dose-dependent manner. The best dosage to improve risk biomarkers of patients with T2DM and MetS is 30-35 ml daily of sesame oil or inclusion of sesame oil in daily dietary patterns up to 30% of total energy for 8-12 weeks and/or 200 mg daily of sesamin supplementation for eight weeks.

Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Lignans; Metabolic Syndrome; Seeds; Sesame Oil; Sesamum

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is the term for a combination of hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and central obesity as factors leading to cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Epidemiological investigation has shown that polyphenol intake is negatively correlated with the incidence of MS. Natural polyphenols are widely found in cocoa beans, tea, vegetables, fruits, and some Chinese herbal medicines; they are a class of plant compounds containing a variety of phenolic structural units, which are potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in plants. Polyphenols are composed of flavonoids (such as flavanols, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, isoflavones,

Topics: Anthocyanins; Blood Glucose; Humans; Isoflavones; Lignans; Metabolic Syndrome; Polyphenols; Stilbenes; Tea

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an oil-based seed that contains high amounts of alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, lignans, fiber and many other bioactive components which is suggested for a healthier life. Nowadays, flaxseed is known as a remarkable functional food with different health benefits for humans and protects against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity and altogether metabolic syndrome.. To review the bioactive components of flaxseed and their potential health effects, PubMed and Scopus were searched from commencement to July 2019. Keywords including: "flaxseed", "Linum usitatissimum", "metabolic syndrome", "obesity", "inflammation", "insulin resistance", "diabetes", "hyperlipidemia" and "menopause" were searched in the databases with varying combinations.. Consumption of flaxseed in different forms has valuable effects and protects against cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, inflammation and some other complications. Flaxseed can serve as a promising candidate for the management of metabolic syndrome to control blood lipid levels, fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, body weight, waist circumference, body mass and blood pressure.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Drug Discovery; Dyslipidemias; Flax; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Lignans; Lipids; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Plant Extracts; Seeds

A whole-grain (WG)-rich diet has shown to have potential for both prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is a cluster of risk factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Different WGs may have different health effects. WG rye, in particular, may improve glucose homeostasis and blood lipids, possibly mediated through fermentable dietary fiber and lignans. Recent studies have also suggested a crucial role of the gut microbiota in response to WG.. The aim was to investigate WG rye, alone and with lignan supplements [secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG)], and WG wheat diets on glucose tolerance [oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT)], other cardiometabolic outcomes, enterolignans, and microbiota composition. Moreover, we exploratively evaluated the role of gut microbiota enterotypes in response to intervention diets.. Forty men with MetS risk profile were randomly assigned to WG diets in an 8-wk crossover study. The rye diet was supplemented with 280 mg SDG at weeks 4-8. Effects of treatment were evaluated by mixed-effects modeling, and effects on microbiota composition and the role of gut microbiota as a predictor of response to treatment were analyzed by random forest plots.. The WG rye diet (± SDG supplements) did not affect the OGTT compared with WG wheat. Total and LDL cholesterol were lowered (-0.06 and -0.09 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.05) after WG rye compared with WG wheat after 4 wk but not after 8 wk. WG rye resulted in higher abundance of Bifidobacterium [fold-change (FC) = 2.58, P < 0.001] compared with baseline and lower abundance of Clostridium genus compared with WG wheat (FC = 0.54, P = 0.02). The explorative analyses suggest that baseline enterotype is associated with total and LDL-cholesterol response to diet.. WG rye, alone or with SDG supplementation, compared with WG wheat did not affect glucose metabolism but caused transient LDL-cholesterol reduction. The effect of WG diets appeared to differ according to enterotype. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02987595.

Topics: Aged; Bacteria; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Lignans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Secale; Triticum; Whole Grains

The effects of flaxseed lignan (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside [SDG]) intake on hypercholesterolemia and liver disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men were investigated. In a previous study, we reported that SDG attenuates high-fat, diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice. Here, we report a double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men in which we investigated the hypothesis that oral administration of SDG (20 or 100 mg) would decrease the level of blood cholesterol and liver disease risk factors induced by hypercholesterolemia in humans. Thirty men with total cholesterol levels of 4.65 to 6.21 mmol/L (180-240 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to 3 groups; 2 groups received flaxseed lignan capsules (SDG, 20 or 100 mg/d) and the other received placebo capsules for 12 weeks. We found that, compared to the subjects who received placebo, those who received 100 mg of SDG exhibited a significant reduction in the ratio of low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline (P < .05) and at week 12 (P < .05). In addition, in SDG-treated subjects, we also observed a significant percentage decrease in the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase relative to the levels at baseline (P < .01) and a significant percentage decrease in the level of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase relative to the placebo-treated group (P < .05). These results suggest that daily administration of 100 mg SDG can be effective at reducing blood level of cholesterol and hepatic diseases risk in moderately hypercholesterolemic men.

Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Double-Blind Method; Flax; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Lignans; Liver Diseases; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Phytotherapy; Placebos; Plant Extracts; Risk Factors

A randomized double-blind placebo controlled study design was used to assess the effects of flaxseed lignan complex supplementation during exercise training on a metabolic syndrome composite score and osteoporosis risk in older adults. A total of 100 subjects (>or=50 years) were randomized to receive flaxseed lignan (543 mg.day-1 in a 4050 mg complex) or placebo while completing a 6 month walking program (30-60 min.day-1, 5-6 days.week-1). Fasting serum glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were measured every 2 months, while body composition, bone mineral density, and resting blood pressure were assessed at baseline and at 6 months. A composite Z score of 6 risk factors for metabolic syndrome (fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, TAG, abdominal adiposity, blood pressure, and inflammatory cytokines) was calculated at baseline and at 6 months. Men taking placebo increased metabolic syndrome composite Z score (p < 0.05), but there were no changes in the other groups. A significant group x sex x time interaction was noted for TAG (p = 0.017) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.046), with men taking flaxseed lignan decreasing diastolic blood pressure relative to men taking placebo, and men taking placebo increasing TAG relative to men taking flax lignan. There were no differences between groups for change in bone measures, body composition, lipoproteins, or cytokines. Males taking the flaxseed lignan complex reduced metabolic syndrome score relative to men taking placebo, but a similar trend was not seen in females. Flaxseed lignan had no effect on bone mineral density or content, body composition, lipoproteins, glucose, or inflammation.

Topics: Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Calcification, Physiologic; Combined Modality Therapy; Cytokines; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Exercise Therapy; Female; Flax; Humans; Lignans; Lipids; Male; Medication Adherence; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome

7-Hydroxymatairesinol (7-HMR) is a plant lignan abundant in various concentrations in plant foods. The objective of this study was to test HMRLignan™, a purified form of 7-HMR, and the corresponding Picea abies extract (total extract P. abies; TEP) as dietary supplements on a background of a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome in mice and in the 3T3-L1 adipogenesis model. Mice, 3 weeks old, were fed a HFD for 60 d. Subgroups were treated with 3 mg/kg body weight 7-HMR (HMRLignan™) or 10 mg/kg body weight TEP by oral administration. 7-HMR and TEP limited the increase in body weight (-11 and -13 %) and fat mass (-11 and -18 %) in the HFD-fed mice. Epididymal adipocytes were 19 and -12 % smaller and the liver was less steatotic (-62 and -65 %). Serum lipids decreased in TEP-treated mice (-11 % cholesterol, -23 % LDL and -15 % TAG) and sugar metabolism was ameliorated by both lignan preparations, as shown by a more than 70 % decrease in insulin secretion and insulin resistance. The expression of several metabolic genes was modulated by the HFD with an effect that was reversed by lignan. In 3T3-L1 cells, the 7-HMR metabolites enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) showed a 40 % inhibition of cell differentiation accompanied by the inhibited expression of the adipogenic genes PPARγ, C/EBPα and aP2. Furthermore, END and ENL caused a 10 % reduction in TAG uptake in HEPA 1-6 hepatoma cells. In conclusion, 7-HMR and TEP reduce metabolic imbalances typical of the metabolic syndrome and obesity in male mice, whereas their metabolites inhibit adipogenesis and lipid uptake in vitro.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; 4-Butyrolactone; Adipogenesis; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Liver; Gene Expression; Insulin Resistance; Lignans; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Picea; Plant Extracts

This study evaluated the protective effect of flaxseed oil (FO) and flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) against oxidative stress in rats with metabolic syndrome (MS). 48 rats were allocated into the following 6 groups: Groups 1 (control), 5 (FO), and 6 (SDG) received water and were treated daily orally with saline, FO, and SDG, respectively. Groups 2 (MS), 3 (MS+FO), and 4 (MS+SDG) received 30% fructose in drinking water for MS induction and were treated daily orally with saline, FO, and SDG, respectively. After 30 d, animals were sacrificed, and blood was collected for biochemical and oxidative analysis. Body weight was recorded weekly. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured before and after treatment. Fructose could produce MS and oxidative stress. FO and SDG prevented changes in SBP, lipids, and glucose. FO and SDG prevented oxidative damage to lipids, and only FO prevented oxidative damage to proteins associated to MS. FO and SDG improved enzymatic antioxidants defenses and reduced glutathione levels, which was greater with SDG. Total polyphenol levels were enhanced in groups that received SDG. Thus, the results of this study demonstrated that treatment with a 30% fructose solution for 30 d is effective for MS induction and the oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of MS induced by fructose-rich diets. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the antioxidant effects attributed to flaxseed are mainly due to its high lignan content especially that of SDG, suggesting that this compound can be used in isolation to prevent oxidative stress associated with MS.. We report that the antioxidant effects attributed to flaxseed are mainly due to its high lignan content, especially that of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. This is significant because suggests that this compound can be used in isolation to prevent oxidative stress associated with MS. Furthermore, this study was the only one to perform a comparison of the abilities of 2 components of flaxseed to protect against oxidative stress in an MS model, which brings a great advance in the medicine's field, since it indicates another alternative for improve the health and the quality of life of patients with this disorder.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Body Weight; Butylene Glycols; Flax; Fructose; Glucose; Glucosides; Humans; Lignans; Linseed Oil; Lipids; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Oxidative Stress; Protective Agents; Quality of Life; Rats

Phyto-oestrogens are a family of plant-derived xeno-oestrogens that have been shown to prevent cancer in some studies. Whether phyto-oestrogen intake affects obesity status in a population is still unclear. In the present cross-sectional study, we examined the association of urinary phyto-oestrogen metabolites with obesity and metabolic parameters in children and adults. Data from 1294 children (age 6-19 years) and from 3661 adults (age ≥ 20 years) who participated in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-10 were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the associations of BMI, waist circumference, serum metabolites (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TAG, fasting glucose and fasting insulin) and the metabolic syndrome with urinary phyto-oestrogen levels. When stratified by age and sex, we found a stronger association (OR 0·30, 95 % CI 0·17, 0·54; P< 0·001) between urinary enterolactone levels and obesity in adult males (age 20-60 years) than in children (age 12-19 years) or the elderly (age >60 years) in the same survey. However, no associations with urinary daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, enterodiol or genistein were found in the overall population. We also found that the elevation of enterolactone levels was inversely associated with TAG levels, fasting glucose levels, fasting insulin levels and the metabolic syndrome in males aged 20-60 years, but positively associated with HDL-cholesterol levels. The present results provide epidemiological evidence that urinary enterolactone is inversely associated with obesity in adult males.

Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Body Mass Index; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Down-Regulation; Female; Humans; Lignans; Logistic Models; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Phytoestrogens; Sex Characteristics; United States; Waist Circumference; Young Adult

The focus was directed to the study of two of the most lignan-rich food sources: sesame and flaxseeds. Recent epidemiological and experimental evidences suggesting that these foods may improve metabolic functions underlying metabolic syndrome (MetS).. To characterize the effect of these oilseeds on metabolic functions, we conducted an experimental study aimed at preventing adiposity and metabolic imbalance in a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MetS. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance test followed by post hoc Bonferroni analysis.. We studied the effect of the oilseeds sesame and flaxseed on metabolic parameters in mice on a HFD. When the HFD was integrated with 20% of sesame or flaxseed flours, the mice showed a decrease in body fat, already at day 15, from time 0. The size of the adipocytes was smaller in epididymal fat, liver steatosis was inhibited, and insulin sensitivity was higher in mice on the supplemented diets. The supplemented diets also resulted in a significant increase in the serum levels of the lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone compared with the controls. The expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response, glucose metabolism, adipose metabolism and nuclear receptor were altered by the oilseed-supplemented diets. Some of the most abundant lignans in these oilseeds were studied in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and were effective in inhibiting adipocyte differentiation at the minimal dose of 1 nM.. The consumption of sesame and flaxseed may be beneficial to decrease metabolic parameters that are generally altered in MetS.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; 4-Butyrolactone; Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Fats; Disease Models, Animal; Insulin Resistance; Lignans; Linseed Oil; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Sesame Oil

The study objective was to evaluate independent and interactive associations of dietary fiber intake and high urinary enterolignans with cardiometabolic risk factors. The analysis included 2260 adults (≥20 y of age) from the 2003-2010 NHANES. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate obesity and clinically defined cardiometabolic risk factors in relation to dietary fiber intake and urinary enterolignan concentrations. Three sets of models were created: 1) independent associations, 2) mutually adjusted associations, and 3) interactions. Models were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, and energy intake. High concentrations were considered to be above the 90th percentile of urinary enterolignan concentrations. Increasing dietary fiber intake was associated with high blood pressure (P = 0.02) and low serum HDL cholesterol (P-trend = 0.03). High urinary enterodiol concentration was not associated with obesity or cardiometabolic risk factors. High urinary enterolactone concentration was inversely associated with obesity (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.66), abdominal obesity (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.87), high serum C-reactive protein (CRP; OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.74), high serum triglycerides (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.61), low serum HDL cholesterol (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.61), and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.74). In mutually adjusted models, enterolactone associations observed in independent models remained similar, but associations for dietary fiber intake were attenuated, with the exception of blood pressure. In interaction models, there were 2 significant interactions: between high urinary enterodiol concentration and dietary fiber intake for high serum CRP (P = 0.04) and high plasma glucose (P = 0.04). Overall, being in the highest 10% of urinary enterolactone concentration was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, independent of dietary fiber intake and enterodiol concentration. Future studies are warranted to evaluate physiologic actions of enterolactone or aspects of the gut microbial profile responsible for lignan metabolism to enterolactone.

Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Dietary Fiber; Female; Humans; Lignans; Logistic Models; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Odds Ratio; Phytoestrogens; Risk Factors; Triglycerides

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between total polyphenol intake, its subclasses (including flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and lignans), and the metabolic syndrome (MetS).. This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative of 2618 adults, aged 19 to 84 years. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire and intakes of total polyphenol and four main subclasses of polyphenol including flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and lignans were determined.. Higher consumption of flavonoid intakes was associated with lower odds of enlarged waist circumference, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, hyperglycemia, hypertension and MetS. Subjects in the highest quartile of lignan intakes had higher odds of having hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Subjects in the highest quartile of stilbene intakes had higher odds of having hypertension.. Intakes of selected subclasses of polyphenol such as flavonoids are associated with a lower prevalence of MetS among Tehranians.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Female; Flavonoids; Health Surveys; Humans; Iran; Lignans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Polyphenols; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Stilbenes; Urban Health; Young Adult

The inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is considered a valid strategy to combat insulin resistance and type II diabetes. We show here that a dichloromethane extract of Ratanhiae radix ( RR_EX) dose-dependently inhibits human recombinant PTP1B in vitro and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in murine myocytes. By determination of the PTP1B inhibiting potential of 11 recently isolated lignan derivatives from RR_EX, the observed activity of the extract could be partly assigned to ratanhiaphenol III. This compound inhibited PTP1B in vitro with an IC (50) of 20.2 µM and dose-dependently increased insulin receptor phosphorylation as well as insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in cultured myotubes. This is the first report to reveal an antidiabetic potential for a constituent of rhatany root, traditionally used against inflammatory disorders, by showing its capability of inhibiting PTP1B.

Topics: Animals; Benzofurans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glucose; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Krameriaceae; Lignans; Metabolic Syndrome; Mice; Muscle Cells; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Plant Roots; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1