Page last updated: 2024-11-02

pirenzepine and Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

pirenzepine has been researched along with Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 in 20 studies

Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The increasing use of olanzapine for treating adolescent patients has brought with it greater awareness of the recognized side effects of this medication, especially weight gain."7.72Hyperglycemia from olanzapine treatment in adolescents. ( Bloch, Y; Gothelf, D; Levkovitz, Y; Mendlovic, S; Ratzoni, G; Vardi, O, 2003)
"The increasing use of olanzapine for treating adolescent patients has brought with it greater awareness of the recognized side effects of this medication, especially weight gain."3.72Hyperglycemia from olanzapine treatment in adolescents. ( Bloch, Y; Gothelf, D; Levkovitz, Y; Mendlovic, S; Ratzoni, G; Vardi, O, 2003)
" However, accumulating evidence suggests that these agents, particularly clozapine and olanzapine, have serious side effects of their own, including weight gain and elevated glucose and triglyceride levels."3.71The effects of novel antipsychotics on glucose and lipid levels. ( Ballon, JS; Boyd, JA; Marder, SR; Meng, LR; Wirshing, DA; Wirshing, WC, 2002)
"Peak plasma glucose in NIDDMs was reduced following pirenzepine (12."2.67Cholinergic blockade with pirenzepine induces dose-related reduction in glucose and insulin responses to a mixed meal in normal subjects and non-insulin dependent diabetics. ( Ara, J; Bevan, JS; Page, MD; Peters, JR; Scanlon, MF, 1991)
"The odds of newly reported type 2 diabetes in patients who received risperidone were not significantly different from those in untreated patients (12-month odds ratio [OR] = 1."1.32Differential effects of antipsychotic agents on the risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with mood disorders. ( Gianfrancesco, F; Grogg, A; Mahmoud, R; Meletiche, D; Wang, RH, 2003)
"Patients reporting preexisting type 2 diabetes up to 8 months prior to observation were excluded."1.31Differential effects of risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, and conventional antipsychotics on type 2 diabetes: findings from a large health plan database. ( Gianfrancesco, FD; Grogg, AL; Mahmoud, RA; Nasrallah, HA; Wang, RH, 2002)
"A 45-year-old man with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus experienced an abrupt worsening of his diabetes after 3 years of olanzapine therapy His hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level rose from a baseline of 5."1.31Dramatic worsening of type 2 diabetes mellitus due to olanzapine after 3 years of therapy. ( Bechara, CI; Goldman-Levine, JD, 2001)

Research

Studies (20)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's5 (25.00)18.2507
2000's15 (75.00)29.6817
2010's0 (0.00)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Spivak, B1
Alamy, SS1
Jarskog, LF1
Sheitman, BB1
Lieberman, JA1
Wirshing, DA2
Boyd, JA1
Meng, LR1
Ballon, JS1
Marder, SR2
Wirshing, WC2
Gianfrancesco, FD1
Grogg, AL1
Mahmoud, RA1
Wang, RH2
Nasrallah, HA1
Issa, BG1
Davies, N1
Hood, K1
Premawardhana, LD1
Peters, JR2
Scanlon, MF2
Bloch, Y1
Vardi, O1
Mendlovic, S1
Levkovitz, Y1
Gothelf, D1
Ratzoni, G1
Gianfrancesco, F1
Grogg, A1
Mahmoud, R1
Meletiche, D1
Béliard, S1
Valero, R1
Vialettes, B1
Wetterling, T1
Martina, V1
Pontiroli, AE1
Tagliabue, M1
Calderara, A1
Maccario, M1
Pacchioni, M1
Bertaina, S1
Bruno, G1
Pozza, G1
Camanni, F1
Spellberg, BJ1
Erhart, SM1
Ter Braak, GI1
Fertig, MK1
Brooks, VG1
Shelton, PS1
English, CW1
Mir, S1
Taylor, D1
Dervaux, A1
Mascarenhas, N1
Lambolez, T1
Ananth, J1
Gunatilake, S1
Aquino, S1
Bach, V1
Costa, J1
Littrell, KH1
Petty, RG1
Peabody, CD1
Hilligoss, NM1
Johnson, CG1
Bechara, CI1
Goldman-Levine, JD1
Sernyak, MJ1
Leslie, DL1
Alarcon, RD1
Losonczy, MF1
Rosenheck, R1
Opp, D1
Hildebrandt, C1
Bevan, JS1
Ara, J1
Page, MD1

Clinical Trials (4)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
An Open Label Trial of Ziprasidone as an Adjuvant for Clozapine- or Olanzapine-Associated Diabetes Mellitus or Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chronic Schizophrenia[NCT00351000]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Individuals With Tourette's Syndrome[NCT00529308]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Aripiprazole for Clozapine Associated Medical Morbidity[NCT00345033]Phase 438 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Rosiglitazone for Clozapine Induced Glucose Metabolism Impairment: Bergman's Minimal Model Analysis[NCT00337350]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Change From Baseline in Fasting Glucose

Subjects on clozapine with adjunctive ziprasidone were compared to subjects on olanzapine with adjunctive ziprasidone on change in fasting glucose levels from baseline to study endpoint (week 6 - baseline) (NCT00351000)
Timeframe: baseline, week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Clozapine Treatment With Adjunctive Ziprasidone5
Olanzapine Treatment With Adjunctive Ziprasidone-4.5

Change From Baseline on Fasting Insulin

Subjects on clozapine with adjunctive ziprasidone were compared to subjects on olanzapine with adjunctive ziprasidone on change in fasting insulin levels from baseline to study endpoint (week 6 - baseline) (NCT00351000)
Timeframe: baseline, week 6

InterventionmicroIU/L (Mean)
Clozapine Treatment With Adjunctive Ziprasidone1
Olanzapine Treatment With Adjunctive Ziprasidone-0.9

"Number of Patients With Improved or Minimally Improved in Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI) Scale"

"The CGI-I is a clinician-rated scales that have been used in clinical trials for over 25 years. Clinicians rate patient improvement compared to baseline. By convention, 4 = No Change; scores of 5, 6, and 7 move in the direction of worsening; scores of 3, 2, and 1 correspond to Minimal Improvement, Much Improved or Very Much Improved, respectively. CGI-I ratings of Much or Very Much Improved at post-treatment are used to identify treatment responders." (NCT00529308)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active2
Sham8

"Number of Patients With Much Improved or Very Much Improved on Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI) Scale"

"The CGI-I is a clinician-rated scales that have been used in clinical trials for over 25 years. Clinicians rate patient improvement compared to baseline. By convention, 4 = No Change; scores of 5, 6, and 7 move in the direction of worsening; scores of 3, 2, and 1 correspond to Minimal Improvement, Much Improved or Very Much Improved, respectively. CGI-I ratings of Much or Very Much Improved at post-treatment are used to identify treatment responders." (NCT00529308)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active1
Sham0

Motor Cortex Excitability Normalization-Left Motor Threshold

Motor Threshold (MT) is thought to be a measure of membrane excitability in pyramidal neurons. MT is defined as the minimum magnetic flux needed to elicit a threshold EMG response (50 µV in peak to peak amplitude) in a resting target muscle in 5 out of 10 trials using single pulse TMS administered to the contralateral primary motor cortex. MT for both right and left hand are determined, and the lowest is used to select the intensity for rTMS. (NCT00529308)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

InterventionµV (Mean)
Active56.5
Sham63.8

Motor Cortex Excitability Normalization-Right Motor Threshold

Motor Threshold (MT) is thought to be a measure of membrane excitability in pyramidal neurons. MT is defined as the minimum magnetic flux needed to elicit a threshold EMG response (50 µV in peak to peak amplitude) in a resting target muscle in 5 out of 10 trials using single pulse TMS administered to the contralateral primary motor cortex. MT for both right and left hand are determined, and the lowest is used to select the intensity for rTMS. (NCT00529308)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

InterventionµV (Mean)
Active56
Sham59.8

Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (Y-GTSS)

Y-GTSS is a clinician-rated scale used to assess tic severity. Motor and phonic tics are rated separately from 0 to 5 on several scales including number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference. Thus Motor and Phonic Tic scores can range from 0 to 25; the combined Total Tic Score ranges from 0 to 50. There is also an Impairment score that rates the overall burden due to tics. The Impairment scale yields a single score from 0 to 50 with higher scores indicating higher levels of overall impairment associated with tics. (NCT00529308)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Active29.5
Sham31.5

Change in Body Mass Index (BMI)

A comparison between aripiprazole group and placebo group of change in Body Mass Index (BMI) measured at Baseline and Week 8. (NCT00345033)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 8

Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
Aripiprazole-0.52
Placebo0.03

Change in Glucose Metabolism

A comparison between the aripiprazole group and placebo group in change in glucose metabolism measured at Baseline and Week 8. (NCT00345033)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 8

Interventionmin^-1 (Mean)
Aripiprazole0.003
Placebo-0.005

Change in Insulin Resistance

A comparison between aripiprazole group and placebo group of change in insulin resistance measured at Baseline and Week 8. (NCT00345033)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 8

InterventionHOMA score (Mean)
Aripiprazole0.6
Placebo0.65

Change in Total Cholesterol

A comparison of aripiprazole group and placebo group in change in total cholesterol measured at Baseline and Week 8. (NCT00345033)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 8

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Aripiprazole-15.3
Placebo5.6

Change in Triglycerides

(NCT00345033)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 8

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Aripiprazole-5.9
Placebo-7.3

Change in Weight

A comparison between aripiprazole group and placebo group in change in weight measured at Baseline and Week 8. (NCT00345033)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 8

Interventionkg (Mean)
Aripiprazole-1.5
Placebo0.3

Change From Baseline in Acute Insulin Response to Glucose (AIRG)

Acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) was assessed using a Frequently Sampled Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (FSIVGTT), performed at Baseline and at week 8 (study endpoint). Subjects in the Rosiglitazone treatment arm were compared to subjects in the placebo treatment arm on their change in SG between Baseline and week 8. AIRG was calculated from plasma glucose and serum insulin values using the MINMOD Millennium computer program. AIRG measures the acute(0-10 min) beta cell response to a glucose load calculated by the areas under the curve higher than basal insulin values. The AIRG was assessed as the incremental area under the curve (calculated by the trapezoid rule) from 0 to 10 min of the FSIVGTT. (NCT00337350)
Timeframe: baseline, week 8

InterventionUnits/mL per 10 minutes (Mean)
Rosiglitazone-151
Placebo19

Change From Baseline in Insulin Sensitivity

Insulin Sensitivity (IS) was assessed using a Frequently Sampled Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (FSIVGTT), performed at Baseline and at week 8 (study endpoint). Subjects in the Rosiglitazone treatment arm were compared to subjects in the placebo treatment arm on their change in IS between Baseline and week 8. SI was calculated from plasma glucose and serum insulin values using the MINMOD Millennium computer program. SI represents the increase in net fractional glucose clearance rate per unit change in serum insulin concentration after the intravenous glucose load (microUnits/mL). (NCT00337350)
Timeframe: baseline, week 8

InterventionmicroUnits/mL (Mean)
Rosiglitazone3.2
Placebo0.4

Change From Baseline on Glucose Utilization (SG)

Glucose utilization (SG) was assessed using a Frequently Sampled Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (FSIVGTT), performed at Baseline and at week 8 (study endpoint). Subjects in the Rosiglitazone treatment arm were compared to subjects in the placebo treatment arm on their change in SG between Baseline and week 8. SG was calculated from plasma glucose and serum insulin values using the MINMOD Millennium computer program. SG represents the net fractional glucose clearance rate because of the increase in glucose independent of any increase in circulating insulin concentrations above baseline. (NCT00337350)
Timeframe: baseline, week 8

Interventionmin^-1 (Mean)
Rosiglitazone.002
Placebo-0.01

Reviews

2 reviews available for pirenzepine and Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

ArticleYear
[Type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Side effects of "Atypical" neuroleptics?].
    Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983), 2003, Jul-15, Volume: 98, Issue:7

    Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Body Weight; Clozapine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hy

2003
Atypical antipsychotics and hyperglycaemia.
    International clinical psychopharmacology, 2001, Volume: 16, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Clozapine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dia

2001

Trials

3 trials available for pirenzepine and Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

ArticleYear
Effect of 2-week treatment with pirenzepine on fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
    Diabetes care, 2003, Volume: 26, Issue:5

    Topics: Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Fasting; Humans;

2003
Pirenzepine decreases basal and stimulated GH secretion in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
    Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 1994, Volume: 26, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Arginine; Blood Glucose; Circadian Rhythm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Fe

1994
Cholinergic blockade with pirenzepine induces dose-related reduction in glucose and insulin responses to a mixed meal in normal subjects and non-insulin dependent diabetics.
    Clinical endocrinology, 1991, Volume: 35, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Circadian Rhythm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dose-Respo

1991

Other Studies

15 other studies available for pirenzepine and Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

ArticleYear
Ziprasidone alternative for olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia.
    The American journal of psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 159, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Male

2002
The effects of novel antipsychotics on glucose and lipid levels.
    The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 63, Issue:10

    Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL

2002
The effects of novel antipsychotics on glucose and lipid levels.
    The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 63, Issue:10

    Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL

2002
The effects of novel antipsychotics on glucose and lipid levels.
    The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 63, Issue:10

    Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL

2002
The effects of novel antipsychotics on glucose and lipid levels.
    The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 63, Issue:10

    Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL

2002
Differential effects of risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, and conventional antipsychotics on type 2 diabetes: findings from a large health plan database.
    The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 63, Issue:10

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Clozapine; Comorbidity; Confidence Inte

2002
Hyperglycemia from olanzapine treatment in adolescents.
    Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2003,Spring, Volume: 13, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female;

2003
Differential effects of antipsychotic agents on the risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with mood disorders.
    Clinical therapeutics, 2003, Volume: 25, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Data Collection; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Hu

2003
Atypical neuroleptics and diabetes.
    Diabetes & metabolism, 2003, Volume: 29, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Clozapine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Pro

2003
Novel antipsychotics and new onset diabetes.
    Biological psychiatry, 1998, Oct-15, Volume: 44, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Clozapine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Male; Mi

1998
[The hyperglycemic dehydration syndrome].
    Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1998, Oct-10, Volume: 142, Issue:41

    Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Benzodiazepines; Clomipramine; Dehydration; Depressive Disorder; Diabe

1998
Hyperglycemia associated with olanzapine.
    The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1998, Volume: 59, Issue:12

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;

1998
[Importance of blood glucose level when starting antipsychotic treatment].
    Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 2001, Sep-22, Volume: 30, Issue:26

    Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Mid

2001
Are African American patients at a higher risk for olanzapine-induced glucose intolerance?
    Psychopharmacology, 2001, Volume: 157, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Black People; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

2001
Treatment of preexisting diabetes with olanzapine.
    The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2001, Volume: 62, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Clozapine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Administrat

2001
Dramatic worsening of type 2 diabetes mellitus due to olanzapine after 3 years of therapy.
    Pharmacotherapy, 2001, Volume: 21, Issue:11

    Topics: Benzodiazepines; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Progression; Humans; Hyperglycemi

2001
Association of diabetes mellitus with use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia.
    The American journal of psychiatry, 2002, Volume: 159, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Aged; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Clozapi

2002
Olanzapine-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Schizophrenia research, 2002, Jul-01, Volume: 56, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Bipolar Disorder; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type

2002