Page last updated: 2024-10-24

glutathione-disulfide reductase (NADPH) activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+. [PMID:36771108, RHEA:11740]

Glutathione-disulfide reductase (NADPH) activity is a crucial enzymatic function that reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to its reduced form, glutathione (GSH), utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. This reaction plays a vital role in maintaining the cellular redox balance, protecting cells from oxidative stress, and supporting various cellular processes.

Specifically, glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) catalyzes the following reaction:

GSSG + NADPH + H+ u003c=u003e 2GSH + NADP+

The enzyme binds both GSSG and NADPH, forming a ternary complex. NADPH then donates electrons to the FAD cofactor within the active site of GSR, reducing it to FADH2. FADH2 then reduces the disulfide bond in GSSG, generating two molecules of GSH. This process is essential for maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis, as GSH is a critical antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and detoxifies harmful substances.

Furthermore, GSH is involved in numerous cellular processes, including DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and immune response. Thus, GSR activity plays a critical role in maintaining cellular health and function.'
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Proteins (1)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrialA glutathione reductase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00390]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (24)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
quinacrinequinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.

Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.
acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.

4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source
1,2,5-oxadiazole;
benzenes;
N-oxide;
nitrile
geroprotector;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
carmustinecarmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.

Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound
alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
ketotifenketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.

Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.
cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound
anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.1,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
nifedipineNifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
lysineL-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.

lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.

Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid
algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylene bluemethylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.

Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.
organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
nitrobenzenenitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
phenyramidolphenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicityaminopyridine
diallyl trisulfideorganic trisulfideanti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
insecticide;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
glutamic acidglutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.

Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid
Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
cefoperazonecefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.

Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug
10-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3-methylflavin10-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3-methylflavin: structure given in first source
3-anilino-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-propanonearomatic ketone
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ellagic acidcatechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol
antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
ajoeneajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase.sulfoxide
cefuroxime3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether
drug allergen
ceftriaxone1,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ceftizoximecephalosporinantibacterial drug
chlorhexidinechlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.

Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.
biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes
antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mobicmeloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.

Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.
1,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide
analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flavellagic acidflavellagic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure