Page last updated: 2024-10-24
azurophil granule membrane
Definition
Target type: cellularcomponent
The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid. [GOC:bf, PMID:17152095]
The azurophil granule membrane, also known as the primary granule membrane, is a specialized membrane compartment found within neutrophils, a type of white blood cell crucial for innate immunity. These granules are characterized by their dense, azurophilic staining properties due to the presence of various enzymes and antimicrobial proteins. The membrane itself plays a critical role in the biogenesis, maturation, and eventual release of these granules. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, similar to other cellular membranes, but with a distinct protein composition that reflects its specialized functions.
The azurophil granule membrane is enriched in several key proteins, including:
* **Myeloperoxidase (MPO):** A heme-containing enzyme that generates highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hypochlorous acid, which have potent antimicrobial activity.
* **Lysozyme:** A hydrolytic enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls, contributing to the bactericidal activity of neutrophils.
* **Defensins:** Small, cationic peptides that disrupt bacterial membranes, leading to their destruction.
* **Neutrophil elastase:** A serine protease that degrades extracellular matrix components, facilitating neutrophil migration and tissue remodeling.
* **Cathepsin G:** Another serine protease involved in the degradation of proteins and the activation of other proteolytic enzymes.
* **Proteinase 3:** A serine protease with antimicrobial activity and potential involvement in inflammatory responses.
These proteins are embedded within the membrane and are often associated with specific lipid domains or microdomains. The membrane also contains various receptors and signaling molecules that facilitate the regulated release of granule contents upon activation.
During neutrophil maturation, azurophil granules undergo a complex process of biogenesis and trafficking. The membrane components are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they are assembled into nascent granules. These granules then mature and acquire their characteristic content. Upon neutrophil activation, the azurophil granules fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular space. This process, known as degranulation, is a critical step in the neutrophil's antimicrobial response and contributes to the resolution of inflammation.
In summary, the azurophil granule membrane is a highly specialized structure that plays a crucial role in the storage, maturation, and release of antimicrobial proteins. Its distinct protein composition and regulated fusion with the plasma membrane contribute to the neutrophil's ability to effectively combat infection and maintain tissue homeostasis.'
"
Proteins (20)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Nicastrin | A nicastrin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q92542] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1 | A solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6ZQN7] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor | A C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q16581] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Presenilin-1 | A presenilin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P49768] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase | A lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P42785] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| fMet-Leu-Phe receptor | An fMet-Leu-Phe receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P21462] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 | A microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10620] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase | A lysosomal alpha-glucosidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10253] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Prosaposin | A prosaposin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07602] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 | An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DAN] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Nicastrin | A nicastrin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q92542] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1 | A solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q6ZQN7] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor | A C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q16581] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Presenilin-1 | A presenilin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P49768] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase | A lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P42785] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| fMet-Leu-Phe receptor | An fMet-Leu-Phe receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P21462] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 | A microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10620] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase | A lysosomal alpha-glucosidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10253] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Prosaposin | A prosaposin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07602] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 | An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DAN] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (91)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| tocopheroxy radical | tocopheroxy radical: RN given refers to radical ion (1+), (2R-(2R*(4R*,8R*)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/90 | tocopherol | |
| 7-amino-4-chloro-3-methoxy-2-benzopyran-1-one | isocoumarins | ||
| n-methyldeoxynojirimycin | N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin : A hydroxypiperidine that is duvoglustat in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a methyl group. It is an inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase, an agonist of the glucose sensor SGLT3 and exhibits anti-HIV activity. | ||
| sulfinpyrazone | Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. | pyrazolidines; sulfoxide | uricosuric drug |
| 2,4-thiazolidinedione | 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4. thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source | thiazolidenedione | |
| thyroxine | thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine; thyroxine zwitterion | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| triiodothyronine | 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3. | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| phencyclidine | phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. | benzenes; piperidines | anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug |
| methyl acetoacetate | methyl acetoacetate: structure | oxo carboxylic acid | |
| diethyl malonate | diethyl malonate: isomer of diethylmalonic acid; one of most used compounds in drug synthesis, don't confuse with ethylmalonic acid | dicarboxylic acid | |
| orcinol | orcinol : A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl. orcinol: used as reagent for pentoses, lignin, beet sugar, saccharoses, arabinose & diastase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 5-alkylresorcinol; dihydroxytoluene | Aspergillus metabolite |
| 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline | |||
| digoxigenin | digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis. Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh. | 12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol | hapten; plant metabolite |
| 1-deoxynojirimycin | 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration. | 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid | anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| acarbose | tetrasaccharide derivative | EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent | |
| cefoperazone | cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance. Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections. | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| miglustat | miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group. miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor | piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| tenocyclidine | tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent. | piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes | central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| orsellinic acid | o-orsellinic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group. orsellinic acid: from the Sonoran desert endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum; structure in first source | dihydroxybenzoic acid; resorcinols | fungal metabolite; marine metabolite; metabolite |
| (-)-catechin | (-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin. | catechin | metabolite |
| tarenflurbil | tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein; | flurbiprofen | |
| mor-14 | N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor | hydroxypiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| cholanic acid | 5beta-cholanic acids; cholanic acid | ||
| 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)isoquinoline | 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)isoquinoline: structure given in first source | benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline | |
| 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-phenylisoquinoline | 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-phenylisoquinoline: structure in first source | ||
| terphenyllin | terphenyllin : A para-terphenyl that is 1,1':4',1''-terphenyl substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6' and hydroxy groups at positions 2', 4 and 4''. It has been isolated from Aspergillus taichungensis. terphenyllin: novel p-terphenyl metabolite from Aspergillus candidus | dimethoxybenzene; para-terphenyl; phenols | Aspergillus metabolite; mycotoxin |
| metaphit | metaphit: site-directed acylating agent of phencyclidine receptors in rat brain; structure given in first source | ||
| formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester | peptide | ||
| 1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine | 1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: structure given in first source 1-[1-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A potent dopamine re-uptake inhibitor with a behavioral profile different from that of phencyclidine (PCP) and similar to that of cocaine. | 1-benzothiophenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | dopamine uptake inhibitor |
| butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine | butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: formyl peptide antagonist and lipoxin A4 receptor antagonist | ||
| homonojirimycin | homonojirimycin: inhibits alpha-glucosidase; RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure in first source | ||
| valiolamine | valiolamine: isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; RN from CA Index; RN not in Chemline 2/85 | ||
| migalastat | migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis | piperidines | |
| jtp 4819 | JTP 4819: a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor; structure given in first source | ||
| dizocilpine | secondary amino compound; tetracyclic antidepressant | anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist | |
| 3-hydroxyterphenyllin | 3-hydroxyterphenyllin : A para-terphenyl that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of terphenyllin. It has been isolated from Aspergillus taichungensis. 3-hydroxyterphenyllin: metabolite of Aspergillus candidus; structure | catechols; dimethoxybenzene; para-terphenyl | Aspergillus metabolite |
| ouabain | cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus. Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| digitoxin | digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665) | cardenolide glycoside | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
| miglitol | piperidines | ||
| n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine | N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor. N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated. | tripeptide | |
| ao 128 | AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source | organic molecular entity | |
| acarbose | amino cyclitol; glycoside | ||
| 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-d-glucitol | 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-glucitol: structure in first source | ||
| cocaine | cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca. Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. | benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| t0901317 | T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist | ||
| 2-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone | aromatic ketone | anticoronaviral agent | |
| aurapten | aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties. | coumarins; monoterpenoid | antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary |
| digoxin | digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666) | cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope |
| trisindoline | trisindoline: an antibiotic indole trimer, produced by Vibrio separated from the marine sponge Hyrtios altum; structure given in first source | ||
| acetic acid [6-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)-4-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl] ester | chromones | ||
| 4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline | 4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given is for (R)-isomer; inhibits spinal reflex-enhancing effects of methamphetamine, phenylethylamine, and nomifensine | isoquinolines | |
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| baicalein | trihydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger | |
| mangostin | alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities. mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit | aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| cyclosporine | ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| fenretinide | 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids. Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent. | monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant |
| sb 290157 | |||
| n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester | DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor. | carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester | EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor |
| sulindac sulfide | sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity. sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source | aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin | 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin: possess strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities; structure in first source | hydroxycoumarin | |
| gamma-mangostin | gamma-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antitumour activity. | phenols; xanthones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor |
| cefuroxime | 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether | drug allergen | |
| ceftriaxone | 1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor | |
| l 685458 | L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease. | carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; peptide; secondary alcohol | EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; peptidomimetic |
| beta-Mangostin | xanthones | ||
| 9-Hydroxycalabaxanthone | xanthones | ||
| marmin | marmin: structure in first source; RN given for (R-(E))-isomer | ||
| ceftizoxime | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug | |
| mk 0752 | |||
| n-(5-adamantane-1-yl-methoxy-pentyl)deoxynojirimycin | |||
| ly 450139 | peptide | ||
| chf 5074 | 1-(3',4'-dichloro-2-fluoro(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid: a beta-amyloid(1-42) lowering agent; structure in first source | ||
| ly 411575 | dibenzoazepine; difluorobenzene; lactam; secondary alcohol | EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor | |
| 3-o-methylfunicone | 3-O-methylfunicone: derived from Penicillium pinophilum; structure in first source | ||
| l-altro-1-deoxynojirimycin | L-altro-1-deoxynojirimycin: structure in first source | ||
| 4-(2-((1r)-1-(((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-difluoroanilino)ethyl)-5-fluorophenyl)butanoic acid | sulfonamide | ||
| begacestat | |||
| e 2012 | |||
| mrk 560 | MRK 560: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; MRK-560 is the (cis)-isomer; structure in first source | ||
| sch 725680 | Sch 725680: an aazaphilone from Aspergillus sp.; structure in first source | ||
| 5-[[4-(4-acetylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]sulfonyl]-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one | aromatic ketone | ||
| aspernolide a | aspernolide A: structure in first source | ||
| 1, 3-di-(n-carboxybenzoyl-leucyl-leucyl)amino acetone | 1, 3-di-(N-carboxybenzoyl-leucyl-leucyl)amino acetone: structure in first source | ||
| 5-[[4-(4-acetylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]sulfonyl]-3,3-dichloro-1H-indol-2-one | aromatic ketone | ||
| pf 3084014 | nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment. nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent | ||
| bms 708163 | BMS 708163: structure in first source | oxadiazole; ring assembly | |
| ro 4929097 | dibenzoazepine; dicarboxylic acid diamide; lactam; organofluorine compound | EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor | |
| jnj 40418677 | |||
| (r)-4-cyclopropyl-7,8-difluoro-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline | (R)-4-cyclopropyl-7,8-difluoro-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline: gamma secretase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| aspulvinone E | 4-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2(5H)-one : A member of the class of butenolides that is furan-2(5H)-one substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl, hydroxy and 4-hydroxybenzylidene groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. aspulvinone E : A 4-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2(5H)-one in which the double bond adopts a Z-configuration. It is a marine metabolite isolated from the fungus Aspergillus terreus and exhibits antiviral activity. | 4-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2(5H)-one; aspulvinone | antiviral agent; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; marine metabolite |
| pinophilin b | pinophilin B: from cultures of a fungus (Penicillium pinophilum Hedgcok) derived from a seaweed; structure in first source |