Page last updated: 2024-10-24

dipeptide transport

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:jl]

Dipeptide transport is a crucial biological process that involves the movement of dipeptides, which are molecules composed of two amino acids linked by a peptide bond, across cell membranes. This process is essential for maintaining cellular function, growth, and development. Here's a detailed description:

1. **Mechanism of Transport:** Dipeptide transport primarily occurs through specialized membrane proteins called dipeptide transporters. These transporters facilitate the movement of dipeptides from the extracellular environment (outside the cell) to the intracellular environment (inside the cell).
2. **Types of Transporters:** There are two main types of dipeptide transporters:
* **Symporters:** These transporters move dipeptides across the membrane along with another molecule, usually a proton (H+). This coupled movement is driven by the electrochemical gradient of the proton, which is higher outside the cell.
* **Antiporters:** These transporters move dipeptides across the membrane in exchange for another molecule, often a different amino acid or dipeptide. This exchange mechanism is driven by the concentration gradient of the exchanged molecule.
3. **Specificity:** Dipeptide transporters exhibit a high degree of specificity for different dipeptides. This specificity is determined by the structure of the transporter protein and its binding site. Different transporters may have different preferences for specific dipeptides, based on the size, charge, and hydrophobicity of the dipeptide.
4. **Regulation:** The activity of dipeptide transporters can be regulated by various factors, including:
* **Dietary Intake:** The availability of dipeptides in the diet can influence the expression and activity of dipeptide transporters.
* **Hormonal Signals:** Hormones such as insulin and growth hormone can regulate dipeptide transport.
* **Cellular Needs:** The specific requirements of the cell for amino acids can affect dipeptide transport.
5. **Importance:** Dipeptide transport is essential for:
* **Amino Acid Supply:** It provides cells with a readily available source of amino acids for protein synthesis, cellular growth, and repair.
* **Nutrient Absorption:** It plays a crucial role in the absorption of dipeptides from the diet in the small intestine.
* **Cellular Metabolism:** It contributes to the maintenance of amino acid homeostasis and the regulation of cellular metabolism.

Dipeptide transport is a complex process that is essential for various biological functions. It is a tightly regulated mechanism that ensures the efficient delivery of dipeptides to cells, meeting their needs for amino acids and supporting essential cellular processes.'
"

Proteins (1)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Solute carrier family 15 member 2A solute carrier family 15 member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16348]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (54)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
cephaloridinecefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.

Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial drug
penicillin gbenzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.

Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
cephalothincefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.

Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.
azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
cloxacillincloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.

Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
oxacillinoxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.

Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.
penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
ampicillinampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.

Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug
glycylglycinedipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
human metabolite
levulinic acid4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.

levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316
oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
plant metabolite
dicloxacillindicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.

Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.
dichlorobenzene;
penicillin
antibacterial drug
cyclacillinCyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.penicillinantibacterial drug
cephalexincephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.

Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial drug
amoxicillinamoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.

Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
antibacterial drug
cefmetazolecefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.

Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrouscefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.

Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrouscefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.

Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
leucyl-glycyl-glycineLeu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.

leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer
tripeptidemetabolite
glycyl-histidyl-lysineGly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.

glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer
tripeptidechelator;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
vulnerary
alanylprolinealanylproline: RN given refers to all (L)-isomerdipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
Trp-TrpTrp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.

tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent
dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
glycylsarcosineglycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
prolyl-glycyl-glycineprolyl-glycyl-glycine: structure given in first sourceoligopeptide
prolylglutamic acidPro-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamic acid residues.dipeptidemetabolite
carnosinepolaprezinc: stimulates bone growthamino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
cysteinylglycinecysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83

L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cefamandolecefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.

Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative
antibacterial drug
aspartyl-aspartic acidAsp-Asp : A dipeptide formed from two L-aspartic acid units.

aspartyl-aspartic acid: do not confuse with cyclo(Asp-Asp)
dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
n-glycylalanineGly-Ala : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-alanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
trimethionineoligopeptide
7432 sceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.

Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.
cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid
antibacterial drug
cefodizimecefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.

cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
cefiximecephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
alanyl-alanyl-alanineAla-Ala-Ala : A tripeptide composed of three L-alanine units joined by peptide linkages.

alanyl-alanyl-alanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer
tripeptidemetabolite
cefuroxime3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether
drug allergen
cefepimecefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.

Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug
alanylalanineL-alanyl-L-alanine : A dipeptide consisting of two L-alanine units joined by a peptide linkage.dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylalanylalaninePhe-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues.

phenylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
alanyltyrosineTyr-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
cefotaximecefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.

Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefpodoximecarboxylic acid;
cephalosporin
antibacterial drug
aspartyllysineAsp-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-lysine residues.

aspartyllysine: from feces of axenic mice
dipeptidemetabolite
methampicillinmetampicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido side-group.

methampicillin: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer
penicillin;
penicillin allergen
phenylalanylglycinePhe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.

phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer
dipeptidemetabolite
glutamylalanineGlu-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-glutamyl and L-alanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
phenylalanylphenylalaninePhe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylalanyl-valineVal-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-phenylalanine residues.dipeptidemetabolite
alanylglycinedipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
valyltyrosineVal-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues.

valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate
dipeptidemetabolite
Ala-LysAla-Lys : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanine with the alpha-amino group of L-lysine.dipeptidemarine metabolite
glycylhistidineGly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.

glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
dipeptide;
dipeptide zwitterion
metabolite
isoleucyl-tyrosineIle-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-tyrosine residues.

isoleucyl-tyrosine: a dipeptide with antihypertensive effect
dipeptidemetabolite
valyl-prolyl-prolineVal-Pro-Pro : A tripeptide composed of L-valine and two L-proline units joined by peptide linkages.tripeptidemetabolite
prolylvalineVal-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-proline residues.dipeptidemetabolite
isoleucyl-valyl-tyrosineoligopeptide
cephapirin sodiumcephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt
antibacterial drug