Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Peptidoglycan transport is a crucial process in the synthesis and assembly of the bacterial cell wall. The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the bacterial cell against osmotic stress and environmental factors. Peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall, is a complex polymer composed of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) sugars linked by short peptide chains.
The transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the bacterial cell membrane is a multi-step process that involves a series of specialized proteins. The process begins with the synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursor molecules in the cytoplasm. These precursors consist of UDP-NAM linked to a pentapeptide and UDP-NAG.
Next, the UDP-NAM-pentapeptide is transferred to a lipid carrier molecule, undecaprenyl phosphate, forming lipid I. UDP-NAG is then added to lipid I to generate lipid II, the final peptidoglycan precursor. Lipid II is then transported across the cytoplasmic membrane by a dedicated translocase complex called MurJ.
The MurJ translocase complex is a multi-protein complex embedded in the bacterial cell membrane. It recognizes and binds lipid II and facilitates its passage through the membrane. Once in the periplasmic space, the peptidoglycan precursor is incorporated into the growing peptidoglycan chain.
The addition of new peptidoglycan units to the existing cell wall is catalyzed by a group of transpeptidases, also known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs cleave the peptide cross-links between adjacent peptidoglycan strands and insert new monomers.
The coordinated activity of the various proteins involved in peptidoglycan transport and synthesis ensures the proper assembly and maintenance of the bacterial cell wall. This process is essential for bacterial survival and proliferation. Disruptions in peptidoglycan synthesis or transport can lead to cell lysis and death, making this pathway a critical target for antibiotic development.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Solute carrier family 15 member 2 | A solute carrier family 15 member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16348] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| cephaloridine | cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C. Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| penicillin g | benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission. | penicillin; penicillin allergen | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope |
| cephalothin | cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections. Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. | azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| cloxacillin | cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6. Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN. | penicillin; penicillin allergen; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug |
| oxacillin | oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta. Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections. | penicillin | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug |
| ampicillin | ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic. | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin; penicillin allergen | antibacterial drug |
| glycylglycine | dipeptide; dipeptide zwitterion | human metabolite | |
| levulinic acid | 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position. levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316 | oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | plant metabolite |
| dicloxacillin | dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group. Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE. | dichlorobenzene; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| cyclacillin | Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID. | penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| cephalexin | cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract. Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| amoxicillin | amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. | penicillin; penicillin allergen | antibacterial drug |
| cefmetazole | cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure. Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted. | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| cefadroxil anhydrous | cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative. | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| cefaclor anhydrous | cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN. | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| leucyl-glycyl-glycine | Leu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence. leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer | tripeptide | metabolite |
| glycyl-histidyl-lysine | Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence. glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer | tripeptide | chelator; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; vulnerary |
| alanylproline | alanylproline: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer | dipeptide; dipeptide zwitterion | metabolite |
| Trp-Trp | Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues. tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent | dipeptide | Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| glycylsarcosine | glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine. | dipeptide; dipeptide zwitterion | |
| prolyl-glycyl-glycine | prolyl-glycyl-glycine: structure given in first source | oligopeptide | |
| prolylglutamic acid | Pro-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamic acid residues. | dipeptide | metabolite |
| carnosine | polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth | amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| cysteinylglycine | cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83 L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism. | dipeptide; dipeptide zwitterion | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cefamandole | cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups. Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate. | cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| aspartyl-aspartic acid | Asp-Asp : A dipeptide formed from two L-aspartic acid units. aspartyl-aspartic acid: do not confuse with cyclo(Asp-Asp) | dipeptide | Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| n-glycylalanine | Gly-Ala : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-alanine residues. | dipeptide | metabolite |
| trimethionine | oligopeptide | ||
| 7432 s | ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections. Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections. | cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid | antibacterial drug |
| cefodizime | cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor |
| cefixime | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen | |
| alanyl-alanyl-alanine | Ala-Ala-Ala : A tripeptide composed of three L-alanine units joined by peptide linkages. alanyl-alanyl-alanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer | tripeptide | metabolite |
| cefuroxime | 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether | drug allergen | |
| cefepime | cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA. | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug |
| alanylalanine | L-alanyl-L-alanine : A dipeptide consisting of two L-alanine units joined by a peptide linkage. | dipeptide; dipeptide zwitterion | Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| phenylalanylalanine | Phe-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues. phenylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer | dipeptide; dipeptide zwitterion | metabolite |
| alanyltyrosine | Tyr-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues. | dipeptide | metabolite |
| cefotaxime | cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups. Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| cefpodoxime | carboxylic acid; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug | |
| aspartyllysine | Asp-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-lysine residues. aspartyllysine: from feces of axenic mice | dipeptide | metabolite |
| methampicillin | metampicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido side-group. methampicillin: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer | penicillin; penicillin allergen | |
| phenylalanylglycine | Phe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues. phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer | dipeptide | metabolite |
| glutamylalanine | Glu-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-glutamyl and L-alanine residues. | dipeptide | metabolite |
| phenylalanylphenylalanine | Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues. | dipeptide; L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion | human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| phenylalanyl-valine | Val-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-phenylalanine residues. | dipeptide | metabolite |
| alanylglycine | dipeptide; dipeptide zwitterion | metabolite | |
| valyltyrosine | Val-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues. valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate | dipeptide | metabolite |
| Ala-Lys | Ala-Lys : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanine with the alpha-amino group of L-lysine. | dipeptide | marine metabolite |
| glycylhistidine | Gly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage. glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer | dipeptide; dipeptide zwitterion | metabolite |
| isoleucyl-tyrosine | Ile-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-tyrosine residues. isoleucyl-tyrosine: a dipeptide with antihypertensive effect | dipeptide | metabolite |
| valyl-prolyl-proline | Val-Pro-Pro : A tripeptide composed of L-valine and two L-proline units joined by peptide linkages. | tripeptide | metabolite |
| prolylvaline | Val-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-proline residues. | dipeptide | metabolite |
| isoleucyl-valyl-tyrosine | oligopeptide | ||
| cephapirin sodium | cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci. | cephalosporin; organic sodium salt | antibacterial drug |