Page last updated: 2024-10-24

hydrogen peroxide catabolic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). [GOC:jl]

Hydrogen peroxide catabolic process involves the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This process is essential for cellular detoxification, as H2O2 is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular components.

**Enzymes Involved:**

* **Catalase:** The primary enzyme involved in H2O2 catabolism. It catalyzes the dismutation of two molecules of H2O2 into two molecules of water and one molecule of oxygen.
* **Peroxidases:** A group of enzymes that use H2O2 as an electron acceptor to oxidize various substrates. Examples include glutathione peroxidase, which uses reduced glutathione as a substrate, and thyroid peroxidase, which plays a role in thyroid hormone synthesis.

**Mechanism:**

1. **H2O2 Binding:** H2O2 binds to the active site of the enzyme, typically a heme group in the case of catalase.
2. **Electron Transfer:** Electrons are transferred from H2O2 to the enzyme, leading to the formation of a reactive intermediate.
3. **O-O Bond Cleavage:** The O-O bond in H2O2 is cleaved, releasing one molecule of oxygen.
4. **Water Formation:** The remaining oxygen atom from H2O2 is reduced to water.

**Regulation:**

The activity of catalase and other peroxidases is regulated by various factors, including:

* **Cellular Redox State:** The balance between reduced and oxidized forms of molecules in the cell can influence enzyme activity.
* **Substrate Concentration:** The availability of H2O2 can affect the rate of catalysis.
* **Post-translational Modifications:** Phosphorylation and other modifications can alter enzyme activity.

**Importance:**

* **Cellular Defense:** H2O2 catabolism protects cells from oxidative stress caused by ROS accumulation.
* **Signaling Pathways:** H2O2 can also act as a signaling molecule, regulating gene expression and cell growth.
* **Metabolic Processes:** H2O2 is involved in certain metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid metabolism.

**Disorders:**

Deficiency in catalase activity can lead to the accumulation of H2O2 in cells, resulting in oxidative damage and various diseases, such as acatalasemia.

**Conclusion:**

Hydrogen peroxide catabolic process is a critical pathway for maintaining cellular homeostasis and protecting cells from oxidative stress. The activity of enzymes involved in this process is tightly regulated to ensure efficient removal of H2O2 while maintaining its role in signaling and metabolic processes.'
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Proteins (8)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
LactoperoxidaseA lactoperoxidase that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P80025, PRO:DNx]Bos taurus (cattle)
Peroxiredoxin-1A peroxiredoxin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q06830]Homo sapiens (human)
Peroxiredoxin-1A peroxiredoxin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q06830]Homo sapiens (human)
LactoperoxidaseA lactoperoxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P22079]Homo sapiens (human)
Glutathione peroxidase 1A glutathione peroxidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07203]Homo sapiens (human)
Thyroid peroxidaseA thyroid peroxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07202]Homo sapiens (human)
MyeloperoxidaseA myeloperoxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05164]Homo sapiens (human)
MyeloperoxidaseA myeloperoxidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05164]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (50)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
gallic acidgallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
melatoninacetamides;
tryptamines
anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.

4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide
carbohydrazide;
phenols
aspirinacetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.

acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.

Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)
benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates
anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
dapsonesubstituted aniline;
sulfone
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
hydralazinehydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.

Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.
azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
isoniazidHydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.

hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).
carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
mefenamic acidmefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.
aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound
analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
metoclopramidemetoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.

Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
nimesulidenimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.

nimesulide: structure
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
o(6)-benzylguanineO(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity
tryptophantryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan;
tryptophan zwitterion
antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallatemethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum
gallate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzhydrazide4-aminobenzhydrazide: a Russian synthetic drug of acylhydrazide group; decreased uterus wt in rats; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for amino group
carbimazolecarbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.
1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester
antithyroid drug;
prodrug
paroxetineparoxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.

Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cefoperazonecefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.

Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.
cephalosporinantibacterial drug
epigallocatechin gallate(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.

epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis)
flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
salicylhydroxamic acidhydroxamic acid;
phenols
antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
epicatechin(-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.catechin;
polyphenol
antioxidant
gallocatechol(-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration.catechin;
flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol
antioxidant;
food component;
plant metabolite
procyanidin b2procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavan;
polyphenol;
proanthocyanidin
antioxidant;
metabolite
proanthocyanidin a2proanthocyanidin A2 : A proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin units.

procyanidin A2: structure in first source
hydroxyflavan;
proanthocyanidin
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-HIV agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
5-fluorotryptamine5-fluorotryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd
procyanidin C1procyanidin C1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of three (-)-epicatechin units joined by two successive (4beta->8)-linkages.

procyanidin trimer C1: a flavonoid found in multiple plant sources including grape, apple, and cacao, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
hydroxyflavan;
polyphenol;
proanthocyanidin
anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
sb 203580imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline: structure given in first source
1,3,6-tri-o-galloyl-beta-d-glucose1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose: structure in first source
propylthiouracil6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.

Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
levosulpiride(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol: structure in first source
2-[[3-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3-diazinan-1-yl]methyl]phenolaralkylamine
methimazolemethimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.

Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.
1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
chlorogenic acidcaffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source

chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
cinnamate ester;
tannin
food component;
plant metabolite
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
apigeninChamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
kaempferol7-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ellagic acidcatechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol
antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
4',7-dihydroxyflavone4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.

4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene
dihydroxyflavonemetabolite
(3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanoneWIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.morpholines;
naphthyl ketone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
synthetic cannabinoid
analgesic;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
nifuroxazidenifuroxazide: structurebenzoic acids
cefuroxime3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether
drug allergen
ceftriaxone1,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
piericidin apiericidin A : A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase

piericidin A: pyridine-substituted fatty alcohol antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-85); RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*-(all-E)))-isomer
aromatic ether;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
secondary allylic alcohol
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
ceftizoximecephalosporinantibacterial drug
N-(3-cyanophenyl)-2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamideN-(3-cyanophenyl)-2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide : A member of the class of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-5'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-cyanoaniline.1,3,4-oxadiazoles;
benzamides;
biphenyls;
nitrile
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
azd3241AZD3241: a myeloperoxidase inhibitor
glucopiericidin aglucopiericidin A: from Streptomyces pactum S48727 as co-metabolite of piericidin A(1); structure given in first source; glycoside antibiotic
pf-062829992-(6-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide: a myeloperoxidase inhibitor for treatment of cardiovascular diseases; structure in first source
phthivazide