fumarates and calcium-fumarate

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of a mixture of dietary additives on enteric methane production, rumen fermentation, diet digestibility, energy balance, and animal performance in lactating dairy cows. Identical diets were fed in both experiments. The mixture of feed additives investigated contained lauric acid, myristic acid, linseed oil, and calcium fumarate. These additives were included at 0.4, 1.2, 1.5, and 0.7% of dietary dry matter, respectively (treatment ADD). Experimental fat sources were exchanged for a rumen inert source of fat in the control diet (treatment CON) to maintain isolipidic rations. Cows (experiment 1, n=20; experiment 2, n=12) were fed restricted amounts of feed to avoid confounding effects of dry matter intake on methane production. In experiment 1, methane production and energy balance were studied using open-circuit indirect calorimetry. In experiment 2, 10 rumen-fistulated animals were used to measure rumen fermentation characteristics. In both experiments animal performance was monitored. The inclusion of dietary additives decreased methane emissions (g/d) by 10%. Milk yield and milk fat content tended to be lower for ADD in experiment 1. In experiment 2, milk production was not affected by ADD, but milk fat content was lower. Fat- and protein-corrected milk was lower for ADD in both experiments. Milk urea nitrogen content was lowered by ADD in experiment 1 and tended to be lower in experiment 2. Apparent total tract digestibility of fat, but not that of starch or neutral detergent fiber, was higher for ADD. Energy retention did not differ between treatments. The decrease in methane production (g/d) was not evident when methane emission was expressed per kilogram of milk produced. Feeding ADD resulted in increases of C12:0 and C14:0 and the intermediates of linseed oil biohydrogenation in milk in both experiments. In experiment 2, ADD-fed cows tended to have a decreased number of protozoa in rumen fluid when compared with that in control cows. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were lower for ADD, whereas molar proportions of propionate increased at the expense of acetate and butyrate.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Digestion; Energy Metabolism; Female; Fermentation; Food Additives; Fumarates; Lactation; Lauric Acids; Linseed Oil; Methane; Myristic Acid; Rumen

Two similar experiments were conducted to assess the effect of diallyl disulfide (DADS), yucca powder (YP), calcium fumarate (CAFU), an extruded linseed product (UNSAT), or a mixture of capric and caprylic acid (MCFA) on methane production, energy balance, and dairy cow performance. In experiment 1, a control diet (CON1) and diets supplemented with 56 mg of DADS/kg of dry matter (DM), 3g of YP/kg of DM, or 25 g of CAFU/kg of DM were evaluated. In experiment 2, an inert saturated fat source in the control diet (CON2) was exchanged isolipidically for an extruded linseed source (100g/kg of DM; UNSAT) or a mixture of C8:0 and C10:0 (MCFA; 20.3g/kg of DM). In experiment 2, a higher inclusion level of DADS (200mg/kg of DM) was also tested. Both experiments were conducted using 40 lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Cows were adapted to the diet for 12 d and were subsequently kept in respiration chambers for 5 d to evaluate methane production, diet digestibility, energy balance, and animal performance. Feed intake was restricted to avoid confounding effects of possible differences in ad libitum feed intake on methane production. Feed intake was, on average, 17.5 and 16.6 kg of DM/d in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. None of the additives reduced methane production in vivo. Methane production in experiment 1 was 450, 453, 446, and 423 g/d for CON1 and the diets supplemented with DADS, YP, and CAFU, respectively. In experiment 2, methane production was 371, 394, 388, and 386 g/d for CON2 and the diets supplemented with UNSAT, MCFA, and DADS, respectively. No effects of the additives on energy balance or neutral detergent fiber digestibility were observed. The addition of MCFA increased milk fat content (5.38% vs. 4.82% for control) and fat digestibility (78.5% vs. 59.8% for control), but did not affect milk yield or other milk components. The other products did not affect milk yield or composition. Results from these experiments emphasize the need to confirm methane reductions observed in vitro with in vivo data.

Topics: Allyl Compounds; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Caprylates; Cattle; Decanoic Acids; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Disulfides; Energy Metabolism; Female; Flax; Fumarates; Lactation; Methane; Milk; Yucca

Adsorption and removal of fluoride from brick tea is very important but challenging. In this work, two fumarate-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized for the selective removal of fluoride from brick tea infusion. MOFs were examined for adsorption time, effect of dose, and uptake capacity at different initial concentrations and temperatures. Remarkably, over 80% fluoride removal was achieved by MOF-801 within 5 min at room temperature, while no significant adsorption occurred for the catechins and caffeine in the brick tea infusion. Further, with the use of the Langmuir equation, the maximum fluoride uptake capacity for the nontoxic calcium fumarate (CaFu) MOF was calculated to be as high as 166.11 mg g

Topics: Adsorption; Fluorides; Fumarates; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Tea; Temperature; Water Purification

The mechanical properties of calcium fumarate trihydrate, a 1D coordination polymer considered for use as a calcium source for food and beverage enrichment, have been determined via nanoindentation and high-pressure X-ray diffraction with single crystals. The nanoindentation studies reveal that the elastic modulus (16.7-33.4 GPa, depending on crystallographic orientation), hardness (1.05-1.36 GPa), yield stress (0.70-0.90 GPa), and creep behavior (0.8-5.8 nm/s) can be rationalized in view of the anisotropic crystal structure; factors include the directionality of the inorganic Ca-O-Ca chain and hydrogen bonding, as well as the orientation of the fumarate ligands. High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies show a bulk modulus of ∼ 20 GPa, which is indicative of elastic recovery intermediate between small molecule drug crystals and inorganic pharmaceutical ingredients. The combined use of nanoindentation and high-pressure X-ray diffraction techniques provides a complementary experimental approach for probing the critical mechanical properties related to tableting of these dietary supplements.

Topics: Anisotropy; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dietary Supplements; Elasticity; Fumarates; Hardness; Hydrogen Bonding; Stress, Mechanical

Calcium supplementation is widely used in deficiency status and as an adjuvant in the treatment of osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to compare the oral bioavailability of calcium from tablets containing calcium fumarate to that of calcium gluconate. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in the study. Single-dose, two-treatment, two-sequence-crossover, randomized design test methodology was applied. The tablets were prepared by direct compression and were subjected to tests: drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and in vitro dissolution studies. The preparations were compared using pharmacokinetic parameters such as the area under the plasma concentration - time curve AUC((0-11)), peak plasma concentration C(max), time to reach maximum plasma concentration T(max). No statistically significant difference was observed for any of the parameters, and the 90% confidence intervals calculated for the ratio of the logarithmically transformed AUC((0-11)) values of both formulations were within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. It can be concluded that the two tablet preparations of calcium are likely to be bioequivalent.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Calcium; Calcium Gluconate; Dietary Supplements; Fumarates; Humans; Reference Values; Solanum tuberosum; Starch; Tablets

The dynamics of total calcium concentration in blood of rat females with osteoporosis caused experimentally after applying it in the form of fumarate was determined. The fumarate was applied in just one dose by the means of stomach tube at the dose of teoporoz_ 4.28 mg of calcium/100 g of body mass. The total calcium concentration in blood was determined: 0; 1; 2; 3; 5 i 7 h after application. It was observed that one hour after application calcium concentration in control group increased by 19.3%, and in the group of animals after ovariectomy it decreased by 6.7% (P < 0.001). After 2 h calcium concentration in both groups returned to its initial state, and after 3 hours three next decrease in relation to initial time by 10% occurred in the control group and by 4% in the group after ovariectomy. Between 4 h and 7 h after administration calcium concentration in both groups of animals was even and it was maintaining at the constant level in the range 2.248-2.172 mM/l.

Topics: Animals; Calcium; Female; Fumarates; Osteoporosis; Rats; Rats, Wistar