methylcellulose and Obesity

Obesity is a major chronic health problem in adults. It is a complex, multifactorial disorder characterised by excess accumulation of adipose tissue. It is associated with a number of complications including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and cancer. A weight loss in the order of 5-10% is associated with clinically meaningful reductions with respect to all comorbidities. Diet and exercise has been the cornerstone of weight management therapy, but this approach has limitations, especially for weight maintenance. Previous drugs used in obesity had serious side effects including valvular heart disease. However, recent drugs like orlistat and sibutramine have been rigorously tested and proven safe. Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, inhibits absorption of dietary fat by approximately 30%. Taken with a hypocaloric diet, it produces and maintains clinically meaningful weight loss. Sibutramine is a centrally-acting agent which enhances satiety and thermogenesis by inhibiting serotonin and noradrenaline re-uptake. It is appropriate for patients who are unable to lose weight by lifestyle modification.

Topics: Anti-Obesity Agents; Appetite Depressants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclobutanes; Humans; Lactones; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Orlistat; Phentermine

Current pharmacological therapy for the obese patient focuses primarily on centrally acting drugs that affect food intake. At the research level, there is an awareness of the possibility of discovering peripherally acting drugs to modify metabolic processes and thereby create favourable changes in energy balance. Whilst a number of compounds have been shown to be effective as slimming agents in experimental animals, none, as yet, have proved effective in man.

Topics: Animals; Appetite Depressants; Dietary Carbohydrates; Feeding Behavior; Hormones; Humans; Insulin; Intestinal Absorption; Lipid Metabolism; Methylcellulose; Obesity

Topics: Amphetamines; Appetite Depressants; Diethylpropion; Fenfluramine; Humans; Intestine, Small; Mazindol; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Phenmetrazine; Phentermine

It should be obvious from the foregoing discussion that, at the present time, there is not an acceptably safe and effective pharmacological treatment for obesity. This patent inadequacy of present drug regimens has spawned the investigation into the diverse pharmacological approaches reviewed in this paper as well as investigation into the intestinal bypass operation (see Chapter 10). We feel that the eventual, safe and effective therapy for obesity will come from the pharmacological realm. Glucose-blocking drugs, growth hormone analogues, and hydroxycitrate are but three of the potentially safe and effective approaches to the problem for the future. It will be truly fascinating to watch the development in the treatment of obesity and, specifically, the pharmacological treatment for this problem over the next five to ten years.

Topics: Amphetamines; Appetite Depressants; Body Weight; Cardiovascular System; Central Nervous System; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Citrates; Dinitrophenols; Glucose; Growth Hormone; Humans; Lipid Mobilization; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Organomercury Compounds; Oxygen Consumption; Phenformin; Placental Lactogen; Progesterone; Receptors, Adrenergic; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Appetite Depressants; Child; Diagnosis; Diet, Reducing; Fasting; Female; Humans; Male; Metformin; Methylcellulose; Middle Aged; Obesity; Phenformin

Topics: Amphetamine; Appetite Depressants; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Diet, Reducing; Fasting; Fenfluramine; Fluorenes; Glucose; Humans; Lipid Mobilization; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Phenethylamines; Skinfold Thickness; Thyroid Hormones

1. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of arginine, soy isoflavone (ISF) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) on obesity in broiler breeder hens. 2. A total of 320 Cobb 500 hens, 45 weeks of age, were assigned to 64 floor pens. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement (2 × 2 × 2 × 2) with 4 replicates of 5 hens in each pen. Factors included two concentrations of HPMC (0 and 1%), two concentrations of arginine (8.4 and 12 g/kg), two concentrations of ISF (zero and three times more than that present in basal diets) and two contents of energy (11.7 and 14.6 MJ/kg). Performance criteria and blood characteristics of hens were measured during the experimental period. Expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was determined in the liver at 55 weeks of age. 3. Hens given high-energy diets showed increased BW (body weight), ovary weight and abdominal fat pad and enhanced plasma glucose, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, haemoglobin, haematocrit and low lymphocyte percentages. The expression of malic enzyme, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) increased and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) decreased with increasing energy content of diets. Arginine addition decreased TG, cholesterol and A1-c haemoglobin concentration and increased PPARα, PPARγ and iNOS expression. Inclusion of ISF and HPMC decreased BW, egg weight, plasma TG, cholesterol and increased egg production and also enhanced PPARγ and iNOS expression. Significant interactions were observed between energy concentration and ISF and HPMC on BW. 4. The results of the current study revealed that ISF, HPMC and arginine have beneficial effects on controlling the metabolism of obese broiler breeder hens and using a mix of these products minimises the harmful effects of obesity.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Arginine; Avian Proteins; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Female; Glycine max; Hypromellose Derivatives; Isoflavones; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Ovum; Oxidation-Reduction; Poultry Diseases; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and methylcellulose (MC) are modified cellulose dietary fibers that generate viscous solutions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study assessed the effects of high viscosity (HV) HPMC, ultra-HV (UHV) HPMC, and medium viscosity MC on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in overweight and obese men and women (n = 50). After overnight fasts, subjects consumed 5 breakfast meals containing 75 g carbohydrate, each of which contained 1 of the following: 1 g HV-HPMC, 2 g HV-HPMC, 2 g UHV-HPMC, 4 g medium-viscosity MC or control (2 g cellulose). Test sequence was randomized and double-blind, except the MC test, which was last and single-blind (46 subjects completed all 5 tests). Glucose and insulin responses were determined pre-meal and for 120 min postprandially. Median (interquartile limits) peak glucose concentration was lower (P = 0.001) after the meal containing 2.0 g UHV-HPMC (7.1, 6.3-8.2 mmol/L) compared with the control meal (7.7, 6.6-8.7 mmol/L). The control did not differ from the other conditions for peak glucose or for any of the HPMC/MC conditions for glucose incremental areas under the curves (IAUC). Peak insulin was reduced (P < 0.05) for all HPMC/MC conditions compared with control. Insulin IAUC was lower than control (P < 0.001) after meals containing 2 g HV-HPMC, 2 g UHV-HPMC, and 4 g MC. GI symptoms did not differ among treatments. These findings indicate that HV-HPMC (1 and 2 g), UHV-HPMC (2 g), and MC (4 g) consumption reduced postprandial insulin excursions consistent with delayed glucose absorption.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fiber; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypromellose Derivatives; Insulin; Male; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Postprandial Period; Time Factors

As pectin delays gastric emptying in normal subjects and satiety may be linked to the rate of gastric emptying, we designed this study to evaluate, in a group of obese subjects, the effect of adding pectin to a meal on gastric emptying, sensation of satiety, and postprandial plasma cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide levels. We studied gastric emptying of solids in 9 adult obese subjects on 2 separate days in a randomized fashion. On day 1, 15 g of pectin was added to the meal, and on day 2 15 g of methylcellulose was added and served as control. Satiety was evaluated by an analogue rating scale. Pectin significantly delayed gastric emptying time [t1/2 = 116 +/- 23 min vs. 71 +/- 17 min observed with methylcellulose (p less than 0.001)]. Pectin also significantly increased subjects' sensation of satiety [98 +/- 7 vs. 74 +/- 17 (p less than 0.001)]. Postprandial release of cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide was not modified by pectin. As pectin induces satiety and delays gastric emptying in obese patients, it may be a useful adjuvant in the treatment of disorders of overeating.

Topics: Adult; Cholecystokinin; Female; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Male; Methylcellulose; Middle Aged; Obesity; Pancreatic Polypeptide; Pectins; Random Allocation; Satiation

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alginates; Carbonates; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diet, Reducing; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Hunger; Male; Methylcellulose; Middle Aged; Obesity

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biological Availability; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diet, Reducing; Female; Fenfluramine; Humans; Male; Methylcellulose; Middle Aged; Norfenfluramine; Obesity

Leptin is released in response to increased triglyceride storage in adipocytes and impacts body weight, but has drawbacks such as poor therapeutic effect and side effects when delivered systemically. Leptin also modifies adipocyte sensitivity to insulin to inhibit lipid accumulation. Here, light-triggered degradation of hydrogels was used to improve accuracy and effectiveness for sustained and controllable release. In our approach, leptin was entrapped within methylcellulose (MC)-based hydrogels, with incorporation of gold nanoparticles (NP). The incorporation of gold NP into MC hydrogels led to a tunable light irradiation response that dictated the hydrogel release rate of leptin. This manuscript demonstrates feasibility in designing tunable thermosensitive hydrogels for loading multimodality therapeutic agents to enhance the bioactivity of leptin for obesity therapy.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Animals; Gold; Hydrogels; Lasers; Leptin; Light; Metal Nanoparticles; Methylcellulose; Mice; Obesity

Delayed fat digestion might help to fight obesity. Fat digestion begins in the stomach by adsorption of gastric lipases to oil/water interfaces. In this study we show how biopolymer covered interfaces can act as a physical barrier for recombinant dog gastric lipase (rDGL) adsorption and thus gastric lipolysis. We used β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) and thermosensitive methylated nanocrystalline cellulose (metNCC) as model biopolymers to investigate the role of interfacial fluid dynamics and morphology for interfacial displacement processes by rDGL and polysorbate 20 (P20) under gastric conditions. Moreover, the influence of the combination of the flexible β-lg and the elastic metNCC was studied. The interfaces were investigated combining interfacial techniques, such as pendant drop, interfacial shear and dilatational rheology, and neutron reflectometry. Displacement of biopolymer layers depended mainly on the fluid dynamics and thickness of the layers, both of which were drastically increased by the thermal induced gelation of metNCC at body temperature. Soft, thin β-lg interfaces were almost fully displaced from the interface, whereas the composite β-lg-metNCC layer thermogelled to a thick interfacial layer incorporating β-lg as filler material and therefore resisted higher shear forces than a pure metNCC layer. Hence, with metNCC alone lipolysis by rDGL was inhibited, whereas the layer performance could be increased by the combination with β-lg.

Topics: Adsorption; Animals; Biopolymers; Digestion; Dogs; Elasticity; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactoglobulins; Lipase; Lipolysis; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Rheology; Surface Properties; Viscosity; Water

The effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on hepatic gene expression was analyzed by exon microarray and real-time PCR from livers of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet supplemented with either 6% HPMC or 6% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). HPMC-fed mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight gain (55% lower compared to MCC), liver weight (13%), plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration (45%), and HF diet-increased intestinal permeability (48%). HPMC significantly reduced areas under the curve for 2 h insulin and glucose responses, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. HPMC up-regulated hepatic genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, and cellular activation of glucocorticoid (bile acid recycling) and down-regulated genes related to oxidative stress, triglyceride synthesis, and polyunsaturated fatty acid elongation. In conclusion, HPMC consumption ameliorates the effects of a HF diet on intestinal permeability, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, glucocorticoid-related bile acid recycling, oxidative stress, and weight gain in DIO mice.

Topics: Animals; Cellulose; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Liver; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Hypromellose Derivatives; Insulin Resistance; Intestinal Absorption; Liver; Methylcellulose; Mice; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Prebiotics

The effects of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a highly viscous nonfermentable soluble dietary fiber, were evaluated on adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet supplemented with either HPMC or insoluble fiber.. DIO C57BL/6J mice were fed a HF diet supplemented with 6% HPMC or 6% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Gene expression analyses of epididymal adipose tissue by exon microarray and real-time PCR along with glucose and insulin tolerance and intestinal permeability were assessed. HPMC-fed mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight gain and adipose tissue weight as well as reduced areas under the curve for 2-h insulin and glucose responses. HPMC significantly decreased HF diet-induced intestinal permeability. Overall, HPMC enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism and downregulated genes related to inflammation and immune response, adipogenesis, and oxidative stress markers. Pathway analysis of microarray data identified lipid metabolism, inflammatory disease, and acute phase response pathways as being differentially regulated by HPMC.. These results suggest HPMC consumption ameliorates HF diet effects on obesity-induced insulin resistance, adipose tissue inflammatory and immune responses, weight gain, as well as intestinal permeability.

Topics: Abdominal Fat; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Gene Expression; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hypromellose Derivatives; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Methylcellulose; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Microarray Analysis; Obesity; Permeability; Weight Gain

The objective of present project was to improve the dissolution profile of gliclazide by developing floating alginate beads using various biodegradable polymers like gelatin, pectin and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). The floating beads were prepared by a simple ionotropic gelatin method using calcium carbonate as gas generating agent. The developed beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared beads showed good in vitro floatation, which was dependent on the concentration of gas-forming agent. SEM photomicrographs confirmed that the developed beads were spherical in shape and had particle size in the range of 730 to 890 μm. The incorporation efficiency was found to be in the range of 59.96 to 85.1%. The cumulative percent drug release from the beads after 10 h dissolution study at pH 1.2 and pH 5.8 was in the range of 33 to 46% and 82 to 95% respectively. The concentration of the gas generating agent was found to influence the release rate. The mechanism of drug release was Fickian diffusion with swelling. The in vivo sub-acute hypoglycemic study in high fat diet induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) hypoglycemic effect over a period of 12 h and 24 h, respectively, with HPMC and pectin beads. A significant (p & 0.05) reduction in fasting and non-fasting blood glucose levels, reduction in fasting plasma insulin level and a significant improvement in glucose tolerance were observed in animals treated with formulations. The developed beads were suitable carriers for improving the systemic absorption of gliclazide and maintaining reduced blood glucose levels.

Topics: Alginates; Animals; Blood Glucose; Calcium Carbonate; Drug Carriers; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gelatin; Gliclazide; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glucuronic Acid; Hexuronic Acids; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Hypromellose Derivatives; Male; Methylcellulose; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Particle Size; Pectins

To investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on weight loss and metabolic disorders associated with obesity using a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model under a high-fat diet regimen..  Obese male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were fed either a high-fat (60% kcal), low-fat (10% kcal), or high-fat diet plus HPMC (4% and 8%) for 5 weeks. Body, mesenteric adipose, and liver weights were determined at the end of the study. In addition, plasma cholesterol, insulin, glucose, adiponectin, and leptin were analyzed to determine the effects of HPMC. Hepatic and fecal lipids were measured to determine the effect of HPMC on lipid absorption and metabolism.. Supplementation of the high-fat diet with 4% and 8% HPMC resulted in significant weight loss in obese B6 mice. Furthermore, significant decreases were seen in adipose (30%-40%), liver weights (15%-26%), and concentrations of plasma cholesterol (13%-20%) and hepatic lipids (13%-36%). Supplementation with 8% HPMC led to significant improvements in glucose homeostasis and leptin concentrations. Reductions in plasma cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels were strongly correlated with reduced leptin concentrations. Moreover, increases in fecal secretion of total bile acids, sterols, and fats indicated altered fat absorption when HPMC was incorporated in the diet.. The data indicate that HPMC not only reduces body weight, but also normalizes the metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity and suggest that the effects of HPMC on glucose and lipid homeostasis in B6 mice are mediated by improvements in leptin sensitivity resulting from reduced fat absorption.

Topics: Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Hypromellose Derivatives; Insulin; Leptin; Liver; Male; Methylcellulose; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Random Allocation; Regression Analysis; Weight Loss

Our aim was to compare the effects of intake of diets supplemented with different dietary fibers, namely cellulose, methylcellulose or Plantago ovata husks, (insoluble, soluble non-fermentable, and soluble fermentable fiber, respectively), on the abnormalities clustered in the metabolic syndrome.. Adult obese Zucker rats were distributed in four groups which were fed respectively a standard, a cellulose-supplemented, a methylcellulose-supplemented or a P. ovata husks-supplemented diet, for ten weeks.. Increased body weight, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia, increased TNF-alpha and reduced adiponectin secretion by adipose tissue found in obese Zucker rats were significantly improved in obese rats fed the P. ovata husks-supplemented diet, together with a lower hepatic lipid content which parallels activation of the signaling pathway of AMP-protein kinase in the liver. The methylcellulose-supplemented diet reduced body weight, hyperlipidemia, circulating free fatty acids concentration and ameliorated adipose tissue secretion of adiponectin and TNF-alpha. Feeding with the cellulose-supplemented diet only reduced free fatty acids circulating levels.. The soluble dietary fibers essayed are more beneficial than insoluble fiber in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, being the soluble and fermentable the more efficient to improve metabolic alterations. Fermentation products of P. ovata husks must play an important role in such effects.

Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Biomarkers; Cellulose; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Enzyme Activation; Fermentation; Fruit; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Liver; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Plantago; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Zucker; Solubility

High-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HV-HPMC) is a modified cellulose fiber that produces a viscous gel in the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical trials demonstrate that consumption of HV-HPMC significantly lowers cholesterol, but limited information has been available on the influence of HV-HPMC on postprandial insulin and glucose responses. The objective of this investigation was to assess the influence of HV-HPMC on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in overweight and obese men and women.. Participants were 31 overweight or obese men and women without diabetes who underwent three breakfast meal tests in random order, separated by > or = 72 h. Test meals containing 75 g carbohydrate plus 4 or 8 g HV-HPMC or control meals containing 8 g cellulose were delivered in a double-blind fashion.. Peak glucose was significantly lower (P < 0.001) after both HV-HPMC-containing meals (7.4 mmol/l [4 g] and 7.4 mmol/l [8 g]) compared with the control meal (8.6 mmol/l). Peak insulin concentrations and the incremental areas for glucose and insulin from 0 to 120 min were also significantly reduced after both HV-HPMC doses versus control (all P < 0.01).. These findings indicate that HV-HPMC consumption reduces postprandial glucose and insulin excursions, which may favorably alter risks for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Double-Blind Method; Eating; Female; Humans; Hypromellose Derivatives; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Male; Methylcellulose; Middle Aged; Obesity; Ophthalmic Solutions; Postprandial Period; Viscosity

Obese patients were admitted to a metabolic unit for weight loss. On two paired-test days subjects were given disguised preloads of 100 kcal (0.42MJ) or 300 kcal (1.26MJ). When presented with a meal one hour after the preload, subjects salivated more and reported more hunger, but not appetite, after the low compared to the high preload. A different group of 14 subjects were given preloads of the same energy content (200 kcal, 0.84MJ) on paired-test days. On one day they took 1 g methyl cellulose with 100 ml water drink immediately before the preload. Neither the energy-dilution effect of the water, nor the effect of the methyl cellulose caused a significant decrease in salivation, hunger or appetite scores one hour after the preloads of equal energy content. These results show that salivation and hunger are inversely related to short-term changes in energy intake in obese subjects. Alterations in energy density without changing energy intake or the ingestion of methyl cellulose have no effect on salivation, hunger or appetite.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Appetite; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Hunger; Methylcellulose; Middle Aged; Obesity; Salivation; Water

Topics: Appetite Depressants; Diet Fads; Diet, Reducing; Dietary Fiber; Energy Metabolism; Equipment and Supplies; Female; Humans; Massage; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Physical Exertion

Topics: Appetite; Body Weight; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Hunger; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Salivation

The effect of two bulk-forming appetite depressants, methylcellulose and gum guar, on food intake has been studied in 11 (4 male, 7 female) healthy volunteers--3 of whom were overweight. 10 g of active ingredient were given in two equal doses daily for periods of 1 week of each agent. Individually weighed dietary intakes were obtained over four consecutive weeks; the first and third weeks were without medication. Both gum guar and methylcellulose were equally effective in reducing appetite by 10%.

Topics: Adult; Appetite Depressants; Body Weight; Female; Galactans; Humans; Male; Mannans; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Plant Gums; Polysaccharides

Topics: Appetite Depressants; Biguanides; Carrageenan; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Fenfluramine; Glucose; Growth Hormone; Humans; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Progesterone; Thyroid Hormones

Topics: Amphetamine; Appetite Depressants; Diet, Reducing; Diuretics; Ephedrine; Fenfluramine; Health Education; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Metformin; Methylcellulose; Motivation; Obesity; Phenformin; Physical Exertion; South Africa; Thyroxine

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Biopsy; Cholesterol; Diet; Dogs; Enteral Nutrition; Female; Gelatin; Humans; Ileum; Jejunum; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Liver Diseases; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Protein Deficiency; Triglycerides

Topics: Appetite Depressants; Constipation; Diarrhea; Humans; Methylcellulose; Obesity

Topics: Agar; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Benzocaine; Diet, Reducing; Humans; Methylcellulose; Obesity; Resins, Plant; Sweetening Agents

Topics: Accidents; Accidents, Occupational; Amphetamine; Amphetamines; Humans; Industry; Methylcellulose; Obesity

Topics: Methylcellulose; Obesity; Phenmetrazine

Topics: Aminobenzoates; Humans; Methylcellulose; Obesity

Topics: Humans; Methylcellulose; Obesity