nitrous oxide and Seizures studies

Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.

Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Use of nitrous oxide in pediatric leukemia patients at the same time as methotrexate use should be avoided especially as many suitable alternative anesthetic agents exist."	7.83	Drug interactions may be important risk factors for methotrexate neurotoxicity, particularly in pediatric leukemia patients. ( Baird, SF; Forster, VJ; Halsey, C; Mair, S; Skinner, R; van Delft, FW, 2016)
"Hypothesizing that propofol's pro and anticonvulsant effects might be dose dependent, we determined the effect of 25, 50, and 100% of a previously determined anesthetic dose of propofol for rats on the amount of lidocaine required to induce seizures."	7.69	Propofol prevents or elevates the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures in rats. ( Cottrell, JE; Hartung, J; Weinberger, J; Ying, H, 1994)
"Nitrous oxide is an inhaled agent commonly used by dental staff to provide anxiolysis and analgesia for dental procedures and by anesthesia personnel as an adjunct to more potent general anesthetic gases."	5.36	Seizures temporally associated with nitrous oxide administration for pediatric procedural sedation. ( Doescher, JS; Zier, JL, 2010)
"Use of nitrous oxide in pediatric leukemia patients at the same time as methotrexate use should be avoided especially as many suitable alternative anesthetic agents exist."	3.83	Drug interactions may be important risk factors for methotrexate neurotoxicity, particularly in pediatric leukemia patients. ( Baird, SF; Forster, VJ; Halsey, C; Mair, S; Skinner, R; van Delft, FW, 2016)
"Hypothesizing that propofol's pro and anticonvulsant effects might be dose dependent, we determined the effect of 25, 50, and 100% of a previously determined anesthetic dose of propofol for rats on the amount of lidocaine required to induce seizures."	3.69	Propofol prevents or elevates the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures in rats. ( Cottrell, JE; Hartung, J; Weinberger, J; Ying, H, 1994)
"Of the 85 cases with vitamin B12 deficiency, 80% presented with spells (37%) of apneas, motor seizures, or absences within the first two months of life."	1.72	Breastfed Infants With Spells, Tremor, or Irritability: Rule Out Vitamin B12 Deficiency. ( Astrup, H; Bjørke-Monsen, AL; Eklund, EA; Hager, HB; Lindberg, M; Ljungblad, UW; Mørkrid, L; Rootwelt, T; Tangeraas, T, 2022)
"Nitrous oxide is an inhaled agent commonly used by dental staff to provide anxiolysis and analgesia for dental procedures and by anesthesia personnel as an adjunct to more potent general anesthetic gases."	1.36	Seizures temporally associated with nitrous oxide administration for pediatric procedural sedation. ( Doescher, JS; Zier, JL, 2010)
"The duration of seizure activity was longer in sevoflurane patients, 35 (17."	1.32	Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: a comparison of sevoflurane with propofol. ( Dawson, P; Hodgson, RE; Hold, AR; Rout, CC; Zuma, K, 2004)
"A case of intraoperative convulsions occurring in a child with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is presented."	1.30	Intraoperative convulsions in a child with arthrogryposis. ( Ferris, PE, 1997)
"Bupivacaine was infused at a constant rate while the pigs' ECGs and EEGs were recorded."	1.28	Bupivacaine toxicity in young pigs is age-dependent and is affected by volatile anesthetics. ( Badgwell, JM; Heavner, JE; Kytta, J, 1990)
"The incidence of withdrawal convulsions was determined in mice following removal from a 70 per cent nitrous oxide environment."	1.27	The effect of naloxone and morphine on convulsions in mice following withdrawal from nitrous oxide. ( Dyke, G; Gough, M; Manson, HJ; Melling, J, 1983)
"These withdrawal seizure prone (WSP) and withdrawal seizure resistant (WSR) selection lines now differ by over 10-fold in HIC scores after equivalent exposure to intoxicating levels of ethanol via inhalation."	1.27	Ethanol and nitrous oxide produce withdrawal-induced convulsions by similar mechanisms in mice. ( Belknap, JK; Crabbe, JC; Laursen, SE, 1987)
"kg-1 fentanyl while seizure activity occurred in all animals given 400 micrograms ."	1.27	Effects of fentanyl on local cerebral blood flow in the rat. ( Carlsson, C; Greenberg, J; Harp, JR; Keykhah, M; Reivich, M; Safo, Y; Smith, DS; Young, ML, 1985)
"The severity and duration of these convulsions were related to the nitrous oxide concentration and duration of exposure."	1.26	Physical dependence on nitrous oxide in mice: resemblance to alcohol but not to opiate withdrawal. ( Cervenko, FW; Jhamandas, KH; Milne, B, 1981)
"Diazepam pretreatment raised the seizure threshold of bupivacaine."	1.25	Central nervous system effects of bupivacaine. ( Jenkins, LC; Robinson, WM, 1975)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	34 (65.38)	18.7374
1990's	8 (15.38)	18.2507
2000's	3 (5.77)	29.6817
2010's	5 (9.62)	24.3611
2020's	2 (3.85)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Ljungblad, UW	1
Astrup, H	1
Mørkrid, L	1
Hager, HB	1
Lindberg, M	1
Eklund, EA	1
Bjørke-Monsen, AL	1
Rootwelt, T	1
Tangeraas, T	1
Kohtala, S	1
Rantamäki, T	1
Banchs, R	1
Lerman, J	1
Wald, SH	1
Safdieh, JE	1
Forster, VJ	1
van Delft, FW	1
Baird, SF	1
Mair, S	1
Skinner, R	1
Halsey, C	1
Peral, D	1
Higueras, R	1
Onrubia, X	1
Bellver, J	1
Zier, JL	1
Doescher, JS	1
Watts, JM	1
Whitlow, CT	1
Maldjian, JA	1
KEMENY, P	2
HODOSI, J	2
SZANTO, I	2
Hodgson, RE	1
Dawson, P	1
Hold, AR	1
Rout, CC	1
Zuma, K	1
Bordes, M	1
Cros, AM	1
VIZE, JL	1
Manson, HJ	1
Dyke, G	1
Melling, J	1
Gough, M	1
Rupreht, J	1
Dworacek, B	1
Ducardus, R	1
Schmitz, PI	1
Dzoljic, MR	1
Bell, PY	1
Macdonald, AG	1
Stevens, JE	1
Oshima, E	1
Mori, K	2
Carlsson, C	2
Smith, DS	2
Keykhah, MM	1
Englebach, I	1
Harp, JR	2
Harper, MH	1
Winter, PM	3
Johnson, BH	1
Koblin, DD	2
Eger, EI	6
Milne, B	1
Cervenko, FW	1
Jhamandas, KH	1
Vaughn, LK	1
Pruhs, RJ	1
Hartung, J	1
Ying, H	1
Weinberger, J	1
Cottrell, JE	1
Ferris, PE	1
Woodforth, IJ	1
Hicks, RG	1
Crawford, MR	1
Stephen, JP	1
Burke, DJ	1
Gong, D	1
Fang, Z	1
Ionescu, P	1
Laster, MJ	1
Terrell, RC	1
Holzki, J	1
Kretz, FJ	1
Smith, RA	2
Smith, M	2
Fisher, RS	1
Prince, DA	1
Dong, DE	1
Robinson, WM	1
Jenkins, LC	1
Avramov, MN	1
Badgwell, JM	1
Heavner, JE	3
Kytta, J	1
Dolin, SJ	1
Little, HJ	1
LaManna, JC	1
McCracken, KA	1
Patil, M	1
Prohaska, OJ	1
Frost, EA	1
Belknap, JK	1
Laursen, SE	1
Crabbe, JC	1
Safo, Y	1
Young, ML	1
Greenberg, J	1
Reivich, M	1
Keykhah, M	1
Manners, JM	1
Wills, A	1
Brauer, RW	1
Goldman, SM	1
Beaver, RW	1
Sheehan, ME	1
Ferrer-Allado, T	1
Brechner, VL	1
Dymond, A	1
Cozen, H	1
Crandall, P	1
Myers, RR	1
Stockard, JJ	1
Fleming, NI	1
France, CJ	1
Bickford, RG	1
Miller, KW	1
Gattiker, R	1
Meyer, JS	1
Gotoh, F	1
Akiyama, M	1
Toshitake, S	1
De Jong, RH	2
De Oliveira, LF	2
Hills, BA	1
Hahn, F	1
May, HU	1
Krenn, J	1
Porges, P	1
Steinbereithner, K	1
Galley, AH	1

Trial			Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Prospective Cohort Study Evaluating Incidence and Correlation Between Pain and Emergence Delirium After Adenotonsillectomy in Preschool Children[NCT01096797]			Phase 4	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Article	Year
Rapid-acting antidepressants and the regulation of TrkB neurotrophic signalling-Insights from ketamine, nitrous oxide, seizures and anaesthesia. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2021, Volume: 129, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cerebral Cortex; Depr	2021
Clinical applications of arterial spin labeling. NMR in biomedicine, 2013, Volume: 26, Issue:8 Topics: Body Water; Brain Death; Brain Diseases; Brain Neoplasms; Cerebral Arteries; Cerebrovascular Circula	2013
[Inhalation induction with sevoflurane in paediatrics: what is new?]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Drug Synergism;	2006

Article	Year
Breastfed Infants With Spells, Tremor, or Irritability: Rule Out Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Pediatric neurology, 2022, Volume: 131 Topics: Breast Feeding; Case-Control Studies; Child; Female; Homocysteine; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn;	2022
The use of nitrous oxide as an adjuvant for inhalation inductions with sevoflurane: a pro-con debate. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2013, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Apoptosis; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Interactions; Environm	2013
Patient management problem. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 2014, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Neurolog Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alcoholism; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Bariatric Surgery; Diabetes Mellitus, Typ	2014
Drug interactions may be important risk factors for methotrexate neurotoxicity, particularly in pediatric leukemia patients. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 2016, Volume: 78, Issue:5 Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Leukemi	2016
[Anesthesia in a patient with homocystinuria and severe pulmonary embolism]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:3 Topics: Acenocoumarol; Aggression; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics; Anticoagulants; Contraindications; Enox	2009
Seizures temporally associated with nitrous oxide administration for pediatric procedural sedation. Journal of child neurology, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child, Preschool; Conscious Sedation; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nitrous	2010
[TREATMENT OF SUSTAINED CONVULSIONS IN CHILDHOOD WITH N2O ANESTHESIA. (PRELIMINARY REPORT)]. Orvosi hetilap, 1964, Apr-12, Volume: 105 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Encephalitis; Enterocolitis	1964
CONTROL OF PROLONGED CONVULSIVE SEIZURES IN CHILDHOOD BY ADMINISTRATION OF INHALATION ANAESTHESIA WITH NITROUS OXIDE (N2O). Annales paediatrici. International review of pediatrics, 1964, Volume: 203 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Asthma; Barbiturates; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Chloral Hydrate;	1964
Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: a comparison of sevoflurane with propofol. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2004, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Case-Control Studies; Depressi	2004
Preliminary report on convulsions following nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia. Dental digest, 1948, Volume: 54, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesiology; Humans; Nitrous Oxide; Oxygen; Seizures	1948
The effect of naloxone and morphine on convulsions in mice following withdrawal from nitrous oxide. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1983, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Morphine; Naloxone;	1983
The involvement of the central cholinergic and endorphinergic systems in the nitrous oxide withdrawal syndrome in mice. Anesthesiology, 1983, Volume: 58, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Brain; Endorphins; Galantamine; Humans; Male; Mice; Naloxone; Nitrous Oxide; Parasympatheti	1983
Reversal of pressure-induced tremors in rats by step decompression and by inert gases. Undersea biomedical research, 1984, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Atmospheric Pressure; Decompression; Decompression Sickness; Female; Guinea Pigs; Helium; M	1984
Effects of nitrous oxide on the epileptogenic property of enflurane in cats. British journal of anaesthesia, 1983, Volume: 55, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Blood Pressure; Cats; Drug Interactions; Electroen	1983
The effects of high-dose fentanyl on cerebral circulation and metabolism in rats. Anesthesiology, 1982, Volume: 57, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Brain; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroencephalograph	1982
Withdrawal convulsions in mice following nitrous oxide. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1980, Volume: 59, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nitrous Oxide; Partial Pressure; Seizures; Substance	1980
Physical dependence on nitrous oxide in mice: resemblance to alcohol but not to opiate withdrawal. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1981, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Ethanol; Humans; Male; Mice; Naloxone; Nitrous Oxide; Opioid-Related Disorders; Seizures; S	1981
Strain-dependent variability in nitrous oxide withdrawal seizure frequency. Life sciences, 1995, Volume: 57, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nitrous Oxide; Seizures	1995
Propofol prevents or elevates the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures in rats. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 1994, Volume: 6, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Blood Pressure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroencephalography;	1994
Intraoperative convulsions in a child with arthrogryposis. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Arthrogryposis; Fever; Fundoplication; Gastroesop	1997
Electroencephalographic evidence of seizure activity under deep sevoflurane anesthesia in a nonepileptic patient. Anesthesiology, 1997, Volume: 87, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child; Electroencephalography; Ethers; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Intraopera	1997
Rat strain minimally influences anesthetic and convulsant requirements of inhaled compounds in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 87, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Desflurane; Ethyl Ethers; Isoflurane; Nitrous Oxide; R	1998
Changing aspects of sevoflurane in paediatric anaesthesia: 1975-99. Paediatric anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 9, Issue:4 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Chil	1999
Convulsions in mice after anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 1979, Volume: 50, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Cyclopropanes; Ether; Ethers; Ethylenes; Humans; Methyldopa; Mice; Mice, Inbre	1979
Spike-wave rhythms in cat cortex induced by parenteral penicillin. I. Electroencephalographic features. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1977, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Barbiturates; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography; Haloth	1977
Tolerance of mice to nitrous oxide. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1979, Volume: 211, Issue:2 Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Brain; Cholesterol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance;	1979
Tolerance to and dependence on inhalational anesthetics. Anesthesiology, 1979, Volume: 50, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics; Animals; Cyclopropanes; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Isoflurane; Mic	1979
Central nervous system effects of bupivacaine. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1975, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Amygdala; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Brain; Bupivacaine; Ca	1975
Nitrous oxide antagonizes CNS stimulation by laudanosine in mice. British journal of anaesthesia, 1990, Volume: 65, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Isoquinolines; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nitrous Oxide; Opium;	1990
Bupivacaine toxicity in young pigs is age-dependent and is affected by volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 73, Issue:2 Topics: Aging; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine; Cardiac Output; Drug Interactions	1990
Effects of "nitrendipine" on nitrous oxide anesthesia, tolerance, and physical dependence. Anesthesiology, 1989, Volume: 70, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Drug Tolerance; Male; Mice; Nitrendipine; Nitrous Oxide; Seizures;	1989
Stimulus-activated changes in brain tissue temperature in the anesthetized rat. Metabolic brain disease, 1989, Volume: 4, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Body Temperature; Brain; Chloral Hydrate; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephal	1989
Seizures after anesthesia: identifying the causes. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1987, Volume: 66, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Humans; Isoflurane; Nitrous Oxide; Seizures	1987
Ethanol and nitrous oxide produce withdrawal-induced convulsions by similar mechanisms in mice. Life sciences, 1987, Oct-26, Volume: 41, Issue:17 Topics: Animals; Ethanol; Handling, Psychological; Kinetics; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Nitrous Oxide; Seiz	1987
Are seizures caused by nitrous oxide or isoflurane? Anesthesiology, 1985, Volume: 62, Issue:5 Topics: Humans; Isoflurane; Methyl Ethers; Nitrous Oxide; Seizures	1985
Effects of fentanyl on local cerebral blood flow in the rat. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1985, Volume: 29, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Brain; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Electroencephalography; Fentanyl; Glucose; Male; Nitrou	1985
Post-operative convulsions. A review based on a case report. Anaesthesia, 1971, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Androstanes; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Aortic Aneurysm; Atropine; Autopsy; Blood Pressure; Calcium; Ca	1971
N2, H2, and N2O antagonism of high pressure neurological syndrome in mice. Undersea biomedical research, 1974, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Diseases; Female; Helium; Hydrogen; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nitr	1974
Ketamine-induced electroconvulsive phenomena in the human limbic and thalamic regions. Anesthesiology, 1973, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Electroencephalography; Female;	1973
The use of on-line telephonic computer analysis of the E.E.G. in anaesthesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 1973, Volume: 45, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Communication; Computers;	1973
Inert gas narcosis, the high pressure neurological syndrome, and the critical volume hypothesis. Science (New York, N.Y.), 1974, Sep-06, Volume: 185, Issue:4154 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Atmospheric Pressure; Diving; Gases; Helium; Humans; Inert Gas Narcosi	1974
[Anesthesia problems in clinical kidney transplantation]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimentelle Chirurgie, 1967, Volume: 143, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Endotracheal; Atropine; Coma; Female; Halothane; Humans; Kidney Transplantation;	1967
Monitoring cerebral blood flow and oxygen, glucose, lactate and ammonia metabolism. Circulation research, 1967, Volume: 21, Issue:5 Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Arteries; Bemegride; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Glucose; B	1967
Nitrous oxide elevates local anesthetic seizure threshold. Experimental neurology, 1972, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Cats; Electrodes, Implanted; Electroencephalography; Injections, Intrav	1972
Effects of nitrous oxide on the lidocaine seizure threshold and diazepam protection. Anesthesiology, 1972, Volume: 37, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Cats; Diazepam; Drug Interactions; Electroencephalography; Lidocaine; Ni	1972
Neurologic oxygen toxicity: effects of switch of inert gas and change of pressure. Aerospace medicine, 1972, Volume: 43, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Atmospheric Pressure; Biomechanical Phenomena; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Nitrogen; Nitrous Ox	1972
Concerning the depressant activity of analeptics (pentylenetetrazol, bemegride, nikethamide, picrotoxin). Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1970, Volume: 188, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Barbiturates; Bemegride; Depression, Chemical; Guinea Pigs; Nikethamide; Nitrou	1970
[Case of anesthesia convulsions under nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist, 1967, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Child; Electroencephalography; Halothane; Humans; Male; Nitrous Oxide; Seizures	1967
Unforseen complications encountered during dental anaesthesia. Fits and faints. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1966, Volume: 59, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Ma	1966

nitrous oxide and Seizures

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