Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Positive regulation of arachidonic acid secretion is a complex biological process that involves a series of steps, ultimately leading to the release of arachidonic acid from cell membranes. Arachidonic acid is a fatty acid that serves as a precursor to various signaling molecules, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, which play vital roles in inflammation, immunity, and other physiological processes.
The process begins with an initial stimulus, such as an inflammatory mediator, a pathogen, or a mechanical injury. This stimulus activates specific signaling pathways within the cell, leading to the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes. PLA2 enzymes are responsible for cleaving arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids, specifically phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine.
Several isoforms of PLA2 are involved in this process, each with distinct regulatory mechanisms and cellular localization. For example, cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that is activated by intracellular calcium signaling. Another key enzyme, secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), is released from cells and can contribute to the release of arachidonic acid in the extracellular environment.
Once released from the membrane, arachidonic acid can be further metabolized by various enzymes, such as cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), and cytochrome P450 enzymes. These enzymes generate a variety of bioactive lipid mediators that exert diverse effects on cellular function and physiology.
The specific mechanisms of positive regulation of arachidonic acid secretion can vary depending on the cell type and the initiating stimulus. However, several common themes emerge:
1. **Calcium signaling:** An increase in intracellular calcium levels is a common trigger for PLA2 activation. This calcium influx can be mediated by various receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), tyrosine kinase receptors, and ion channels.
2. **Protein kinases:** Activation of protein kinases, such as protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), can also contribute to PLA2 activation. These kinases can phosphorylate and activate PLA2 enzymes, leading to increased arachidonic acid release.
3. **Cytoskeletal rearrangements:** Changes in the organization of the cytoskeleton, particularly actin filaments, can influence PLA2 activity and arachidonic acid release. This may involve the recruitment of PLA2 to specific membrane domains or the modulation of membrane fluidity.
4. **Interaction with other proteins:** PLA2 enzymes can interact with various other proteins, including scaffolding proteins, lipid chaperones, and regulatory proteins, which can modulate their activity and localization.
5. **Transcriptional regulation:** In some cases, the expression of PLA2 enzymes can be regulated at the transcriptional level, leading to altered levels of PLA2 proteins and subsequent changes in arachidonic acid release.
In summary, positive regulation of arachidonic acid secretion is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves the interplay of multiple signaling pathways, enzyme activation, and membrane dynamics. This process is essential for the production of a wide range of bioactive lipid mediators that play crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, and other cellular functions.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Vasopressin V1b receptor | A vasopressin V1b receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P47901] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Somatostatin receptor type 4 | A somatostatin receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P31391] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Neurotensin receptor type 1 | A neurotensin receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P30989] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | A macrophage migration inhibitory factor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14174] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 | A group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15496] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| histamine | aralkylamino compound; imidazoles | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter | |
| thyroxine | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative | mitogen | |
| 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; phenols | human metabolite |
| porphobilinogen | aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles | Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite | |
| astemizole | astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects. | benzimidazoles; piperidines | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| benzyl isothiocyanate | benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma | benzenes; isothiocyanate | antibacterial drug |
| ebselen | ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase. | benzoselenazole | anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger |
| hexachlorophene | hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union. Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797) | bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene | acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
| ibudilast | pyrazolopyridine | ||
| ipriflavone | ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. | aromatic ether; isoflavones | bone density conservation agent |
| isoniazid | Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| sulforaphane | sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen. sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L. | isothiocyanate; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| metaraminol | metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension. Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION. | phenylethanolamines | alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| allyl isothiocyanate | allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi. allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure | alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite |
| phenylisothiocyanate | phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation. phenylisothiocyanate: structure | isothiocyanate | allergen; reagent |
| phenethyl isothiocyanate | phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties. phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma | isothiocyanate | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite |
| pontamine sky blue | |||
| benzyl thiocyanate | benzyl thiocyanate: increases activities of anhydrotetracycline oxygenase | thiocyanates | |
| camptothecin | NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source | delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite |
| n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine | N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source | ketoimine; quinone imine | |
| 3-phenylpropyl isothiocyanate | 3-phenylpropyl isothiocyanate: structure given in first source | benzenes | |
| hexylglutathione | S-hexylglutathione : An S-substituted glutathione that is glutathione in which the hydrogen of the thiol has been replaced by a hexyl group (PDB entry: 1PN9). | S-substituted glutathione | |
| nimbin | nimbin : A limonoid found in Azadirachta indica. nimbin: from Neem seed (Azadirachta indica) | acetate ester; cyclic terpene ketone; enone; furans; limonoid; methyl ester; tetracyclic triterpenoid | pesticide; plant metabolite |
| 6-phenylhexyl isothiocyanate | |||
| sr 48692 | SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| mozavaptan | mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source | benzamides | aquaretic |
| iguratimod | iguratimod: an immunosuppressive agent | organic molecular entity | |
| 4-phenylbutyl isothiocyanate | 4-phenylbutyl isothiocyanate: structure given in first source; inhibits tumorigenesis induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone | benzenes; organic amino compound | |
| 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone | 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone: a pesticide synergist; inhibits juvenile hormone esterase | ||
| varespladib | aromatic ether; benzenes; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; primary carboxamide | anti-inflammatory drug; antidote; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor | |
| edotreotide | Edotreotide: DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetracetic acid; structure given in first source; may be labelled with various radioisotopes | ||
| phenylethyl isocyanate | 2-phenylethyl isocyanate : An isocyanate having a 2-phenylethyl group attached to the nitrogen. | isocyanates | hapten |
| oxytocin | oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour. Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION. | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | oxytocic; vasodilator agent |
| octreotide | |||
| deaminooxytocin | demoxytocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is the synthetic analog of the peptide hormone oxytocin where the free amino group in the half-cystine residue is replaced by hydrogen. The mechanism of action and pharmacological properties of demoxytocin and oxytocin are similar. The drug affects the permeability of the cell membrane, increasing the content of calcium ions in smooth muscle cells, thereby increasing its contraction. It stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus, as well as stimulating the contraction of myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, and enhances the secretion of milk. | heterodetic cyclic peptide | oxytocic |
| arginine vasopressin | Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. | vasopressin | cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen |
| 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine | 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines carrying iodo and phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine: acts on macrophage migration inhibitory factor; structure in first source | biaryl; organoiodine compound; pyrimidines | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitor |
| opc 51803 | OPC 51803: a nonpeptide vasopressin V(2)-agonist; structure in first source | ||
| esculetin | esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light. esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure | hydroxycoumarin | antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter |
| esculin | beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin | antioxidant; metabolite | |
| amentoflavone | biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite | |
| ellagic acid | catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol | antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent | |
| 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone | 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A 7-hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3'. 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite |
| atosiban | oligopeptide | ||
| deamino arginine vasopressin | Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. | heterodetic cyclic peptide | diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist |
| neurotensin | |||
| l803087 | L-803087 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole substituted by phenyl, 4-{[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-methoxy-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino}-4-oxobutyl, fluoro and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a selective nonpeptidic agonist of the somatostatin subtype-4 (SST4) receptor with Ki of 0.7 nM. L803087: structure in first source | benzenes; fluoroindole; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; phenylindole; secondary carboxamide | somatostatin receptor agonist |
| obelin | obelin: calcium-sensitive photoprotein obtained from the hydroid Obelia geniculata | ||
| seglitide | seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist | ||
| sr 142948 | SR 142948: structurally similar to SR-48692 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| way-151932 | WAY-151932: structure in first source | ||
| 3-cyano-7-hydroxycoumarin | 3-cyano-7-hydroxycoumarin: structure given in first source | ||
| ochnaflavone | ochnaflavone : A biflavonoid with an ether linkage between the B-rings of the apigenin and luteolin subunits. It has been isolated from several members of the Ochnaceae plant family. ochnaflavone: from Lonicera japonica; structure given in first source | aromatic ether; biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antibacterial agent; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; plant metabolite |
| salannin | salannin : A limonoid with insecticidal activity isolated from Azadirachta indica. salannin: from seeds of neem tree, Azadirachta indica; inhibits 20-monooxygenase; structure given in first source | acetate ester; furans; limonoid; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antifeedant; insect growth regulator; plant metabolite |
| lanreotide | |||
| 2-pyridin-2-yl-4h-1,3-benzothiazin-4-one | 2-pyridin-2-yl-4H-1,3-benzothiazin-4-one: a cardioprotective agent; structure in first source | ||
| ym 26734 | YM 26734: inhibits group II phospholipase A2; structure given in first source | ||
| nnc 26-9100 | NNC 26-9100: structure in first source | aminopyridine | |
| ssr 149415 | |||
| indoxam | indoxam: structure in first source | ||
| sr 48527 | SR 48527: SR 48527 is the S-enantiomer; SR-49711 is the R-enantiomer | ||
| l 363301 | |||
| sr 142948a | SR 142948A: structure in first source | ||
| pasireotide | pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease. | homodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | antineoplastic agent |
| 4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride | |||
| gsk221149a | GSK221149A: highly selective oxytocin receptor antagonist; structure in first source | dipeptide | |
| naluzotan | naluzotan: an antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent; structure in first source | ||
| (1's, 2s)-4-amino-n-(1'-carbamoyl-2'-phenylethyl)-2-(4''-methyl-1''-naphthalenesulfonylamino)butanamide | (1'S, 2S)-4-amino-N-(1'-carbamoyl-2'-phenylethyl)-2-(4''-methyl-1''-naphthalenesulfonylamino)butanamide: a somatostatin receptor 4 agonist; structure in first source | ||
| epelsiban | epelsiban: structure in first source | dipeptide | |
| azadiradione | azadiradione : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is 4,4,8-trimethylandrosta-1,14-diene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 16, an acetoxy group at position 7 and a furan-3-yl group at position 17. Isolated from Azadirachta indica, it exhibits antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. azadiradione: structure in first source | acetate ester; cyclic terpene ketone; furans; limonoid; tetracyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory agent; antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite |
| l 054522 | L 054522: somatostatin receptor subtype 2 agonist; structure in first source | ||
| somatostatin | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | ||
| carbetocin | carbetocin : Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus. | heterodetic cyclic peptide | oxytocic |
| neurotensin | neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91 | peptide hormone | human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary |
| vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-val-8-arg- | |||
| nitd 609 | NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source | ||
| epoxyazadiradione | epoxyazadiradione : A limonoid that is azadiradione with an epoxy group across positions 14 and 15. Isolated from Azadirachta indica it exhibits insecticidal activitry against mosquitoes. epoxyazadiradione: limonoid from neem tree Azadirachta indica; RN given for (5alpha,7alpha,13alpha,14beta,15beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure in first source | acetate ester; cyclic terpene ketone; epoxide; furans; limonoid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory agent; insecticide; plant metabolite |
| way 267464 |