Page last updated: 2024-10-24

hemostasis

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part. [ISBN:0198506732]

Hemostasis is a complex biological process that involves the stopping of bleeding from a blood vessel injury. It is a tightly regulated process that involves multiple components, including platelets, blood clotting factors, and the endothelium of blood vessels. The process can be broadly divided into three phases: 1. **Vascular Spasm:** Immediately following injury, the blood vessel constricts (vasoconstriction), reducing blood flow to the injured area. This is a temporary measure and is triggered by the release of vasoconstrictors like endothelin and serotonin from the damaged tissue. 2. **Platelet Plug Formation:** Platelets, small cell fragments in the blood, adhere to the exposed collagen fibers in the damaged vessel wall. This adhesion triggers the activation of platelets, leading to the release of various factors that promote platelet aggregation. The aggregation of platelets forms a temporary plug that further reduces blood flow. 3. **Coagulation Cascade:** The most complex phase of hemostasis, the coagulation cascade involves a series of enzymatic reactions that result in the formation of a stable fibrin clot. The cascade is initiated by either the intrinsic pathway (activated by contact with exposed collagen) or the extrinsic pathway (activated by tissue factor released from damaged cells). Both pathways converge at a common point leading to the activation of thrombin, an enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming a stable clot that seals the injury. After clot formation, the process of fibrinolysis begins, where plasminogen is converted to plasmin, an enzyme that dissolves the clot. This ensures that the clot does not become too large and prevents obstruction of blood flow. Hemostasis is essential for maintaining blood volume and preventing excessive blood loss after injury. It is a finely tuned process that requires the coordinated action of multiple components. Disruptions in this process can lead to bleeding disorders (e.g., hemophilia) or clotting disorders (e.g., thrombosis).'
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Proteins (3)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
P2Y purinoceptor 12A P2Y purinoceptor 12 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q9H244]Homo sapiens (human)
Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factorA Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q01543]Homo sapiens (human)
Vasopressin V2 receptorA vasopressin V2 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P30518]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (56)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
clotrimazoleconazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
emodinemodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.

Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.
trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
itraconazolepiperazines
mitoxantronemitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.

Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
benzotriazolebenzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.

benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid
benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aloe emodinAloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.

aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe
aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
chrysophanic acidchrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260

chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
physcionephyscion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.

physcione: structure
dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
diadenosine tetraphosphateP(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.diadenosyl tetraphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
clopidogrelclopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.

Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine
anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
relcovaptanrelcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first sourceproline derivative
spiroglumidespiroglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; antigastrin; structure given in first source
opc 21268OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist
mozavaptanmozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first sourcebenzamidesaquaretic
methylthio-adp
emodin anthroneemodin anthrone : A member of the class of anthracenones that is anthracen-9(10H)-one which carries a methyl group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an intermediate precursor in the synthesis of hypericin.

emodin anthrone: inhibits respiratory-driven solute transport in membrane vesicles of E coli
anthracenone;
phenols
fungal metabolite
conivaptanconivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
lixivaptan
tolvaptanbenzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide
aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
oxytocinoxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.

Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
frangulin bfrangulin B: found in bark of Frangula alnus (formerly called Rhamnus frangula)anthraquinone
phosphoramidonphosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.

phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure
deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
deaminooxytocindemoxytocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is the synthetic analog of the peptide hormone oxytocin where the free amino group in the half-cystine residue is replaced by hydrogen. The mechanism of action and pharmacological properties of demoxytocin and oxytocin are similar. The drug affects the permeability of the cell membrane, increasing the content of calcium ions in smooth muscle cells, thereby increasing its contraction. It stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus, as well as stimulating the contraction of myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, and enhances the secretion of milk.heterodetic cyclic peptideoxytocic
arginine vasopressinArginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.
vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
opc 51803OPC 51803: a nonpeptide vasopressin V(2)-agonist; structure in first source
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
leukotriene e4leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).

Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
ar c67085mxPSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors
atosibanoligopeptide
deamino arginine vasopressinDeamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
l 372662L 372662: structure in first source
way-151932WAY-151932: structure in first source
lofepramine hydrochloride
salvianolic acid Bsalvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza

salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza
1-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
l 371257L 371257: structure given in first source
prasugrel5-[2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate : A member of the class of thienopyridines that is 2-acetoxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl group.

prasugrel : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.
acetate ester;
cyclopropanes;
ketone;
monofluorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound;
thienopyridine
cangrelorcangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.

cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist
adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
alloinalloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structurediastereoisomeric mixtureEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
laxative
ticagrelorticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
l 368899
ssr 149415
gsk221149aGSK221149A: highly selective oxytocin receptor antagonist; structure in first sourcedipeptide
epelsibanepelsiban: structure in first sourcedipeptide
salvianolic acid csalvianolic acid C: mTOR inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhizabenzofurans
elinogrelelinogrel: a P2Y12 inhibitor and platelet aggregation inhibitor
carbetocincarbetocin : Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.heterodetic cyclic peptideoxytocic
azd1283
acid blue 40Acid Blue 40: a textile dye; structure in first source
acid blue 25
acid blue 129
vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-val-8-arg-
nitd 609NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source
yk 4-279YK 4-279: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein; structure in first sourcearomatic ketone
tetracyclinetetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.

Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.
chlortetracyclinechlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.

Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.
way 267464