neuropeptide-y and Wounds-and-Injuries

Two distinct and large bodies of literature exist on resilience that are of potential interest for surgical outcomes. First is the literature on the impact of resilience on surgical recovery and wound-healing. Second is the literature on biomarkers for resilience, which largely focuses on neuropeptide Y (NPY), testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Despite this activity, there is a dearth of literature linking these two bodies of research by investigating biomarkers for surgical resilience and its impact on surgical recovery. This paper reviews both bodies of literature within the context of surgical recovery.. Literature searches within Medline and Embase were conducted for studies and previous reviews of resilience biomarkers and for the impact of individual resilience on surgical recovery. Reference lists of the reviews were searched for additional papers. No systematic review is yet possible due to the novelty of the use of resilience biomarkers within a surgical context.. This is the first review to explore a potential link between resilience biomarkers and surgical recovery. There are a number of biomarkers that correlate with individual resilience levels and resilient individuals exhibit better recovery trajectories following surgery, suggesting a novel use of such biomarkers for the identification of "surgical resilience".. By identifying surgical resilience, there is potential for utilising these biomarkers as prognostic indicators of likely recovery trajectories from surgery, which in turn complement individualised peri-operative management.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Biomarkers; Convalescence; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Humans; Neuropeptide Y; Recovery of Function; Resilience, Psychological; Stress, Physiological; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Testosterone; Treatment Outcome; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries

Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) training imposes psychophysiological stress on medics. It is unclear whether these stress levels vary with the training modalities selected. It is also unclear how stress levels could have an impact on medical performance and skill uptake.. We conducted a pilot study to compare the effects of live tissue (LT) with a high-fidelity patient simulator (SIM) on the level of stress elicited, performance, and skill uptake during battlefield trauma training course in an operating room (OR) and in a simulated battlefield scenario (field). In the report, we studied the effects of training modalities and their changes on stress levels by measuring different biomarkers (salivary amylase, plasma catecholamines, and neuropeptide Y) at various time points during the trauma training course.. We found that the training resulted in significant psychophysiological stress as indicated by elevated levels of various biomarkers relative to baseline immediately after both OR and field assessment (p < 0.05). Compared with pre-OR levels, the LT training in the OR resulted in significant increases in the plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neuropeptide (p = 0.013, 0.023, 0.004, respectively), whereas the SIM training in the OR resulted in significant increases in the plasma levels of norepinephrine and neuropeptide (p = 0.003 and 0.008). Compared with pre-field levels, we found significant increases in plasma epinephrine concentration in the SIM group (p = 0.016), plasma norepinephrine concentration in the LT group (p = 0.015), and plasma neuropeptide Y concentration in both LT (p = 0.006) and SIM groups (p = 0.029). No differences in the changes of biomarker levels were found between LT and SIM groups in the OR and field. Compared with pre-field levels, the testing on the same modality as that in the OR in the simulated battlefield resulted in significant increases in norepinephrine and neuropeptide levels (p = 0.013 and 0.015), whereas the testing on different modalities resulted in significant increases in amylase, epinephrine, and neuropeptide levels (p = 0.016, 0.05, 0.018, respectively). There was a significantly larger increase in plasma norepinephrine concentration (p = 0.031) and a trend toward a greater increase in the salivary amylase level (p = 0.052) when the field testing involved a different modality than the OR compared with when OR and field testing involved the same modality. Although most of the biomarkers returned to baseline levels after 24 h, plasma norepinephrine levels remained significantly higher regardless of whether field testing occurred on the same or different modality compared with OR (p = 0.040 and 0.002).. TCCC training led to significant increase in psychophysiological stress, as indicated by elevated levels of various biomarkers. The training modalities did not result in any differences in stress levels, whereas the switch in training modalities appeared to elicit greater stress as evidenced by changes in specific biomarkers (amylase and norepinephrine). A comparative study with a larger sample size is warranted.

Topics: Amylases; Biomarkers; Catecholamines; Humans; Neuropeptide Y; Operating Rooms; Patient Simulation; Pilot Projects; Simulation Training; Stress, Psychological; Teaching; Wounds and Injuries

The visible burrow system (VBS) utilizes the natural social behavior of rodents to model chronic social stress. Classically, when male and female rats are housed together in the VBS a dominance hierarchy rapidly forms with one dominant (DOM) and three subordinate (SUB) males. SUB animals show signs of chronic social stress, including loss of body weight and elevated basal corticosterone. This study furthered examined differences among the SUB population. Quantitative observations across numerous VBS colonies within the Sakai Lab suggest that there is variability in the effects of stress on the SUB population, specifically that some animals may experience more severe effects of chronic social stress than others. To further examine this observation, SUB animals were classified as OMEGA if they received a disproportionate amount of their colonies' wounds. OMEGA animals received more wounds to their body compared to SUB (P<0.0001) and lost significantly more weight throughout the stress period compared to all other VBS-housed animals (group×time interaction P<0.0001). Following VBS housing it was determined the OMGEA also lost lean body mass (P<0.01 vs. controls and DOM), are hyporesponsive to an acute restraint challenge (P<0.01 vs all other groups) and show depressive-like behavior during a forced swim test. Furthermore, expression of neuropeptide Y within the amygdala, known for anxiolytic properties following chronic stress, was elevated among OMEGA (group×region interaction P<0.001). Together these observations suggest that an additional phenotype exists among the SUB animals within a VBS colony and represents the variability of the effects of chronic social stress.

Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Composition; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Depression; Dominance-Subordination; Feeding Behavior; Female; Housing, Animal; Male; Neuropeptide Y; Psychological Tests; Rats, Long-Evans; Stress, Psychological; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Animals; Humans; Models, Animal; Neuropeptide Y; Resilience, Psychological; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological; Wounds and Injuries

Single ligature nerve constriction (SLNC) of the rat sciatic nerve triggers neuropathic pain-related behaviors and induces changes in neuropeptide expression in primary afferent neurons. Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) injected into the lumbar 4 (L4) dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of animals subjected to a sciatic nerve SLNC selectively migrate to the other ipsilateral lumbar DRGs (L3, L5 and L6) and prevent mechanical and thermal allodynia. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of MSC administration on the expression of the neuropeptides galanin and NPY, as well as the NPY Y(1)-receptor (Y(1)R) in DRG neurons. Animals were subjected to a sciatic nerve SLNC either alone or followed by the administration of MSCs, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or bone marrow non-adherent mononuclear cells (BNMCs), directly into the ipsilateral L4 DRG. Seven days after injury, the ipsilateral and contralateral L4-5 DRGs were dissected out and processed for standard immunohistochemistry, using specific antibodies. As previously reported, SLNC induced an ipsilateral increase in the number of galanin and NPY immunoreactive neurons and a decrease in Y(1)R-positive DRG neurons. The intraganglionic injection of PBS or BNMCs did not modify this pattern of expression. In contrast, MSC administration partially prevented the injury-induced changes in galanin, NPY and Y(1)R expression. The large number of Y(1)R-immunoreactive neurons together with high levels of NPY expression in animals injected with MSCs could explain, at least in part, the analgesic effects exerted by these cells. Our results support MSC participation in the modulation of neuropathic pain and give insight into one of the possible mechanisms involved.

Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Constriction, Pathologic; Galanin; Neuropeptide Y; Rats; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; Sciatic Nerve; Sciatic Neuropathy; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stromal Cells; Treatment Outcome; Wounds and Injuries

Exposure to uncontrollable stress reduces baseline plasma neuropeptide-Y levels in animals. We previously reported that baseline plasma neuropeptide-Y levels, as well as neuropeptide-Y responses to yohimbine, were lower in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, but we were unable to determine whether this was attributable to posttraumatic stress disorder or trauma exposure. The current report addresses this issue.. A) Baseline plasma neuropeptide-Y levels were measured in 8 healthy combat veterans compared to 18 combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and 8 healthy nontraumatized subjects; and B) Baseline plasma neuropeptide-Y levels, trauma exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were assessed in 41 active military personnel.. Plasma neuropeptide-Y was negatively associated with trauma exposure but not posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in active duty personnel. Baseline neuropeptide-Y was reduced in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder.. Trauma exposure rather than posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with reduced baseline plasma neuropeptide-Y levels. Future studies must determine if neuropeptide-Y reactivity differentiates trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Combat Disorders; Humans; Male; Neuropeptide Y; Personality Inventory; Placebos; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Veterans; Wounds and Injuries; Yohimbine

The aim of this study was to investigate neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in trigeminal ganglia following infraorbital nerve injury. Two experimental procedures were performed in three groups of rats: a unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the infraorbital nerve (n=13), nerve manipulation without CCI (n=13) and unoperated controls (n=8). All rats underwent baseline and regular assessment of mechanical withdrawal threshold (Von Frey) and reaction to pin prick as well as free behavior evaluations. CCI to the infraorbital nerve induced significant hyperalgesia and allodynia within 9-12 days. At 6 days seven rats were euthanized and trigeminal ganglia harvested for immunocytochemical (ICC) studies. The study was ended at 14 days when all rats were euthanized and their ganglia harvested for ICC and radioimmunoassay (RIA) studies. An increase in NPY levels was seen in the ipsilateral ganglia of manipulated and CCI rats at 6 days, when rats displayed no pain-related behavior. At 14 days, ICC and RIA both detected significant increases in NPY levels in the ipsilateral ganglia of CCI and manipulated rats but not in unoperated controls. The possible roles of NPY in pain modulation and nerve injury are discussed in light of these findings.

Topics: Animals; Constriction, Pathologic; Exploratory Behavior; Face; Grooming; Hyperalgesia; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neuropeptide Y; Orbit; Physical Stimulation; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trigeminal Ganglion; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries; Wounds and Injuries

Recently, we have discovered that neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic neurotransmitter, is also present in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs), and is potently chemotactic and angiogenic by acting on one or several of Y1-Y5 receptors. In HUVECs, NPY is co-localized with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) which cleaves Tyr(1)-Pro(2) from NPY(1-36) to form NPY(3-36) resulting in the formation of a non-Y1 receptor agonist, which remains angiogenic. Presently we studied the effects of DPPIV's blockade using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on migration of HUVECs in response to NPY(1-36) or NPY(3-36) following cell wounding. Both peptides caused similar dose-dependent increases in cell migration (+80% at 0.1 nM) 12 h after wounding. DPPIV mAbs, E19 and E26, significantly reduced HUVEC's migration below that of the untreated cells, and blocked responses to NPY(1-36) but not NPY(3-36). Enhanced expression of DPPIV was found in the migrating cells and in cells with their protrusions at the edge of the wound (immunostaining and Western blot). Thus, DPPIV's expression is stimulated by endothelial wounding and its enzymatic activity is required for NPY-mediated chemotaxis. Furthermore, this suggests that non-Y1 receptors activated by NPY(3-36) (Y2, Y3 and/or Y5) mediate angiogenic effects of NPY.

Topics: Blotting, Western; Cell Movement; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Immunoblotting; Neuropeptide Y; Time Factors; Umbilical Cord; Wounds and Injuries