metallothionein and Muscular-Dystrophies

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a disease characterized by skeletal muscle necrosis and the progressive accumulation of fibrotic tissue. While transforming growth factor (TGF)-β has emerged as central effector of MD and fibrotic disease, the cell types in diseased muscle that underlie TGFβ-dependent pathology have not been segregated. Here, we generated transgenic mice with myofiber-specific inhibition of TGFβ signaling owing to expression of a TGFβ type II receptor dominant-negative (dnTGFβRII) truncation mutant. Expression of dnTGFβRII in myofibers mitigated the dystrophic phenotype observed in δ-sarcoglycan-null (Sgcd(-/-)) mice through a mechanism involving reduced myofiber membrane fragility. The dnTGFβRII transgene also reduced muscle injury and improved muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin injury, as well as increased satellite cell numbers and activity. An unbiased global expression analysis revealed a number of potential mechanisms for dnTGFβRII-mediated protection, one of which was induction of the antioxidant protein metallothionein (Mt). Indeed, TGFβ directly inhibited Mt gene expression in vitro, the dnTGFβRII transgene conferred protection against reactive oxygen species accumulation in dystrophic muscle and treatment with Mt mimetics protected skeletal muscle upon injury in vivo and improved the membrane stability of dystrophic myofibers. Hence, our results show that the myofibers are central mediators of the deleterious effects associated with TGFβ signaling in MD.

Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins; Crotoxin; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Metallothionein; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Muscular Dystrophies; Mutation; Myofibrils; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; Sarcoglycans; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Signal Transduction; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Transgenes

To facilitate the scanning of large genomic regions for the presence of exonic gene segments we have constructed a cosmid-based exon trap vector. The vector serves a dual purpose since it is also suitable for contig construction and physical mapping. The exon trap cassette of vector sCOGH1 consists of the human growth hormone gene driven by the mouse mettallothionein-1 promoter. Inserts are cloned in the multicloning site located in intron 2 of the hGH gene. The efficiency of the system is demonstrated with cosmids containing multiple exons of the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy gene. All exons present in the inserts were successfully retrieved and no cryptic products were detected. Up to seven exons were isolated simultaneously in a single spliced product. The system has been extended by a transcription-translation-test protocol to determine the presence of large open reading frames in the trapped products, using a combination of tailed PCR primers directing protein synthesis in three different reading frames, followed by in vitro transcription-translation. Having larger stretches of coding sequence in a single exon trap product rather than small single exons greatly facilitates further analysis of potential genes and offers new possibilities for direct mutation analysis of exon trap material.

Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; Cloning, Molecular; Cosmids; DNA Probes; Exons; Genetic Techniques; Genetic Vectors; Genome; Growth Hormone; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Metallothionein; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Muscular Dystrophies; Open Reading Frames; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Promoter Regions, Genetic