Page last updated: 2024-10-31

apnea and Cyanosis

apnea has been researched along with Cyanosis in 138 studies

Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.

Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"It has been suggested that idiopathic apnea of prematurity is related to hypoxia from pulmonary instability or an immaturity of central respiratory control mechanisms."	9.04	Apnea of prematurity. Comparative therapeutic effects of cutaneous stimulation and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. ( Fanaroff, AA; Katona, PG; Kattwinkel, J; Klaus, MH; Nearman, HS, 1975)
" Considering that apnea events are not only present in preterm infants but also in term neonates, it is mandatory to diagnose in this context neonatal seizures for a correct diagnosis and a proper therapeutic choice."	9.01	Apnea events in neonatal age: A case report and literature review. ( Catanzaro, S; Cimino, C; Corsello, G; Falsaperla, R; Vitaliti, G, 2019)
" The risk of SIDS is increased in subsequent siblings of infants with SIDS, infants with apnea of infancy (AI), and prematurely born infants."	8.76	Apnea of infancy and sudden infant death syndrome. ( Brooks, JG, 1982)
"Apnea and cyanosis can be a manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborns, which suggests the need to include it in the diagnostic workup as other viral respiratory infections."	8.31	Apnea or cyanosis as COVID-19 initial presentation in newborns. ( Caicedo Baez, MC; Giraldo Alzate, C; Gómez Tovar, SL; Herrera Salazar, HD; Insignares Vizcaino, ZM; López-Barón, E; Niño-Serna, L; Tamayo-Múnera, C; Torres Millán, AL; Vanegas Diaz, CA, 2023)
"We present a three-week-old full-term male with a history of mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) who was admitted as an inpatient twice for episodes of apnea and perioral cyanosis."	7.96	COVID-19-associated apnea and circumoral cyanosis in a 3-week-old. ( Hanson, AE; Needleman, JS, 2020)
"This is a case of a 3-week-old male who presented to the emergency department with intermittent apnea and cyanosis."	7.73	A thyroglossal duct cyst causing apnea and cyanosis in a neonate. ( Christopher, NC; Diaz, MC; Stormorken, A, 2005)
"A noninvasive method for recording central and obstructive apnea with bradycardia is described."	7.66	A noninvasive method for recording central and obstructive apnea with bradycardia in infants. ( Dransfield, DA; Fox, WW, 1980)
"Episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea were studied in 26 newborns and prematures by continuous recording of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate, and impedance pneumography."	7.66	Evaluation of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate and respiration in neonates with episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea. ( Hürter, P; Larsen, H; Pörksen, C, 1979)
"This report is based on a study of 53 infants, 28 of whom had clinically observed prolonged apnea (greater than or equal to 20 seconds) during sleep whereas the remaining did not."	7.65	Prolonged sleep apnea and respiratory instability: a discriminative study. ( Steinschneider, A, 1977)
"It has been suggested that idiopathic apnea of prematurity is related to hypoxia from pulmonary instability or an immaturity of central respiratory control mechanisms."	5.04	Apnea of prematurity. Comparative therapeutic effects of cutaneous stimulation and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. ( Fanaroff, AA; Katona, PG; Kattwinkel, J; Klaus, MH; Nearman, HS, 1975)
" Considering that apnea events are not only present in preterm infants but also in term neonates, it is mandatory to diagnose in this context neonatal seizures for a correct diagnosis and a proper therapeutic choice."	5.01	Apnea events in neonatal age: A case report and literature review. ( Catanzaro, S; Cimino, C; Corsello, G; Falsaperla, R; Vitaliti, G, 2019)
"An "apparent life-threatening event" (ALTE) refers to an episode that is of concern to the caregiver and is associated with a combination of apnea, color change, change in tone, choking, or gagging."	4.82	Apparent life-threatening event: a review. ( Dewolfe, CC, 2005)
" Cyanotic breath-holding spells are of more complex pathogenesis, involving an interplay among hyperventilation, Valsalva maneuver, expiratory apnea, and intrinsic pulmonary mechanisms."	4.79	Breath-holding spells. ( Breningstall, GN, 1996)
" The risk of SIDS is increased in subsequent siblings of infants with SIDS, infants with apnea of infancy (AI), and prematurely born infants."	4.76	Apnea of infancy and sudden infant death syndrome. ( Brooks, JG, 1982)
"Apnea and cyanosis can be a manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborns, which suggests the need to include it in the diagnostic workup as other viral respiratory infections."	4.31	Apnea or cyanosis as COVID-19 initial presentation in newborns. ( Caicedo Baez, MC; Giraldo Alzate, C; Gómez Tovar, SL; Herrera Salazar, HD; Insignares Vizcaino, ZM; López-Barón, E; Niño-Serna, L; Tamayo-Múnera, C; Torres Millán, AL; Vanegas Diaz, CA, 2023)
"We present a three-week-old full-term male with a history of mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) who was admitted as an inpatient twice for episodes of apnea and perioral cyanosis."	3.96	COVID-19-associated apnea and circumoral cyanosis in a 3-week-old. ( Hanson, AE; Needleman, JS, 2020)
" However, there is no consensus on the management of cases with severe life-threatening symptoms, including repeated apnea, respiratory failure with severe cyanosis, severe bradycardia, or uncontrolled seizures."	3.91	Removal of a minimal amount of subdural hematoma is effective and sufficient for term neonates with severe symptomatic spontaneous parenchymal hemorrhage. ( Inagaki, T; Tamura, G, 2019)
" Apnea (87%) was the most common presentation of BRUE."	3.88	Short article: The endoscopic and histologic findings of infants who have experienced brief resolved unexplained events. ( Crissinger, KD; Gallegos, MBR; Gremse, DA; Jarasvaraparn, C; Mulekar, MS, 2018)
" It can cause stridor, apnea, cyanosis, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties."	3.85	Congenital Vallecular Cyst: ARare and Potentially Lethal Condition. ( Busaidi, MMA; Mallick, SA; Qureshi, TN; Varghese, AM, 2017)
"2%) was the most common description, followed by apnea (13."	3.81	Apparent Life-Threatening Events: Patients' Health Status at 5 Years of Age. ( Steiman, B; Watemberg, N, 2015)
" The patient's clinical manifestations were apnea and cyanosis requiring immediate endotracheal intubation, recurrent hypoventilation with hypercapnia, hypoxia after ventilator removal, and abdominal distension since birth."	3.77	PHOX2B mutations in patients with Ondine-Hirschsprung disease and a review of the literature. ( Chang, YS; Ki, CS; Kim, JW; Kim, JY; Kwon, MJ; Lee, GH; Lee, MK; Park, WS; Yoo, HS, 2011)
" The most frequent events were extreme desaturations (43/46 infants), preceded by a central apnea."	3.75	Risk factors for extreme events in infants hospitalized for apparent life-threatening events. ( Al-Kindy, HA; Côté, A; Gélinas, JF; Hatzakis, G, 2009)
" Specifically, ADRs were described as unexplained episodes of drowsiness, apnea, bradycardia, and cyanosis in suckling infants."	3.74	Establishing causality of CNS depression in breastfed infants following maternal codeine use. ( Koren, G; Madadi, P; Shirazi, F; Walter, FG, 2008)
" A subgroup of these patients have associated apneas because of involvement of brainstem respiratory centers located slightly lateral to the abducens nuclei."	3.73	[Möbius syndrome and an apparently life-threatening event]. ( Camino León, R; Ibarra de la Rosa, I; López-Laso, E; Marín Rodríguez, C; Pérez Navero, JL; Velasco Jabalquinto, MJ, 2005)
"Apnea is a common problem that causes significant parental anxiety."	3.73	Polysomnographic findings in 320 infants evaluated for apneic events. ( Brockman, P; Harris, P; Mesa, T; Mobarec, S; Muñoz, C; Sanchez, I; Vega-Briceño, L, 2006)
" This was followed by apnea associated with cyanosis and oxygen desaturation."	3.73	Cyanotic episodes in a male child with fragile X syndrome. ( Herzog, K; Kothare, SV; Miller-Horn, J, 2006)
"This is a case of a 3-week-old male who presented to the emergency department with intermittent apnea and cyanosis."	3.73	A thyroglossal duct cyst causing apnea and cyanosis in a neonate. ( Christopher, NC; Diaz, MC; Stormorken, A, 2005)
" These cyanotic BHS occurred after hyperventilation, and we considered that a complex interplay of hyperventilation followed by expiratory apnea increased intrathoracic pressure and respiratory spasm."	3.72	Breath-holding spells in somatoform disorder. ( Doi, K; Hiruta, H; Horiguchi, J; Inagaki, T; Kanata, K; Kishi, T; Miyaoka, T; Mizuno, S; Momose, I; Nakatani, T; Saito, Y; Tsubouchi, K, 2004)
" For purposes of the study, an apparent life-threatening event was defined as an episode of apnea, skin color change, or change in muscle tone."	3.72	Apparent life-threatening events in infants: high risk in the out-of-hospital environment. ( Clements, H; Henderson, D; Lewis, RJ; McCollough, M; Stratton, SJ; Taves, A, 2004)
"Common indications for endoscopy were stridor (56%), apnea/cyanotic episodes (30%), and feeding difficulty (23%)."	3.70	A retrospective analysis of airway endoscopy in patients less than 1-month old. ( Friedman, EM; Sulek, M; Ungkanont, K, 1998)
" The electromyographic activity of intercostal muscles coupled with the C4 ventral root activity assessed in a medulla-spinal cord preparation revealed a high respiratory rate with short inspiratory duration and frequent apnea."	3.70	Rnx deficiency results in congenital central hypoventilation. ( Arata, A; Arata, S; Brown, GA; Horning, S; Korsmeyer, SJ; Okumura, K; Onimaru, H; Roth, KA; Sasazuki, T; Shirasawa, S, 2000)
" Apnea was the most common presenting symptom, and cyanosis usually accompanied the event."	3.69	Apparent life-threatening events in presumed healthy neonates during the first three days of life. ( Grylack, LJ; Williams, AD, 1996)
"To improve history-taking of infants with suspected gastroesophageal reflux, we developed an Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire consisting of 161 items covering demographics, symptoms (regurgitation, weight deficit, respiratory difficulties, fussiness, apnea, and pain or bleeding of esophagitis), and possible causes (feeding volume and frequency, allergy, infection, colic, central nervous system abnormalities, positioning, and smoke exposure)."	3.68	Reliability and validity of an infant gastroesophageal reflux questionnaire. ( Cohn, JF; Kartan, R; Orenstein, SR; Shalaby, TM, 1993)
"A full-term, healthy, breast-fed infant presenting with apnea and cyanosis was found to have a gastric bezoar during a contrast upper gastrointestinal study."	3.67	Lactobezoar in a full-term breast-fed infant. ( Levenbrown, J; Usmani, SS, 1989)
"Two siblings, a boy and a girl, with agenesis of the corpus callosum, apneic spells, attacks of apnea, cyanosis and spontaneous hypothermia, are reported about."	3.67	Familial agenesis of the corpus callosum with hypothermia and apneic spells. ( Fàbregues, I; Fernández-Alvarez, E; Ferrer, I; Gonzalez, A; Pineda, M, 1984)
" These episodes were characterized by apnea plus some combination of color change, choking or gagging, and abnormal muscle tone."	3.67	Parental administration of chemical agents: a cause of apparent life-threatening events. ( Altemeier, WA; Campbell, PW; Hickson, GB; Martin, ED, 1989)
"A noninvasive method for recording central and obstructive apnea with bradycardia is described."	3.66	A noninvasive method for recording central and obstructive apnea with bradycardia in infants. ( Dransfield, DA; Fox, WW, 1980)
"Episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea were studied in 26 newborns and prematures by continuous recording of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate, and impedance pneumography."	3.66	Evaluation of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate and respiration in neonates with episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea. ( Hürter, P; Larsen, H; Pörksen, C, 1979)
"This report is based on a study of 53 infants, 28 of whom had clinically observed prolonged apnea (greater than or equal to 20 seconds) during sleep whereas the remaining did not."	3.65	Prolonged sleep apnea and respiratory instability: a discriminative study. ( Steinschneider, A, 1977)
"This review will discuss issues to consider in the evaluation of infants after an apparent life-threatening event."	2.44	An update on the approach to apparent life-threatening events. ( Shah, S; Sharieff, GQ, 2007)
"We made a study of household cases of pertussis during 2012 and 2013 in order to identify risk factors for hospitalization in pertussis cases."	1.42	Characteristics of Hospitalized Cases of Pertussis in Catalonia and Navarra, Two Regions in the North of Spain. ( Castilla, J; Caylà, JA; Crespo, I; Domínguez, Á; Godoy, P; Jordán, I; Muñoz-Almagro, C; Solano, R; Soldevila, N; Toledo, D, 2015)
"A discharge diagnosis of GERD was most common (n = 154, 49%); 138 (89%) were initially well appearing, 10 (6%) had in-hospital events, and only 20 (13%) had upper gastrointestinal series performed."	1.38	Apparent life-threatening event admissions and gastroesophageal reflux disease: the value of hospitalization. ( Bernard-Stover, L; Castillo, E; Doshi, A; Kuelbs, C; Stucky, E, 2012)
"Twenty-six (30."	1.36	Long-term prognosis for children with breath-holding spells. ( Knudsen, FU; Mathiasen, R; Olsen, AL; Rasmussen, NH, 2010)
"Thirty patients had bacterial infections; all but 5 had suggestive findings."	1.35	Infections and apparent life-threatening events. ( Altman, RL; Brand, DA; Li, KI, 2008)
"An audit in Auckland, New Zealand, of pertussis admissions to the national paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from 1991 to 2003."	1.34	Pertussis requiring intensive care. ( Grant, CC; Segedin, ER; Surridge, J, 2007)
"All suffered from pertussis."	1.30	[Pertussis in young infants]. ( Geelen, SP; Kimpen, JL; van Vught, AJ; Vegelin, AL; Wolfs, TF, 1998)
"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was defined as the variability in the time series over a frequency range (0."	1.30	Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in children with severe cyanotic breath-holding spells. ( Bauer, L; Baxter, D; DiMario, FJ; Volpe, J, 1997)
"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was evaluated in 41 children; 17 subjects with cyanotic breath-holding spells (6 boys, 11 girls; mean age 37."	1.30	Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in children with severe cyanotic and pallid breath-holding spells. ( Bauer, L; Baxter, D; DiMario, FJ, 1998)
"Severe epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures developed when he was 6 months old."	1.28	Seizures presenting as apnoea. ( Navelet, Y; Robieux, I; Tardieu, M; Wood, C, 1989)
"Neonatal withdrawal symptoms in 15 cases of fetal alcohol syndrome with maternal intoxication at time of delivery, reported in 9 studies, are compared with symptoms reported in 138 cases of neonatal narcotic withdrawal."	1.26	Symptoms of neonatal ethanol withdrawal. ( Gromisch, DS; Iosub, S; Robe, LB, 1981)

Research

Studies (138)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	52 (37.68)	18.7374
1990's	23 (16.67)	18.2507
2000's	32 (23.19)	29.6817
2010's	26 (18.84)	24.3611
2020's	5 (3.62)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Ness, TE	1
King, BC	1
Kukreja, M	1
Sundgren, NC	1
Gill, PJ	1
Chanchlani, N	1
Mahant, S	1
Tamayo-Múnera, C	1
Insignares Vizcaino, ZM	1
Torres Millán, AL	1
Niño-Serna, L	1
Giraldo Alzate, C	1
Vanegas Diaz, CA	1
Herrera Salazar, HD	1
Gómez Tovar, SL	1
Caicedo Baez, MC	1
López-Barón, E	1
Falsaperla, R	1
Vitaliti, G	1
Cimino, C	1
Catanzaro, S	1
Corsello, G	1
Aghion, A	1
Falck, AJ	1
Sundararajan, S	1
Needleman, JS	1
Hanson, AE	1
Mallick, SA	1
Qureshi, TN	1
Varghese, AM	1
Busaidi, MMA	1
Jarasvaraparn, C	1
Gallegos, MBR	1
Mulekar, MS	1
Gremse, DA	2
Crissinger, KD	1
Piumelli, R	1
Davanzo, R	1
Nassi, N	1
Salvatore, S	1
Arzilli, C	1
Peruzzi, M	1
Agosti, M	1
Palmieri, A	1
Paglietti, MG	2
Nosetti, L	1
Pomo, R	1
De Luca, F	1
Rimini, A	1
De Masi, S	1
Costabel, S	1
Cavarretta, V	1
Cremante, A	1
Cardinale, F	1
Cutrera, R	2
McFarlin, A	1
Gonzalez Corcia, MC	1
Bottosso, A	1
Loeckx, I	1
Mascart, F	1
Dembour, G	1
François, G	1
Leung, AKC	1
Leung, AAM	1
Wong, AHC	1
Hon, KL	1
Tamura, G	1
Inagaki, T	2
Gatto, A	1
Bocchi, MB	1
Lazzareschi, I	1
Valentini, P	1
Bastin, JP	1
Corrard, F	1
de La Rocque, F	1
Martin, E	1
Wollner, C	1
Elbez, A	1
Koskas, M	1
Wollner, A	1
Cohen, R	1
Yilmaz, O	1
Ciftel, M	1
Ozturk, K	1
Kilic, O	1
Kahveci, H	1
Laloğlu, F	1
Ceylan, O	1
Jennings, RW	1
Hamilton, TE	1
Smithers, CJ	1
Ngerncham, M	1
Feins, N	1
Foker, JE	1
Fuger, M	1
Merdariu, D	1
Maurey, H	1
Kaminska, A	1
Chéron, G	1
Goldman, RD	2
Crespo, I	1
Toledo, D	1
Soldevila, N	1
Jordán, I	1
Solano, R	1
Castilla, J	1
Caylà, JA	1
Godoy, P	1
Muñoz-Almagro, C	1
Domínguez, Á	1
Steiman, B	1
Watemberg, N	1
Tieder, JS	2
Bonkowsky, JL	2
Etzel, RA	1
Franklin, WH	1
Herman, B	1
Katz, ES	1
Krilov, LR	1
Merritt, JL	1
Norlin, C	1
Percelay, J	1
Sapién, RE	1
Shiffman, RN	1
Smith, MB	1
Arane, K	1
Claudius, I	2
Khurana, D	1
Valencia, I	1
Kruthiventi, S	1
Gracely, E	1
Melvin, J	1
Legido, A	1
Kothare, S	1
Guenther, E	1
Filloux, FM	1
Srivastava, R	1
DiMario, FJ	5
Meehan, WP	1
Merschman, KM	1
Chiang, VW	1
Al-Kindy, HA	1
Gélinas, JF	1
Hatzakis, G	1
Côté, A	1
Madadi, P	1
Shirazi, F	1
Walter, FG	1
Koren, G	1
Allsman, L	1
Darnall, RA	1
Olsen, AL	1
Mathiasen, R	1
Rasmussen, NH	1
Knudsen, FU	1
Kwon, MJ	1
Lee, GH	1
Lee, MK	1
Kim, JY	1
Yoo, HS	1
Ki, CS	1
Chang, YS	1
Kim, JW	1
Park, WS	1
Faré, PB	1
Lava, SA	1
Simonetti, GD	1
Ramelli, GP	1
Bianchetti, MG	1
Mosalli, RM	1
Elsayed, YY	1
Paes, BA	1
Navarini, S	1
Bucher, B	1
Pavlovic, M	1
Pfammatter, JP	1
Casaulta, C	1
Brasch, F	1
Griese, M	1
Regamey, N	1
Listernick, R	1
Doshi, A	1
Bernard-Stover, L	1
Kuelbs, C	1
Castillo, E	1
Stucky, E	1
Hirasawa, K	1
LOFGREN, RH	1
SMITH, CA	1
SHRAND, H	1
KJELLMAN, B	1
LAGERGREN, J	1
HAWORTH, JC	1
MCRAE, KN	1
BURNARD, ED	1
GRAUAUG, A	1
MARTIN, C	1
De Piero, AD	1
Teach, SJ	1
Chamberlain, JM	1
Schiaffino, MC	1
Fantasia, AR	1
Minniti, G	1
Caruso, U	1
Carnevale, F	1
Cerone, R	1
Stratton, SJ	1
Taves, A	1
Lewis, RJ	1
Clements, H	1
Henderson, D	1
McCollough, M	1
Mizuno, S	1
Miyaoka, T	1
Tsubouchi, K	1
Momose, I	1
Kishi, T	1
Horiguchi, J	1
Kanata, K	1
Hiruta, H	1
Nakatani, T	1
Doi, K	1
Saito, Y	1
Diaz, MC	1
Stormorken, A	1
Christopher, NC	1
Brand, DA	2
Altman, RL	2
Purtill, K	1
Edwards, KS	1
López-Laso, E	1
Pérez Navero, JL	1
Marín Rodríguez, C	1
Camino León, R	1
Ibarra de la Rosa, I	1
Velasco Jabalquinto, MJ	1
Dewolfe, CC	1
Sanchez, I	1
Vega-Briceño, L	1
Muñoz, C	1
Mobarec, S	1
Brockman, P	1
Mesa, T	1
Harris, P	1
Miller-Horn, J	1
Herzog, K	1
Kothare, SV	1
Keens, T	1
Shah, S	1
Sharieff, GQ	1
Surridge, J	1
Segedin, ER	1
Grant, CC	1
Guilleminault, C	1
Huang, YS	1
Chan, A	1
Hagen, CC	1
Li, KI	1
Nanninga, PE	1
Eekhof, JA	1
Percelay, JM	1
Cowan, CA	1
Garrison, MM	1
Christakis, DA	1
Creery, RD	1
Courville, CB	1
Spears, R	1
Pineda, M	1
Gonzalez, A	1
Fàbregues, I	1
Fernández-Alvarez, E	1
Ferrer, I	1
Brooks, JG	2
Cohen, SD	1
Azimi, PH	1
Schachter, J	1
Garmash, VIa	1
Selivanova, Gv	1
Robe, LB	1
Gromisch, DS	1
Iosub, S	1
Dransfield, DA	1
Fox, WW	1
Poets, CF	1
Samuels, MP	3
Southall, DP	7
Swischuk, LE	1
Orenstein, SR	1
Cohn, JF	1
Shalaby, TM	1
Kartan, R	1
Jones, VF	1
Badgett, JT	1
Minella, JL	1
Schuschke, LA	1
Grylack, LJ	1
Williams, AD	1
Breningstall, GN	1
Bauer, L	2
Volpe, J	1
Baxter, D	2
Evans, OB	1
Ponsonby, AL	1
Dwyer, T	1
Couper, D	1
Torregrosa, MJ	1
Tizón, JL	1
Ungkanont, K	1
Friedman, EM	1
Sulek, M	1
Vegelin, AL	1
van Vught, AJ	1
Wolfs, TF	1
Kimpen, JL	1
Geelen, SP	1
Gray, C	1
Davies, F	1
Molyneux, E	1
Albaladejo, P	1
Kinirons, B	1
Brocas, E	1
Benhamou, D	1
Samii, K	1
Shirasawa, S	1
Arata, A	1
Onimaru, H	1
Roth, KA	1
Brown, GA	1
Horning, S	1
Arata, S	1
Okumura, K	1
Sasazuki, T	1
Korsmeyer, SJ	1
Mittal, R	1
Griffiths, H	1
Doull, I	1
Williams, RG	1
Marnane, C	1
Kelly, AM	1
Porter , CJ	1
McGoon, MD	1
Espinosa, RE	1
Osborn, MJ	1
Hayes, DL	1
Krauss, AN	1
Brown, J	1
Waldman, S	1
Gottlieb, G	1
Auld, PA	1
Steinschneider, A	1
Pörksen, C	1
Larsen, H	1
Hürter, P	1
Fariello, R	1
Olley, PM	1
Coceani, F	1
Kattwinkel, J	1
Nearman, HS	1
Fanaroff, AA	1
Katona, PG	1
Klaus, MH	1
Allen, W	1
Barnes, CC	1
Anas, NG	1
McBride, JT	1
Stephenson, JB	1
Talbert, DG	3
Janczynski, RE	1
Alexander, JR	1
Taylor, VG	1
Stebbens, VA	2
Abraham, NG	1
Navelet, Y	1
Wood, C	1
Robieux, I	1
Tardieu, M	1
Hickson, GB	1
Altemeier, WA	1
Martin, ED	1
Campbell, PW	1
Usmani, SS	1
Levenbrown, J	1
Daga, SR	1
Joseph, B	1
Kinikar, N	1
Johnson, P	1
Morley, CJ	1
Salmons, S	1
Miller, J	1
Helms, PJ	1
Stebbens, V	1
Shinebourne, EA	1
Jamain, B	1
Michon, L	1
Aubertin, D	1
Touratier, P	1
Cormier, JP	1
Cathely, JP	1
Moreau, M	1
Strangert, K	1
Codreanu, R	1
Landry, M	1
Quéloz, J	1
Sadeghi, H	1
Desbaillets, P	1
Sahn, DJ	1
Friedman, WF	1
Wealthall, SR	1
Whittaker, GE	1
Greenwood, N	1
Hick, JF	1
Pildes, RS	1
Patel, DA	1
Nitzan, M	1
McCarthy, GT	1
O'Connell, B	1
Robinson, AE	1
Jovanović, UJ	1
De Souza, SW	1
Davis, JA	1
Jenkins, AV	1
Sammons, HG	1
Mustard, WT	1
Bayliss, CE	1
Fearon, B	1
Pelton, D	1
Trusler, GA	1
Goedee, HW	1
Altland, K	1
Scaravilli, F	1
Tavolato, B	1
Caldera, R	1
Rossier, A	1
Andreasik, Z	1
Falkiewiczowa, S	1
Sorokowski, N	1
Robertson, B	1
Daily, WJ	1
Klaus, M	1
Meyer, HB	1
Stevens, LH	1
Cope, TI	1
Vykydal, J	1
Rocek, V	1
Sevcík, M	1
Bettex, M	1
Schärli, A	1
Gauk, EW	1
Kidd, L	1
Prichard, JS	1

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Trial			Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Structure & Function of Dopaminergic Brain Networks Following Postnatally-Occurring Hypoxic Insults[NCT03407729]				21 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-06-08	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Cognitive Performance-Fine Motor Function

Measured using the grooved pegboard task (number of seconds required to place 25 pegs using the dominant hand) (NCT03407729)
Timeframe: 20 minutes

Intervention	seconds (Mean)
Post-hypoxic Former Preterm	102.11
Healthy Term-born Children	82.71

Functional Activity During Executive Function Tasks

Subjects in each group were evaluated for changes in functional connectivity between the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), as evaluated by functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level dependent (fMRI-BOLD), using whole brain analysis. The measurement is increase/decrease of MRI signal intensity in a given region, thresholded at p <0.05, summarized into a value representing 'size of region of increase' or 'size of region of decrease' after subjects' scans were combined/mapped onto a standard MNI brain. Only clusters of over 50 voxels were included, and the size of the region is reported in voxel size. The averaged brains for prematurely born fMRI was subtracted from the full term treatment for each group, and then these averaged differences were subtracted from each other. While other areas of the brain met threshold criteria in the analysis, only brain regions innervated by primary or collateral dopaminergic pathways are reported. (NCT03407729)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Intervention	Cluster size (voxels) (Number)
	Left thalamus	Left middle temporal gyrus
Healthy Term-born Children	358	75
Post-hypoxic Former Preterm	310	95

Structural Integrity of Dopaminergic Circuits

Assessment of dopaminergic circuits originating in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Includes right and left nucleus accumbens, right and left mamillary body, right and left hippocampus. Measured using Magnetic Resonance T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) scans with three-dimensional volumetrics analysis (NCT03407729)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Intervention	mm^3 (Mean)
	left nucleus accumbens	right nucleus accumbens	left mamillary body	right mamillary body	left hippocampus	right hippocampus
Healthy Term-born Children	175.93	192.78	54.78	44.70	3419.48	4241.03
Post-hypoxic Former Preterm	148.90	177.25	89.34	67.78	2741.09	3329.34

Reviews

17 reviews available for apnea and Cyanosis

Article	Year
Apnea events in neonatal age: A case report and literature review. Medical hypotheses, 2019, Volume: 131 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Apnea; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bradycardia; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differe	2019
Apparent Life-Threatening Events (ALTE): Italian guidelines. Italian journal of pediatrics, 2017, Dec-12, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Cause of Death; Cyanosis; Emergencies; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Infant; Infan	2017
What to Do when Babies Turn Blue: Beyond the Basic Brief Resolved Unexplained Event. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 2018, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Muscle Hypotonia; Pediatric Emergency Medicine; Ri	2018
Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence. Current pediatric reviews, 2019, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Breath Holding; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; I	2019
Brief resolved unexplained events in infants. JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 2019, Volume: 32, Issue:7 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography; Humans; Infant; Parents; Pediatrics; Practice Guidelines as To	2019
[Breath-holding spell]. Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 2002, Issue:37 Pt 6 Topics: Apnea; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalogra	2002
Apparent life-threatening event: a review. Pediatric clinics of North America, 2005, Volume: 52, Issue:4 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Gagging; Humans; Infant; Medical Histo	2005
An update on the approach to apparent life-threatening events. Current opinion in pediatrics, 2007, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Infant; Muscle Hypotonia; Sudden Infant Death	2007
Apnea of infancy and sudden infant death syndrome. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1982, Volume: 136, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Counseling; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant; Monitoring, Physiologi	1982
Epidemiology and pathophysiology of apnoea of prematurity. Biology of the neonate, 1994, Volume: 65, Issue:3-4 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Respiratory Center; Respirator	1994
Breath-holding spells. Pediatric neurology, 1996, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Humans; Hyperventilation; Hypoxia	1996
Breath-holding spells. Pediatric annals, 1997, Volume: 26, Issue:7 Topics: Apnea; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Behavior;	1997
[The sobbing spasm or the apnea of crying: a review and a proposal for care]. Atencion primaria, 1998, Jun-30, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Child, Preschool; Clinical Protocols; Crying; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Infa	1998
Whooping cough in infants. Lancet (London, England), 1988, Oct-22, Volume: 2, Issue:8617 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant; Seizures; Whooping Cough	1988
Mechanisms for abnormal apnea of possible relevance to the sudden infant death syndrome. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1988, Volume: 533 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Monitoring, Physiologic; Prospective S	1988
Difficulties in distinguishing cardiac from pulmonary disease in the neonate. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1973, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Arteriovenous Malformations; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiovascular System; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Diff	1973
[Genetically dependent variability of drug effects]. Medizinische Klinik, 1970, Aug-28, Volume: 65, Issue:35 Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics; Animals; Antipyrine; Apnea; Atropine; Body Temp	1970

Trials

2 trials available for apnea and Cyanosis

Article	Year
Cyanotic breath-holding spells in children respond to adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing. Journal of sleep research, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Adenoidectomy; Apnea; Cyanosis; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Polysomnography; Pr	2007
Apnea of prematurity. Comparative therapeutic effects of cutaneous stimulation and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. The Journal of pediatrics, 1975, Volume: 86, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Birth Weight; Cyanosis; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases	1975

Other Studies

119 other studies available for apnea and Cyanosis

Article	Year
Apnea Spells in a Term Neonate. Pediatrics in review, 2021, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant, Newborn	2021
Bronchiolitis. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2022, 02-14, Volume: 194, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Bronchiolitis; Canada; Cough; COVID-19; Cyanosis; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn;	2022
Apnea or cyanosis as COVID-19 initial presentation in newborns. Journal of infection in developing countries, 2023, 10-31, Volume: 17, Issue:10 Topics: Apnea; COVID-19; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Pregnancy Complications, Infe	2023
Case 3: Sudden Unexpected Collapse in a Full-term Infant. NeoReviews, 2019, Volume: 20, Issue:12 Topics: Acidosis; Apnea; Cyanosis; Esophageal Achalasia; Female; Heller Myotomy; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mu	2019
COVID-19-associated apnea and circumoral cyanosis in a 3-week-old. BMC pediatrics, 2020, 08-12, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Magneti	2020
Congenital Vallecular Cyst: ARare and Potentially Lethal Condition. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2017, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Bronchoscopy; Cyanosis; Cysts; Female; Humans; Infant; Laryngeal Diseases	2017
Short article: The endoscopic and histologic findings of infants who have experienced brief resolved unexplained events. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2018, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Cyanosis; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Eosinophilia; Female; Gagging; Hum	2018
Efficacy of treatment with belladonna in children with severe pallid breath-holding spells. Cardiology in the young, 2018, Volume: 28, Issue:7 Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Apnea; Belladonna Alkaloids; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; Fem	2018
Removal of a minimal amount of subdural hematoma is effective and sufficient for term neonates with severe symptomatic spontaneous parenchymal hemorrhage. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2019, Volume: 35, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cranial Fontanelles; Cyanosis; Drainage; Female; Hematoma,	2019
Brief resolved unexplained events and apparent life-threatening events: the wall between guidelines and clinical practice. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2020, Volume: 109, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Event; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant	2020
[Food intake during the previous 24h as a percentage of usual intake: a marker of hypoxia in infants with bronchiolitis: an observational, prospective, multicenter study]. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 2013, Volume: 20, Issue:6 Topics: Age Factors; Apnea; Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; Body Temperature; Bottle Feeding; Bronchio	2013
Assessment of heart rate variability in breath holding children by 24 hour Holter monitoring. Cardiology in the young, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Breath Holding; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Cy	2015
Surgical approaches to aortopexy for severe tracheomalacia. Journal of pediatric surgery, 2014, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Aorta; Apnea; Brachiocephalic Trunk; Bronchoscopy; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therap	2014
[Relevance of electroencephalography in infants presenting to an emergency department who have had an apparent life-threatening event]. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 2014, Volume: 21, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Critical Illness; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalography; Emergency Servic	2014
Breath-holding spells in infants. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2015, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Anemia; Apnea; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Stress, Psychological; U	2015
Characteristics of Hospitalized Cases of Pertussis in Catalonia and Navarra, Two Regions in the North of Spain. PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Female; Hospit	2015
Apparent Life-Threatening Events: Patients' Health Status at 5 Years of Age. The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ, 2015, Volume: 17, Issue:11 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Emergencies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Healt	2015
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (Formerly Apparent Life-Threatening Events) and Evaluation of Lower-Risk Infants. Pediatrics, 2016, Volume: 137, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Emergencies; Humans; Infant; Muscle Hypotonia; Risk Factors; Sudden Infant Death; T	2016
Brief resolved unexplained event: New diagnosis in infants. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2017, Volume: 63, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Muscle Hypotonia; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Ri	2017
Correspondence on "electroencephalography (EEG) with ocular compression in the diagnosis of breath-holding spells or syncope". Journal of child neurology, 2008, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrocardiography; Electroencep	2008
Death, child abuse, and adverse neurological outcome of infants after an apparent life-threatening event. Pediatrics, 2008, Volume: 122, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Child Abuse; Critical Illness; Cyanosis; Developmental Disabilities; Epilepsy; Female; Humans	2008
Apparent life-threatening events: so what happens next? Pediatrics, 2008, Volume: 122, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Critical Illness; Cyanosis; Developmental Disabilities; Epilepsy; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Hu	2008
An 18-month-old girl with recurrent apneic spells. Pediatric emergency care, 2008, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Apnea; Asphyxia; Bradycardia; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Infant; Monitoring, Ambulatory; Munchausen S	2008
Risk factors for extreme events in infants hospitalized for apparent life-threatening events. The Journal of pediatrics, 2009, Volume: 154, Issue:3 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Canada; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Cyanosis; Female; Gestational Age; H	2009
Establishing causality of CNS depression in breastfed infants following maternal codeine use. Paediatric drugs, 2008, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Apnea; Bradycardia; Breast Feeding; Central Nervous System Diseases; Codeine; Cy	2008
Breath holding spells in children. Advance for nurse practitioners, 2008, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Age of Onset; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Apnea; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Crying; Cyanosis; D	2008
ALTEs: still a puzzle after all these years. The Journal of pediatrics, 2009, Volume: 154, Issue:3 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Canada; Comorbidity; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, N	2009
Long-term prognosis for children with breath-holding spells. Danish medical bulletin, 2010, Volume: 57, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Attention; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Educational Status; Epilepsy; F	2010
PHOX2B mutations in patients with Ondine-Hirschsprung disease and a review of the literature. European journal of pediatrics, 2011, Volume: 170, Issue:10 Topics: Apnea; Biomarkers; Cyanosis; Exons; Genotype; Hirschsprung Disease; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Hy	2011
Blue breath-holding spells caused by an alcoholic vitamin D3 preparation in infancy. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2011, Volume: 100, Issue:7 Topics: Apnea; Cholecalciferol; Cyanosis; Ethanol; Humans; Infant; Oils; Switzerland; Vitamin D Deficiency;	2011
Acute life threatening events associated with hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency in early infancy. A single center experience from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal, 2011, Volume: 32, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors;	2011
Pulmonary hypertension presenting with apnea, cyanosis, and failure to thrive in a young child. Chest, 2011, Volume: 140, Issue:4 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Apnea; Biopsy; Bosentan; Cyanosis; Failure to Thrive; Familial Primary Pulm	2011
Male infant with shallow respirations. Pediatric annals, 2011, Volume: 40, Issue:10 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Hirschsprung Disease; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Hypoventilation; Infant; Infant	2011
Apparent life-threatening event admissions and gastroesophageal reflux disease: the value of hospitalization. Pediatric emergency care, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; California; Consciousness Disorders; Cyanosis; Disease Management; Emerge	2012
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS FROM CONGENITAL LINGUAL CYSTS. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1963, Volume: 106 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Cysts; Dyspnea; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Iodine	1963
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: USE AND MISUSE OF OXYGEN IN TREATMENT OF PREMATURES. Pediatrics, 1964, Volume: 33 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Lung Diseases; Oxygen;	1964
SIGNS OF DANGER IN THE NEWBORN PERIOD. Nursing times, 1964, May-29, Volume: 60 Topics: Apnea; Body Temperature; Constipation; Cyanosis; Diagnosis; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Infant;	1964
[KEROSENE POISONING IN CHILDREN]. Nordisk medicin, 1964, Oct-08, Volume: 72 Topics: Apnea; Child; Cough; Cyanosis; Fever; Humans; Kerosene; Leukocyte Count; Petroleum; Pneumonia; Poiso	1964
THE NEUROLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA: A FOLLOW-UP OF 22 CASES. Canadian Medical Association journal, 1965, Apr-17, Volume: 92 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Growth; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Infant;	1965
DYSPNOEA AND APNOEA IN THE NEWBORN: SOME RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION. The Medical journal of Australia, 1965, Mar-27, Volume: 1, Issue:13 Topics: Acidosis; Apnea; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Blood Circulation; Cyanos	1965
[Use of diuretics in the treatment of the neonatal distress syndrome]. Archives francaises de pediatrie, 1961, Volume: 18 Topics: Apnea; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Child; Cyanosis; Diuretics; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Syndrome	1961
ED evaluation of infants after an apparent life-threatening event. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2004, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Age Factors; Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Cyanosis; Emergencies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female;	2004
Isolated sulphite oxidase deficiency: clinical and biochemical features in an Italian patient. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 2004, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Encephalomalacia; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Face; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Infant; Magn	2004
Apparent life-threatening events in infants: high risk in the out-of-hospital environment. Annals of emergency medicine, 2004, Volume: 43, Issue:6 Topics: Anemia; Apnea; Cohort Studies; Cyanosis; Dehydration; Emergencies; Emergency Medical Services; Femal	2004
Breath-holding spells in somatoform disorder. International journal of psychiatry in medicine, 2004, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Chronic Disease; Combined Modality Therapy; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Different	2004
A thyroglossal duct cyst causing apnea and cyanosis in a neonate. Pediatric emergency care, 2005, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Thyro	2005
Yield of diagnostic testing in infants who have had an apparent life-threatening event. Pediatrics, 2005, Volume: 115, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Brain; Consciousness Disorders; Critical Illness; Cyanosis; Data Collection; Diagnosis, Diffe	2005
[Möbius syndrome and an apparently life-threatening event]. Anales de pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003), 2005, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Brain Stem; Cyanosis; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Infant; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mobius	2005
Polysomnographic findings in 320 infants evaluated for apneic events. Pediatric pulmonology, 2006, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Age Distribution; Apnea; Child, Preschool; Chile; Cohort Studies; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Incidenc	2006
Cyanotic episodes in a male child with fragile X syndrome. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2006, Volume: 48, Issue:8 Topics: Apnea; Behavior Therapy; Child; Cyanosis; Fragile X Syndrome; Humans; Hyperventilation; Male; Self-I	2006
Do all infants with apparent life-threatening events need to be admitted? Pediatrics, 2007, Volume: 119, Issue:4 Topics: Age Factors; Airway Obstruction; Apnea; California; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Cyanosis; Em	2007
Pertussis requiring intensive care. Archives of disease in childhood, 2007, Volume: 92, Issue:11 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apnea; Bradycardia; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndr	2007
Infections and apparent life-threatening events. Clinical pediatrics, 2008, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bacteremia; Bacterial Infections; Cyanosis; Data Collection; Diagnosis, Differential; Female;	2008
[Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) in young children: the importance of recognition of the symptoms]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 2008, Feb-02, Volume: 152, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Muscle Hypotonia; S	2008
PHIShing for clarity in the management of apparent life-threatening events. The Journal of pediatrics, 2008, Volume: 152, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Databases, Factual; Emergencies; Humans; Infant; Muscle Hypotonia; Practice Guideli	2008
Variation in inpatient resource utilization and management of apparent life-threatening events. The Journal of pediatrics, 2008, Volume: 152, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Databases, Factual; Emergencies; Female; Health Resources; Hospitalization; Humans;	2008
Hypoglycaemia in the newborn: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1966, Volume: 8, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Birth Injuries; Birth Weight; Cyanosis; Female; Glucose; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypoglycemia	1966
Effects of paranatal anoxia on the corpus striatum. Significance of residual extrapyramidal symptoms in cerebral palsy. Bulletin of the Los Angeles neurological societies, 1967, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Basal Ganglia; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infan	1967
Familial agenesis of the corpus callosum with hypothermia and apneic spells. Neuropediatrics, 1984, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; Apnea; Brain; Consanguinity; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Hypothermia; Inf	1984
Chlamydia trachomatis associated with severe rhinitis and apneic episodes in a one-month-old infant. Clinical pediatrics, 1982, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Disease; Apnea; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctiva; Cyanosis; Erythromyc	1982
[Treatment procedure in asthmatic states]. Sovetskaia meditsina, 1981, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Asthma; Critical Care; Cyanosis; Emergencies; Humans; Tachycardia	1981
Symptoms of neonatal ethanol withdrawal. Currents in alcoholism, 1981, Volume: 8 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Female; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn,	1981
A noninvasive method for recording central and obstructive apnea with bradycardia in infants. Critical care medicine, 1980, Volume: 8, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Monitoring	1980
Apnea and cyanosis in an infant. Pediatric emergency care, 1993, Volume: 9, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Battered Child Syndrome; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant; Male; Rib Fractures; Subarachnoid Hemorrha	1993
Reliability and validity of an infant gastroesophageal reflux questionnaire. Clinical pediatrics, 1993, Volume: 32, Issue:8 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Colic; Cyanosis; Female; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Hiccup; Humans; Infant;	1993
The role of the male caretaker in Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Clinical pediatrics, 1993, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Fathers; Female; Heart Arrest; Humans; Infant; Male; Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy	1993
Apparent life-threatening events in presumed healthy neonates during the first three days of life. Pediatrics, 1996, Volume: 97, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Apnea; Bradycardia; Critical Illness; Cyanosis; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant, Newb	1996
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in children with severe cyanotic breath-holding spells. Journal of child neurology, 1997, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Arrhythmia, Sinus; Autonomic Nervous System; Case-Control Studies; Chil	1997
Factors related to infant apnoea and cyanosis: a population-based study. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 1997, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Age Distribution; Anthropometry; Apnea; Cohort Studies; Confidence Intervals; Cyanosis; Female; Hist	1997
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in children with severe cyanotic and pallid breath-holding spells. Journal of child neurology, 1998, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmia, Sinus; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Male; Parasympathetic Nervous	1998
A retrospective analysis of airway endoscopy in patients less than 1-month old. The Laryngoscope, 1998, Volume: 108, Issue:11 Pt 1 Topics: Apnea; Barium Sulfate; Bronchoscopy; Contrast Media; Cyanosis; Edema; Esophagoscopy; Esophagus; Feed	1998
[Pertussis in young infants]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1998, Dec-05, Volume: 142, Issue:49 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apnea; Bordetella pertussis; Bradycardia; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential;	1998
Apparent life-threatening events presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Pediatric emergency care, 1999, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergencies; Emergency Treatment; Female	1999
Recurarization in the recovery room. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1999, Volume: 16, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Apnea; Atracurium; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Cyanosis; Female;	1999
Rnx deficiency results in congenital central hypoventilation. Nature genetics, 2000, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Animals; Apnea; Cyanosis; Electromyography; Embryonic and Fetal Development	2000
Management of breath holding spells. Indian pediatrics, 1999, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Anemia; Apnea; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Humans; Hypoxia, Brain; Prognosis; Risk Assessment	1999
Tracheomalacia and breath holding: a case report. Archives of disease in childhood, 2000, Volume: 83, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Child; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Recurrence; Tracheal Diseases	2000
Prospective study of children with cyanotic and pallid breath-holding spells. Pediatrics, 2001, Volume: 107, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hypox	2001
Breath-holding spells associated with significant bradycardia: successful treatment with permanent pacemaker implantation. Pediatrics, 2001, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography; European Union; Female;	2001
Breath-holding spells and pacemaker implantation. Pediatrics, 2001, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pacemaker, A	2001
Pulmonary function following feeding in low-birth-weight infants. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1978, Volume: 132, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Cyanosis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion	1978
Prolonged sleep apnea and respiratory instability: a discriminative study. Pediatrics, 1977, Volume: 59 Suppl, Issue:6 Pt 2 Topics: Apnea; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newb	1977
Evaluation of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate and respiration in neonates with episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea. Birth defects original article series, 1979, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Bradycardia; Cyanosis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Heart Rate; H	1979
Neurological and electroencephalographic changes in newborns treated with prostaglandins E1 and E2. Prostaglandins, 1977, Volume: 13, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Brain; Cyanosis; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Electroencephalography; Heart Defects, Congenital	1977
Whooping cough in infancy. The Western journal of medicine, 1992, Volume: 157, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Infant; Whooping Cough	1992
Childhood cyanotic breath-holding spells and cardiorespiratory control. The Journal of pediatrics, 1991, Volume: 118, Issue:4 Pt 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Cyanosis; Humans; Middle Aged; Respiration; Sleep A	1991
Blue breath holding is benign. Archives of disease in childhood, 1991, Volume: 66, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Infant; Oxygen; Sudden Infant Death	1991
Cyanotic 'breath holding' and sudden death. Archives of disease in childhood, 1991, Volume: 66, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant; Oxygen; Risk; Sudden Infant Death	1991
[Management in an attack of apnea in a newborn infant]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1991, May-18, Volume: 135, Issue:20 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant, Newborn	1991
Cardiorespiratory patterns in infants presenting with apparent life-threatening episodes. Biology of the neonate, 1990, Volume: 57, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Respiration; Sudden Infant De	1990
Investigation of cyanotic/apneic episodes and sleep-related upper airway obstruction by long-term non-invasive bedside recordings. Pediatric pulmonology, 1990, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Electro	1990
Seizures presenting as apnoea. Archives of disease in childhood, 1989, Volume: 64, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Cyanosis; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Hyperkinesis; Infant; Male; Recurrenc	1989
Parental administration of chemical agents: a cause of apparent life-threatening events. Pediatrics, 1989, Volume: 83, Issue:5 Topics: Acetaminophen; Apnea; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methadone; Parents; P	1989
Lactobezoar in a full-term breast-fed infant. The American journal of gastroenterology, 1989, Volume: 84, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Bezoars; Breast Feeding; Cyanosis; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Remissi	1989
Wilson Mikity syndrome. Indian pediatrics, 1989, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Radiography; Respirator	1989
Prolonged expiratory apnoea: a disorder resulting in episodes of severe arterial hypoxaemia in infants and young children. Lancet (London, England), 1985, Sep-14, Volume: 2, Issue:8455 Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography; Electromy	1985
Sudden and unexpected death between 1 and 5 years. Archives of disease in childhood, 1987, Volume: 62, Issue:7 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Death, Sudden; Electrocardiography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant, Newb	1987
[Resuscitation of the newborn]. La semaine des hopitaux : organe fonde par l'Association d'enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris, 1969, Jun-08, Volume: 45, Issue:27 Topics: Acidosis, Respiratory; Apnea; Bicarbonates; Caffeine; Catheterization; Cyanosis; Equipment and Suppl	1969
Clinical course and prognosis of whooping-cough in Swedish children during the first six months of life. A study of hospitalized patients 1958-67. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 1970, Volume: 2, Issue:1 Topics: Age Factors; Apnea; Body Weight; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella pertussis; Bronchitis; Bronchopne	1970
[Therapeutic course in single ventricle]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1974, Nov-02, Volume: 104, Issue:44 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Child; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Ventric	1974
The relationship of apnoea and stridor in spina bifida to other unexplained infant deaths. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1974, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Suppl 32 Topics: Age Factors; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Carbon Dioxide; Cyanosis; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infa	1974
Sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse. Pediatrics, 1973, Volume: 52, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Child Abuse; Cyanosis; Death, Sudden; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Respiration, Artifici	1973
Glucose disappearance rate in symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia. Pediatrics, 1973, Volume: 52, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Blood Glucose; Cyanosis; Female; Gestational Age; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Growth Hor	1973
Blood levels of diazepam in infants of two mothers given large doses of diazepam during labour. The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 1973, Volume: 80, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Bicarbonates; Cyanosis; Diazepam; Eclampsia; Female;	1973
[The course of electroshock in additional use of 1-hexyl-3,7-dimethylxanthine or pyridine-3-carboxylic acid]. Medizinische Monatsschrift, 1973, Volume: 27, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Carboxylic Acids; Cyanosis; Depression; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Electroencephalogra	1973
Spinal cord damage in a newborn infant. Archives of disease in childhood, 1974, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Atrophy; Birth Injuries; Birth Weight; Cephalometry; Cyanosis; Female; Fetal Heart; Heart Rat	1974
Carbon dioxide elimination during bronchoscopy. A comparison of two alternative general anaesthetic techniques. British journal of anaesthesia, 1968, Volume: 40, Issue:7 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Specimen Collection; B	1968
Tracheal compression by the innominate artery in children. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 1969, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Apnea; Brachiocephalic Trunk; Bronchoscopy; Child, Preschool; Constriction; Cyanosis; Fe	1969
Neuropathological aspects of the infantile form of Gaucher's disease. Acta neurologica et psychiatrica Belgica, 1968, Volume: 68, Issue:9 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Apnea; Brain; Bronchopneumonia; Central Nervous System; Cerebrosides; Cyanosis	1968
[Subacute prolonged pneumonia in the premature infant]. Annales de pediatrie, 1968, Dec-02, Volume: 15, Issue:12 Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apnea; Asthma; Cyanosis; Dyspnea; Female; Glucocorticoids; Hum	1968
Unexpected responses following diazepam. New York state journal of medicine, 1971, Mar-01, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Apnea; Cyanosis; Diazepam; Humans	1971
[Neuroallergic reaction simulating tetany]. Polski tygodnik lekarski (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 1969, Oct-20, Volume: 24, Issue:42 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Autonomic Nervous System; Central Nervous System Diseases; Cyanosis; Humans; Hypersens	1969
The management of respiratory failure in childhood status asthmaticus. Northwest medicine, 1970, Volume: 69, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Asthma; Cyanosis; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal	1970
Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension in infancy and childhood. Microangiographic and histological observations in five cases. Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica. Section A, Pathology, 1971, Volume: 79, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Autopsy; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Collateral Circulation; Cyanosis; Female; Humans; Hy	1971
Apnea in premature infants: monitoring, incidence, heart rate changes, and an effect of environmental temperature. Pediatrics, 1969, Volume: 43, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Carbon Dioxide; Cyanosis; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inf	1969
Prematurity: observations upon its current significance and management. The Medical journal of Australia, 1969, Jun-07, Volume: 1, Issue:23 Topics: Apnea; Attitude to Health; Australia; Birth Weight; Communication; Cyanosis; Female; Fetal Death; Gl	1969
[Clinical changes in death due to drowning]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1969, Mar-15, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Cyanosis; Drowning; Electroencephalography; Humans; Lung; Male; Pulmonary Edema; Radio	1969
[Prolonged apnea due to atypical pseudocholinesterase]. Helvetica paediatrica acta, 1965, Volume: 20, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Child; Cholinesterases; Cyanosis; Female; Genetics, Medical; Humans; Mus	1965
Aglottic breath-holding spells. The New England journal of medicine, 1966, Dec-15, Volume: 275, Issue:24 Topics: Apnea; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Female; Glottis; Humans; Infant; Male;	1966

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