apnea and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia studies

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Two studies included infants for apnea prevention (Comparison 2), four studies for apnea treatment (Comparison 3) and two for extubation management (Comparison 4); in one study, indication for caffeine administration was both apnea treatment and extubation management (reported in Comparison 1, Comparison 3 and Comparison 4)."	9.41	Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity. ( Brattström, P; Bruschettini, M; Davis, PG; Onland, W; Russo, C; Soll, R, 2023)
"To assess the effects of caffeine compared to aminophylline or theophylline in preterm infants at risk of apnea, with apnea, or in the peri-extubation phase."	9.41	Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants. ( Bruschettini, M; Marques, KA; Moresco, L; Sjögren, A; Soll, R, 2023)
"Preterm infants with apnea who were born at less than 32 weeks of gestational age and birth weight ≤1500 g were randomly divided into caffeine citrate prevention group and caffeine citrate treatment group."	9.34	Influence of prevention of caffeine citrate on cytokine profile and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants with apnea. ( Gao, Z; Han, D; Kou, C; Li, Z; Liu, Z; Wu, W; Zhang, Y, 2020)
" Caffeine is used not only for the treatment of apnea in prematurity, but also for the prevention of BPD."	9.22	Caffeine and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical benefits and the mechanisms involved. ( Dong, W; Lei, X; Yang, Y; Yuan, Y, 2022)
"Methylxanthines reduce the frequency of apnea of prematurity and the need for mechanical ventilation during the first seven days of therapy."	9.12	Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. ( Barrington, KJ; Davis, P; Doyle, LW; Ohlsson, A; Roberts, RS; Schmidt, B; Solimano, A; Tin, W, 2006)
"Prematurity apnea remains a major clinical problem that requires treatment choices which are sometimes difficult."	8.86	[Apnea of prematurity: what's new?]. ( El Ayoubi, M; Lescure, S; Lopez, E; Moriette, G, 2010)
"To study the clinical effect of early or late administration of caffeine citrate in the prevention and treatment of apnea in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants."	7.88	[Clinical effect of early or late administration of caffeine citrate in prevention and treatment of apnea in very low birth weight infants]. ( Chen, X; Cheng, R; Feng, Y; Mao, XN; Qiu, J; Zhao, L, 2018)
"Doxapram has been advocated as a treatment for persistent apnea of prematurity (AOP)."	7.83	Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome after Doxapram for Apnea of Prematurity. ( Brouwer, E; Onland, W; Rijken, M; Te Pas, AB; Ten Hove, CH; van Kaam, AH; van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, AG; Vliegenthart, RJ, 2016)
"7%) of 126 premature infants had apneas after inguinal hernia repair."	7.74	The frequency of apneas in premature infants after inguinal hernia repair: do they need overnight monitoring in the intensive care unit? ( Ansermino, M; Milner, R; Murphy, JJ; Swanson, T, 2008)
"We tested the hypotheses that (1) preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have an increased incidence of obstructive apneas as compared to those without BPD (control) and (2) the respiratory pattern during obstructive apneas may be associated with more pronounced hypoventilation."	7.68	The incidence of obstructive apneas in preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. ( Alvarez, J; Fajardo, C; Kwiatkowski, K; Rigatto, H; Wong, A, 1993)
" General conditions, including the arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), oxygenation index (OI), the incidence of apnea at 72 hours, duration of noninvasive respiratory support, maternal high-risk factors, total oxygen consumption time, total gastrointestinal feeding time, and the frequency of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and apnea were compared between the NHFOV group and DuoPAP group at 12 and 24 hours after noninvasive respiratory support."	5.69	The clinical effects of two non-invasive ventilation modes on premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. ( Chen, W; Wang, H; Zhang, Y, 2023)
"To assess the effects of caffeine compared to aminophylline or theophylline in preterm infants at risk of apnea, with apnea, or in the peri-extubation phase."	5.41	Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants. ( Bruschettini, M; Marques, KA; Moresco, L; Sjögren, A; Soll, R, 2023)
" Two studies included infants for apnea prevention (Comparison 2), four studies for apnea treatment (Comparison 3) and two for extubation management (Comparison 4); in one study, indication for caffeine administration was both apnea treatment and extubation management (reported in Comparison 1, Comparison 3 and Comparison 4)."	5.41	Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity. ( Brattström, P; Bruschettini, M; Davis, PG; Onland, W; Russo, C; Soll, R, 2023)
"Preterm infants with apnea who were born at less than 32 weeks of gestational age and birth weight ≤1500 g were randomly divided into caffeine citrate prevention group and caffeine citrate treatment group."	5.34	Influence of prevention of caffeine citrate on cytokine profile and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants with apnea. ( Gao, Z; Han, D; Kou, C; Li, Z; Liu, Z; Wu, W; Zhang, Y, 2020)
" Caffeine is used not only for the treatment of apnea in prematurity, but also for the prevention of BPD."	5.22	Caffeine and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical benefits and the mechanisms involved. ( Dong, W; Lei, X; Yang, Y; Yuan, Y, 2022)
"Methylxanthines reduce the frequency of apnea of prematurity and the need for mechanical ventilation during the first seven days of therapy."	5.12	Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. ( Barrington, KJ; Davis, P; Doyle, LW; Ohlsson, A; Roberts, RS; Schmidt, B; Solimano, A; Tin, W, 2006)
" Infants in the restrictive-transfusion group were more likely to have intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia, and they had more frequent episodes of apnea, including both mild and severe episodes."	5.11	Randomized trial of liberal versus restrictive guidelines for red blood cell transfusion in preterm infants. ( Bell, EF; Cress, GA; Johnson, KJ; Kromer, IJ; Mahoney, LT; Mock, DM; Seward, VJ; Strauss, RG; Widness, JA; Zimmerman, MB, 2005)
" In the large international Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity trial, caffeine improved survival without neurodevelopmental disability at 18 months and demonstrated long term safety up to 11 years."	5.05	Neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal caffeine therapy. ( Grunau, RE; Synnes, A, 2020)
"Caffeine is an effective treatment for apnea of prematurity and has several important benefits, including decreasing respiratory morbidity and motor impairment."	5.05	Caffeine for preterm infants: Fixed standard dose, adjustments for age or high dose? ( Patel, RM; Saroha, V, 2020)
"Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity (AOP) remains one of the pillars of neonatal care, although more evidence to support dosing and timing of initiation and discontinuation are needed."	4.98	Caffeine controversies. ( Carlo, WA; Gentle, SJ; Travers, CP, 2018)
"Placebo-controlled trials have shown that caffeine is highly effective in treating apnoea of prematurity and reduces the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI)."	4.98	High versus standard dose caffeine for apnoea: a systematic review. ( Hutten, GJ; Miedema, M; Onland, W; van Kaam, AH; Vliegenthart, R, 2018)
"Caffeine is one of the most commonly prescribed medications in preterm neonates and is widely used to treat or prevent apnea of prematurity."	4.93	The Role of Caffeine in Noninvasive Respiratory Support. ( Dobson, NR; Patel, RM, 2016)
" Several trials have demonstrated that the newer modes of noninvasive ventilation are more effective than nasal continuous positive airway pressure in reducing extubation failure and may also be more helpful as modes of primary support to treat respiratory distress syndrome after surfactant and for treatment of apnea of prematurity."	4.93	Synchronized Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation of the Newborn: Technical Issues and Clinical Results. ( Barbàra, CS; Gizzi, C; Midulla, F; Montecchia, F; Moretti, C; Papoff, P; Sanchez-Luna, M, 2016)
"The use of caffeine citrate for treatment of apnea in very low birth weight infants showed short-term and long-term benefits."	4.91	Early Caffeine Use in Very Low Birth Weight Infants and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ( Chung, S; Chung, SH; Kim, KS; Kim, SN; Lim, G; Park, HW, 2015)
"The introduction of methylxanthines, especially caffeine, for the treatment of apnea of prematurity has been one of the most important and effective therapies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to date."	4.88	Evidence-based methylxanthine use in the NICU. ( Spitzer, AR, 2012)
"Prematurity apnea remains a major clinical problem that requires treatment choices which are sometimes difficult."	4.86	[Apnea of prematurity: what's new?]. ( El Ayoubi, M; Lescure, S; Lopez, E; Moriette, G, 2010)
" Continuous positive airway pressure applied through nasal prongs is an effective, less-invasive method to improve gas exchange and reduce apnea in these infants."	4.83	Continuous positive airway pressure: early, late, or stay with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation? ( Bancalari, E; del Moral, T, 2006)
"Premature infants often have serious problems, such as anemia, retinopathy, hearing loss and apnea, before and after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit."	4.78	The neonatal ICU graduate: Part I. Common problems. ( Hulseman, ML; Norman, LA, 1992)
" Premature infants often require outpatient care for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, apnea, retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage, hearing loss, hypothyroxinemia, anemia, neurodevelopmental sequelae, assessment of growth and nutrition, immunizations, and psychosocial stress."	4.77	Continuing care for the preterm infant after dismissal from the neonatal intensive care unit. ( Berseth, CL; Swanson, JA, 1987)
"Caffeine to prevent or treat apnea of prematurity in the newborn period is now standard of care for infants born very preterm."	3.96	Childhood respiratory outcomes after neonatal caffeine therapy. ( Cheong, JLY; Doyle, LW, 2020)
"To study the clinical effect of early or late administration of caffeine citrate in the prevention and treatment of apnea in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants."	3.88	[Clinical effect of early or late administration of caffeine citrate in prevention and treatment of apnea in very low birth weight infants]. ( Chen, X; Cheng, R; Feng, Y; Mao, XN; Qiu, J; Zhao, L, 2018)
"In VLBW Chinese infants, IVF, GA < 32 weeks, apnea, BPD, sepsis, PDA, and blood transfusion were independent perinatal risk factors for ROP."	3.88	Retinopathy of Prematurity Among Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants in China: Incidence and Perinatal Risk Factors. ( Mu, D; Qu, Y; Tong, Y; Wu, T; Xia, B; Zhang, L, 2018)
"Children enrolled in the CAP (Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity) randomized controlled trial and assessed at the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne at 11 years of age had expiratory flow rates measured according to the standards of the American Thoracic Society."	3.85	Neonatal Caffeine Treatment and Respiratory Function at 11 Years in Children under 1,251 g at Birth. ( Cheong, JLY; Doyle, LW; Ranganathan, S, 2017)
"Caffeine citrate is the treatment of choice for apnea of prematurity (AOP)."	3.83	The Real-World Routine Use of Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Infants: A European Postauthorization Safety Study. ( Carnielli, VP; Fabbri, L; Ferrari, F; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U; Lasagna, G; Lista, G; Papagaroufalis, K; Polackova, R; Saenz, P, 2016)
"Doxapram has been advocated as a treatment for persistent apnea of prematurity (AOP)."	3.83	Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome after Doxapram for Apnea of Prematurity. ( Brouwer, E; Onland, W; Rijken, M; Te Pas, AB; Ten Hove, CH; van Kaam, AH; van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, AG; Vliegenthart, RJ, 2016)
"In very preterm neonates, early (prophylactic) caffeine use was associated with a reduction in the rates of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia and patent ductus arteriosus."	3.81	Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates. ( Barrington, K; Lee, SK; Lodha, A; McMillan, DD; Seshia, M; Shah, PS; Yang, J, 2015)
"Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia demonstrated not only the lowest sucking pressure and sucking frequency, shortest sucking burst duration, and lowest feeding efficiency but also the lowest frequency of swallows during the run and the longest deglutition apnea."	3.74	Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia suckle with weak pressures to maintain breathing during feeding. ( Hibino, S; Itabashi, K; Mizuno, K; Murase, M; Nishida, Y; Sakurai, M; Taki, M, 2007)
"7%) of 126 premature infants had apneas after inguinal hernia repair."	3.74	The frequency of apneas in premature infants after inguinal hernia repair: do they need overnight monitoring in the intensive care unit? ( Ansermino, M; Milner, R; Murphy, JJ; Swanson, T, 2008)
"05), as were SW-BR phase relationships involving apnea."	3.73	Abnormalities in the coordination of respiration and swallow in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. ( Gewolb, IH; Vice, FL, 2006)
" Safety (apnea, bradycardia, increased oxygen use) and outcomes of the physiologic definition versus the clinical definition were assessed."	3.72	Impact of a physiologic definition on bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates. ( Arnell, K; Auten, K; Ball, B; Collins, M; Everette, R; Gettner, P; Grisby, C; Hale, E; Hensman, A; McDavid, G; Miller, L; Miller, N; Muran, G; Newman, N; Peters, N; Rowan, G; Walsh, MC; Yao, Q, 2004)
"Abnormalities of respiratory control, especially apnea, have been reported previously in infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections."	3.69	Diaphragmatic flutter in three babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. ( Adams, JA; Sackner, MA; Zabaleta, IA, 1995)
"Fifty nine infants were full term characterized by the following diagnoses; siblings of infants who had died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (n = 7), apparent life threatening event (ALTE) (n = 24), apnea/cyanosis in the newborn nursery (n = 21), and controls."	3.68	The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in high risk infants. ( Anwar, M; Fort, MD; Hegyi, T; Hiatt, M; Marotta, F; Mojica, C; Mondestin, H; Walsh, S, 1993)
"We tested the hypotheses that (1) preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have an increased incidence of obstructive apneas as compared to those without BPD (control) and (2) the respiratory pattern during obstructive apneas may be associated with more pronounced hypoventilation."	3.68	The incidence of obstructive apneas in preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. ( Alvarez, J; Fajardo, C; Kwiatkowski, K; Rigatto, H; Wong, A, 1993)
"Apnea and worsening bronchopulmonary dysplasia as well as recurrent aspiration pneumonia have been found to be consequences of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and young children."	3.67	Treatment of pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux in children two years of age or less. ( Ferrara, TB; Foker, JE; Johnson, D; St Cyr, JA; Thompson, T, 1989)
" Confounding factors, including birth weight, sex, multiple birth, socioeconomic status, and apnea were evaluated."	3.66	Sudden infant death syndrome in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. ( Brown, ER; Neff, RK; Taeusch, HW; Werthammer, J, 1982)
"To characterize the dosing and safety of off-label caffeine citrate in a contemporary cohort of extremely premature infants."	1.51	Dosing and Safety of Off-label Use of Caffeine Citrate in Premature Infants. ( Bendel-Stenzel, E; Chhabra, R; Harper, B; Ku, L; Laughon, M; Moya, F; Payne, EH; Puia-Dumitrescu, M; Smith, PB; Soriano, A; Wade, KC; Zhao, J, 2019)
"Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in the pediatric patient is a frequently recognized problem."	1.27	Patterns of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux. ( Hrabovsky, EE; Mullett, MD, 1985)

Research

Studies (58)

Authors

Clinical Trials (17)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	8 (13.79)	18.7374
1990's	9 (15.52)	18.2507
2000's	11 (18.97)	29.6817
2010's	22 (37.93)	24.3611
2020's	8 (13.79)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Yuan, Y	1
Yang, Y	1
Lei, X	1
Dong, W	1
Wang, H	1
Chen, W	1
Zhang, Y	2
Bruschettini, M	2
Brattström, P	1
Russo, C	1
Onland, W	3
Davis, PG	1
Soll, R	2
Moresco, L	1
Sjögren, A	1
Marques, KA	1
Synnes, A	1
Grunau, RE	1
Cheong, JLY	2
Doyle, LW	3
Saroha, V	1
Patel, RM	2
Ranganathan, S	1
Gentle, SJ	1
Travers, CP	1
Carlo, WA	1
Wu, T	1
Zhang, L	1
Tong, Y	1
Qu, Y	1
Xia, B	1
Mu, D	1
Vliegenthart, R	1
Miedema, M	1
Hutten, GJ	1
van Kaam, AH	2
Mokra, D	1
Mokry, J	1
Matasova, K	1
Martin, RJ	2
Álvarado Socarras, JL	1
Feng, Y	1
Cheng, R	1
Zhao, L	1
Chen, X	1
Mao, XN	1
Qiu, J	1
Kou, C	1
Han, D	1
Li, Z	1
Wu, W	1
Liu, Z	1
Gao, Z	1
Puia-Dumitrescu, M	1
Smith, PB	1
Zhao, J	1
Soriano, A	1
Payne, EH	1
Harper, B	1
Bendel-Stenzel, E	1
Moya, F	1
Chhabra, R	1
Ku, L	1
Laughon, M	1
Wade, KC	1
Doreswamy, SM	1
Murthy, P	1
Lodha, A	1
Seshia, M	1
McMillan, DD	1
Barrington, K	1
Yang, J	1
Lee, SK	1
Shah, PS	1
Di Fiore, JM	1
Walsh, MC	2
Park, HW	1
Lim, G	1
Chung, SH	1
Chung, S	1
Kim, KS	1
Kim, SN	1
Lista, G	1
Fabbri, L	1
Polackova, R	1
Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U	1
Papagaroufalis, K	1
Saenz, P	1
Ferrari, F	1
Lasagna, G	1
Carnielli, VP	1
Ten Hove, CH	1
Vliegenthart, RJ	1
Te Pas, AB	1
Brouwer, E	1
Rijken, M	1
van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, AG	1
Moretti, C	1
Gizzi, C	1
Montecchia, F	1
Barbàra, CS	1
Midulla, F	1
Sanchez-Luna, M	1
Papoff, P	1
Macintosh, JLB	1
Huggins, LJ	1
Eden, LM	1
Merrill, KC	1
Luthy, KEB	1
Dobson, NR	1
Barrington, KJ	2
Fortin-Pellerin, E	1
Pennaforte, T	1
Verder, H	1
Bohlin, K	1
Kamper, J	1
Lindwall, R	1
Jonsson, B	1
Moriette, G	1
Lescure, S	1
El Ayoubi, M	1
Lopez, E	1
Lee, JH	1
Chang, YS	1
Yoo, HS	1
Ahn, SY	1
Seo, HJ	1
Choi, SH	1
Jeon, GW	1
Koo, SH	1
Hwang, JH	1
Park, WS	1
Spitzer, AR	1
Yao, Q	1
Gettner, P	1
Hale, E	1
Collins, M	1
Hensman, A	1
Everette, R	1
Peters, N	1
Miller, N	1
Muran, G	1
Auten, K	1
Newman, N	1
Rowan, G	1
Grisby, C	1
Arnell, K	1
Miller, L	1
Ball, B	1
McDavid, G	1
Bell, EF	1
Strauss, RG	1
Widness, JA	1
Mahoney, LT	1
Mock, DM	1
Seward, VJ	1
Cress, GA	1
Johnson, KJ	1
Kromer, IJ	1
Zimmerman, MB	1
Bancalari, E	2
del Moral, T	1
Schmidt, B	1
Roberts, RS	1
Davis, P	1
Ohlsson, A	1
Solimano, A	1
Tin, W	1
Gewolb, IH	1
Vice, FL	1
Hand, IL	1
Noble, LM	1
Pourcyrous, M	1
Korones, SB	1
Arheart, KL	1
Bada, HS	1
Mizuno, K	1
Nishida, Y	1
Taki, M	1
Hibino, S	1
Murase, M	1
Sakurai, M	1
Itabashi, K	1
Murphy, JJ	1
Swanson, T	1
Ansermino, M	1
Milner, R	1
Flynn, JT	1
Werthammer, J	1
Brown, ER	1
Neff, RK	1
Taeusch, HW	1
Adams, JA	1
Zabaleta, IA	1
Sackner, MA	1
Bohin, S	1
Field, DJ	1
Anwar, M	1
Marotta, F	1
Fort, MD	1
Mondestin, H	1
Mojica, C	1
Walsh, S	1
Hiatt, M	1
Hegyi, T	1
Fajardo, C	1
Alvarez, J	1
Wong, A	1
Kwiatkowski, K	1
Rigatto, H	1
da Silva, O	1
Stevens, D	1
Hulseman, ML	1
Norman, LA	1
Poets, CF	1
Samuels, MP	1
Southall, DP	1
Devlieger, H	1
Daniels, H	1
Marchal, G	1
Moerman, P	1
Casaer, P	1
Eggermont, E	1
Jolley, SG	1
Halpern, CT	1
Sterling, CE	1
Feldman, BH	1
Pransky, SM	1
Purohit, DM	1
Ellison, RC	1
Zierler, S	1
Miettinen, OS	1
Nadas, AS	1
St Cyr, JA	1
Ferrara, TB	1
Thompson, T	1
Johnson, D	1
Foker, JE	1
Swanson, JA	1
Berseth, CL	1
Trachtenbarg, DE	1
Miller, TC	1
Hrabovsky, EE	1
Mullett, MD	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Efficacy and Safety of Methylxanthines in Very Low Birthweight Infants[NCT00182312]	Phase 3	2,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	1999-10-31	Completed
Effect of Early Use of Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Neonates Needing Respiratory Support.[NCT04001712]	Phase 3	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-05	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Early Caffeine in Preterm Neonates[NCT03086473]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Active, not recruiting
Application of Modified Intubation-surfactant-extubation (InSurE) Technique in Preterm Neonates With Respiratory Distress Syndrome[NCT03989960]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-08-01	Active, not recruiting
Short Term Effects of Synchronized vs. Non-synchronized NIPPV in Preterm Infants: Study Protocol for an Unmasked Randomized Crossover Trial.[NCT03289936]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-16	Recruiting
Cold Liquids Fed to Preterm Infants: Efficacy and Safety After 10 Minutes of Exposure[NCT02935946]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Enrolling by invitation
Physiologic Definition of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia[NCT01223287]		410 participants (Actual)	Observational	2005-05-31	Completed
Randomized Trial of Liberal Versus Restrictive Guidelines for Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Preterm Infants[NCT00369005]		100 participants	Interventional	1992-12-31	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation Versus Nasal Continuous Positive Pressure as a Primary Mode for Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Infants[NCT00821119]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-08-31	Completed
A Prospective, Controlled Trial of Inhalation of Low Concentration of CO2 in Preterm Infants Not Responding to Caffeine for the Treatment of Apnea of Prematurity[NCT01911182]	Phase 2/Phase 3	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to Low recruitment rate)
High Versus Low Dose Caffeine as Respiratory Stimulant in Preterm Infants[NCT04144712]	Phase 1	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Recruiting
Long-Term Effects On Sleep Of Methylxanthine Therapy For Apnea Of Prematurity[NCT01020357]	Phase 3	201 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
[NCT01066728]	Phase 2/Phase 3	87 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-08-31	Completed
Safety of Sildenafil in Premature Infants With Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia[NCT04447989]	Phase 2	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-27	Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Safety of Caffeine in Neonates With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia[NCT05295784]	Phase 1	18 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-06-30	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of the Tactile/Kinesthetic Stimulus Program on the Maturation of Sucking Ability in Preterm Infants[NCT05486663]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-01	Recruiting
Feasibility and Safety of Duodenal Feeds in Very Low Birth Weight Infants[NCT04246333]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-07	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was calculated based on the number of infants surviving to 36 weeks postmenstrual age and diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, according to the definiton of bronchopulmonary dysplasia currently used in the neonatal Unit. (NCT00821119)
Timeframe: at 36 weeks gestational age

Mechanical Ventilation Within the First 72h of Life in the Two Study Groups.(NIPPV vs NCPAP)

Intervention	participants (Number)
NCPAP	20
NIPPV	22

The primary outcome of the study was the need for intubation within the first 72 hours (h) of life.The need for intubation was made by the attending neonatologist, according to the strict protocol of intubation for ventilation, used in the neonatal Unit (NCT00821119)
Timeframe: first 3 days of life(72hours)

Need for Endotracheal Ventilation in the First 72 hs of Life

Intervention	participants (Number)
NCPAP	34
NIPPV	25

number of participants that needed endotracheal ventilation (failed non invasive ventilation) in the first 72 hours of life (NCT00821119)
Timeframe: first 72 hs of life

Article	Year
Caffeine and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical benefits and the mechanisms involved. Pediatric pulmonology, 2022, Volume: 57, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; In	2022
Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023, 04-11, Volume: 4 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Child; Humans; Infant; Infant, Extremely Premature; Inf	2023
Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023, 10-04, Volume: 10 Topics: Aminophylline; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Hearing Loss; Humans; Infa	2023
Neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal caffeine therapy. Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, 2020, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Citrates; D	2020
Caffeine for preterm infants: Fixed standard dose, adjustments for age or high dose? Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, 2020, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Citrates; Dose-Response Relationsh	2020
Caffeine controversies. Current opinion in pediatrics, 2018, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Drug Administration	2018
High versus standard dose caffeine for apnoea: a systematic review. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 2018, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dose-Response Relati	2018
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Potential role in the respiratory distress of neonates. Pediatric pulmonology, 2018, Volume: 53, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Catalysis; Cyclic AMP; Humans; Meconium Aspiration Syndr	2018
Hypoxic Episodes in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Clinics in perinatology, 2015, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Hypoxia; Infant, Ne	2015
Early Caffeine Use in Very Low Birth Weight Infants and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Korean medical science, 2015, Volume: 30, Issue:12 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Citrates; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Humans; Infant; I	2015
Synchronized Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation of the Newborn: Technical Issues and Clinical Results. Neonatology, 2016, Volume: 109, Issue:4 Topics: Airway Extubation; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Equipment	2016
Synchronized Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation of the Newborn: Technical Issues and Clinical Results. Neonatology, 2016, Volume: 109, Issue:4 Topics: Airway Extubation; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Equipment	2016
Synchronized Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation of the Newborn: Technical Issues and Clinical Results. Neonatology, 2016, Volume: 109, Issue:4 Topics: Airway Extubation; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Equipment	2016
Synchronized Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation of the Newborn: Technical Issues and Clinical Results. Neonatology, 2016, Volume: 109, Issue:4 Topics: Airway Extubation; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Equipment	2016
The Role of Caffeine in Noninvasive Respiratory Support. Clinics in perinatology, 2016, Volume: 43, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Humans; Infant, Newb	2016
Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017, 02-08, Volume: 2 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Chronic Disease; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant,	2017
Nasal CPAP and surfactant for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome and prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2009, Volume: 98, Issue:9 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Citrates; Combined M	2009
[Apnea of prematurity: what's new?]. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 2010, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Brain Damage, Chronic; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous Sys	2010
Evidence-based methylxanthine use in the NICU. Clinics in perinatology, 2012, Volume: 39, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Infan	2012
Continuous positive airway pressure: early, late, or stay with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation? Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2006, Volume: 26 Suppl 1 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Gestational Age; Humans; Inf	2006
The epidemiology of neonatal respiratory disease. Early human development, 1994, Volume: 37, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Meconium Aspiration Synd	1994
The neonatal ICU graduate: Part I. Common problems. American family physician, 1992, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Anemia; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weig	1992
Evaluation of the compromised neonatal airway. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1989, Volume: 36, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Bronchoscopy; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Infant, Ne	1989
Continuing care for the preterm infant after dismissal from the neonatal intensive care unit. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 1987, Volume: 62, Issue:7 Topics: Anemia, Neonatal; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Hearing Loss; Humans; Infa	1987

Article	Year
Childhood respiratory outcomes after neonatal caffeine therapy. Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, 2020, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Child; Citrates; Duc	2020
Neonatal Caffeine Treatment and Respiratory Function at 11 Years in Children under 1,251 g at Birth. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2017, 11-15, Volume: 196, Issue:10 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant, Newbo	2017
Retinopathy of Prematurity Among Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants in China: Incidence and Perinatal Risk Factors. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2018, 02-01, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Birth Weight; Blood Transfusion; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; China; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent	2018
The unfortunate tale of immature respiratory control superimposed on an immature lung. Pediatric research, 2018, Volume: 84, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; History, 20th Century; Histo	2018
Caffeine use in preterm infants: from magic to uncertainty. Archivos argentinos de pediatria, 2018, 12-01, Volume: 116, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Pre	2018
[Clinical effect of early or late administration of caffeine citrate in prevention and treatment of apnea in very low birth weight infants]. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics, 2018, Volume: 20, Issue:12 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Child; Citrates; Humans; Infant; Infant, Very Low Birth	2018
Dosing and Safety of Off-label Use of Caffeine Citrate in Premature Infants. The Journal of pediatrics, 2019, Volume: 211 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Citrates; Ductus Arteriosus, Paten	2019
Nasal ventilation is not continuous positive airway pressure with a rate but mechanical ventilation without a tube. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2014, Volume: 103, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inf	2014
Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates. JAMA pediatrics, 2015, Volume: 169, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Canada; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Gestational Age; Hum	2015
Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates. JAMA pediatrics, 2015, Volume: 169, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Canada; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Gestational Age; Hum	2015
Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates. JAMA pediatrics, 2015, Volume: 169, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Canada; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Gestational Age; Hum	2015
Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates. JAMA pediatrics, 2015, Volume: 169, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Canada; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Gestational Age; Hum	2015
The Real-World Routine Use of Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Infants: A European Postauthorization Safety Study. Neonatology, 2016, Volume: 109, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Citrates; Europe; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infa	2016
Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome after Doxapram for Apnea of Prematurity. Neonatology, 2016, Volume: 110, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Child Development; Doxapram; D	2016
Immunization Status of NICU Graduates at a Tertiary Care Children's Hospital. Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses, 2017, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Age Factors; Apnea; Bradycardia; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Continuous Pos	2017
Swallowing dysfunction in very low birth weight infants with oral feeding desaturation. World journal of pediatrics : WJP, 2011, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Deglutition; Deglutition Disorders; Gestational Age; Humans; Infa	2011
Impact of a physiologic definition on bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates. Pediatrics, 2004, Volume: 114, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant,	2004
Caffeine for apnea of prematurity. The New England journal of medicine, 2006, May-18, Volume: 354, Issue:20 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Humans; Infant, Newb	2006
Abnormalities in the coordination of respiration and swallow in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2006, Volume: 48, Issue:7 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Child Development; Deglutition; Female; Ges	2006
Caffeine for apnea of prematurity. The New England journal of medicine, 2006, Aug-31, Volume: 355, Issue:9 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Ductus Arteriosus, P	2006
Primary immunization of premature infants with gestational age <35 weeks: cardiorespiratory complications and C-reactive protein responses associated with administration of single and multiple separate vaccines simultaneously. The Journal of pediatrics, 2007, Volume: 151, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; C-Reactive Protein; Cohort Studies; Diphtheria-Tetan	2007
Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia suckle with weak pressures to maintain breathing during feeding. Pediatrics, 2007, Volume: 120, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bottle Feeding; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Carbon Dioxide; Deglutition; Humans; Infant, Newb	2007
The frequency of apneas in premature infants after inguinal hernia repair: do they need overnight monitoring in the intensive care unit? Journal of pediatric surgery, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Comorbidity; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Fema	2008
Acute proliferative retrolental fibroplasia: multivariate risk analysis. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 1983, Volume: 81 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anemia; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Cerebral Hemorrhage;	1983
Sudden infant death syndrome in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics, 1982, Volume: 69, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weight	1982
Diaphragmatic flutter in three babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatric pulmonology, 1995, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Apnea; Bronchiolitis; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Diaphragm; Electrocard	1995
The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in high risk infants. Early human development, 1993, Dec-31, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Respi	1993
The incidence of obstructive apneas in preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Early human development, 1993, Volume: 32, Issue:2-3 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Heart Rate; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature	1993
Complications of airway management in very-low-birth-weight infants. Biology of the neonate, 1999, Volume: 75, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Bronchopulmonary Dysp	1999
On sudden severe bradycardia secondary to hypoxemia. Pediatric pulmonology, 1992, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Pr	1992
The diaphragm of the newborn infant: anatomical and ultrasonographic studies. Journal of developmental physiology, 1991, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Diaphragm; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Respirator	1991
The relationship of respiratory complications from gastroesophageal reflux to prematurity in infants. Journal of pediatric surgery, 1990, Volume: 25, Issue:7 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Esophagus; Female; Gastroesophageal Reflux; H	1990
Risk factors for retrolental fibroplasia: experience with 3,025 premature infants. National Collaborative Study on Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Premature Infants. Pediatrics, 1985, Volume: 76, Issue:3 Topics: Anemia; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Female; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; I	1985
Treatment of pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux in children two years of age or less. American journal of surgery, 1989, Volume: 157, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Esophagus; Female; Gastric Fundus; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Human	1989
Office care of the premature infant. American family physician, 1986, Volume: 33, Issue:5 Topics: Anemia; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Growth; Hearing Tests; Heart Rate; Humans	1986
Patterns of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux. The American surgeon, 1985, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Bradycardia; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Child; Child, Preschool; Esophageal Atre	1985

apnea and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia