Page last updated: 2024-10-31

apnea and Brain Injuries

apnea has been researched along with Brain Injuries in 40 studies

Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.

Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Brain death testing with conventional apnea testing was attempted but aborted due to hypoxia."7.83The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination: An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia. ( Ahlawat, A; Carandang, R; Heard, SO; Muehlschlegel, S, 2016)
"A 42-year-old man with a subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by anoxic brain injury, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) presented a clinical conundrum for safe apnea testing in brain death determination due to profound hypoxemia."7.80Apnea testing for brain death in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a possible solution. ( Hocker, S; Whalen, F; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
"We performed a detailed chart review of consecutive brain dead patients who underwent an apnea test from 2008 to 2012."7.80Completing the apnea test: decline in complications. ( Couillard, P; Datar, S; Fugate, J; Rabinstein, A; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
" We wanted to investigate whether a voluntary, prolonged apnea in trained breath-hold divers resulted in an increase of S100B in serum."7.75Increased serum levels of the brain damage marker S100B after apnea in trained breath-hold divers: a study including respiratory and cardiovascular observations. ( Andersson, JP; Jönsson, H; Linér, MH, 2009)
"By using our model for predicting MAP and PCO2 prior to apnea testing, hemodynamic embarrassment can be anticipated and prevented, thus allowing a safer procedure in the detection of brain death."7.69Apnea testing in suspected brain dead children--physiological and mathematical modelling. ( Barzilay, Z; Paret, G, 1995)
" From the review, we have identified four major groups of external circumstances for rather sudden cardiopulmonary arrest from brain damage in children, after excluding congenital and other unrelated diseases; 1) impact brain apnea, 2) anoxic insults, 3) drug or other substance induced central nervous system depression, and 4) traumatic brain damage."5.05A review on four different paths to respiratory arrest from brain injury in children; implications for child abuse. ( Kwon, DI; Paek, D, 2020)
"Patients with multiple trauma presenting with apnea or a gasping breathing pattern (respiratory rate <6/min) require prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) and ventilation."4.87[Emergency anesthesia, airway management and ventilation in major trauma. Background and key messages of the interdisciplinary S3 guidelines for major trauma patients]. ( Bernhard, M; Böttiger, BW; Fischbacher, M; Fischer, M; Kanz, KG; Matthes, G; Waydhas, C, 2011)
" The various contributions of shaking alone, shaking with impact, and apnea are discussed."4.82Shaking-impact syndrome of infancy. ( Deputy, S, 2003)
" Step 2 comprises the clinical investigation of reactivity to external stimuli and the upper, middle and lower brain stem reflexes including apnea testing."4.02[Irreversible loss of brain function : Requirements and Clinical diagnosis]. ( Els, T; Hansen, HC; Soeffker, G; Wertheimer, D, 2021)
" Apnea testing was performed for 1 patient due to the decision to withdraw treatment (n = 2), concern for inability to tolerate testing (n = 2) and observation of spontaneous respirations (n = 1)."3.96Special considerations in the assessment of catastrophic brain injury and determination of brain death in patients with SARS-CoV-2. ( Agarwal, S; Bondi, S; Carroll, E; Czeisler, B; Frontera, J; Gurin, L; Kvernland, A; Kwon, P; Lewis, A; Snyder, T; Valdes, E, 2020)
" Brain death testing with conventional apnea testing was attempted but aborted due to hypoxia."3.83The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination: An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia. ( Ahlawat, A; Carandang, R; Heard, SO; Muehlschlegel, S, 2016)
"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was implemented on apnea-induced SCA rabbit models."3.81The effect of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiopulmonary resuscitation on ICAM-1 and NSE levels in sudden cardiac arrest rabbits. ( Chen, Y; Jin, Y; Zhao, H, 2015)
" TBI induced apnea and a delay in righting reflex."3.80Acute alcohol intoxication prolongs neuroinflammation without exacerbating neurobehavioral dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury. ( Molina, PE; Teng, SX, 2014)
"A 42-year-old man with a subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by anoxic brain injury, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) presented a clinical conundrum for safe apnea testing in brain death determination due to profound hypoxemia."3.80Apnea testing for brain death in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a possible solution. ( Hocker, S; Whalen, F; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
"We performed a detailed chart review of consecutive brain dead patients who underwent an apnea test from 2008 to 2012."3.80Completing the apnea test: decline in complications. ( Couillard, P; Datar, S; Fugate, J; Rabinstein, A; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
" Our results indicate that a dorsal directed closed-head OB injury results in a neurally mediated apnea followed by respiratory timing changes."3.80Respiratory responses following blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats. ( Adams, S; Condrey, JA; Davenport, PW; Svetlov, SI; Tsai, HW, 2014)
" Patients with catastrophic brain injury and absent cranial nerve function should undergo immediate formal apnea testing."3.77Ventilator autocycling and delayed recognition of brain death. ( Mailloux, P; McGee, WT, 2011)
"5-cm group show that 87% rats developed apnea, limb seizure, poor appetite, and limpness."3.76Development of a rat model for studying blast-induced traumatic brain injury. ( Cheng, J; Gu, J; Kang, J; Kuang, Y; Li, B; Ma, Y; Yang, T, 2010)
" General findings include a significantly longer duration of unconsciousness in LE rats, but similar durations of apnea."3.75Strain differences in response to traumatic brain injury in Long-Evans compared to Sprague-Dawley rats. ( Hoane, MR; Quigley, A; Smith, DC; Tan, AA, 2009)
" We wanted to investigate whether a voluntary, prolonged apnea in trained breath-hold divers resulted in an increase of S100B in serum."3.75Increased serum levels of the brain damage marker S100B after apnea in trained breath-hold divers: a study including respiratory and cardiovascular observations. ( Andersson, JP; Jönsson, H; Linér, MH, 2009)
" We first validated the severity of the initial injury using physiologic criteria, including apnea and blood pressure, during the immediate postinjury period."3.74Injury severity determines Purkinje cell loss and microglial activation in the cerebellum after cortical contusion injury. ( Igarashi, T; Noble-Haeusslein, LJ; Potts, MB, 2007)
"It has been observed that traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the susceptibility of the brain to subsequent hypoxia, and prolonged apnea occurs in ethanol (EtOH)-treated animals following brain injury."3.69Effects of ethanol on respiratory function in traumatic brain injury. ( Feustel, PJ; Zink, BJ, 1995)
"By using our model for predicting MAP and PCO2 prior to apnea testing, hemodynamic embarrassment can be anticipated and prevented, thus allowing a safer procedure in the detection of brain death."3.69Apnea testing in suspected brain dead children--physiological and mathematical modelling. ( Barzilay, Z; Paret, G, 1995)
"The diagnosis of death by neurologic criteria implies that there is clinical evidence of the complete and irreversible cessation of brainstem and cerebral functions."2.61Death by neurologic criteria: pathophysiology, definition, diagnostic criteria and tests. ( Citerio, G; Iaquaniello, C; Robba, C, 2019)
"Seizures and long bone fractures were not discriminatory, and skull fracture and head/neck bruising were more associated with niBI, although not significantly so."2.45Which clinical features distinguish inflicted from non-inflicted brain injury? A systematic review. ( Farewell, D; Kemp, AM; Maguire, S; Mann, M; Pickerd, N; Tempest, V, 2009)
"No patient was found to have retinal hemorrhages nor was any found to have experienced child abuse."1.36Retinal hemorrhages and apparent life-threatening events. ( Curcoy, AI; Morales, M; Pou, J; Serra, A; Trenchs, V, 2010)
"Confirmation of brain death requires an urgent diagnosis to allow rapid vital organ removal for transplantation."1.31Brain death assessment using instant spectral analysis of heart rate variability. ( Baillard, C; Jasson, S; Mangin, L; Mansier, P; Riou, B; Swynghedauw, B; Vivien, B, 2002)

Research

Studies (40)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199010 (25.00)18.7374
1990's3 (7.50)18.2507
2000's11 (27.50)29.6817
2010's13 (32.50)24.3611
2020's3 (7.50)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Paek, D1
Kwon, DI1
Valdes, E1
Agarwal, S1
Carroll, E1
Kvernland, A1
Bondi, S1
Snyder, T1
Kwon, P1
Frontera, J1
Gurin, L1
Czeisler, B1
Lewis, A1
Hansen, HC1
Wertheimer, D1
Soeffker, G1
Els, T1
Fathi, A1
Lake, JL1
Robba, C1
Iaquaniello, C1
Citerio, G1
Teng, SX1
Molina, PE1
Hocker, S1
Whalen, F1
Wijdicks, EF3
Datar, S1
Fugate, J1
Rabinstein, A1
Couillard, P1
Zhao, H1
Chen, Y1
Jin, Y1
Adams, S1
Condrey, JA1
Tsai, HW1
Svetlov, SI1
Davenport, PW1
Ahlawat, A1
Carandang, R1
Heard, SO1
Muehlschlegel, S1
Tan, AA1
Quigley, A1
Smith, DC1
Hoane, MR1
Selbst, SM2
Maguire, S1
Pickerd, N1
Farewell, D1
Mann, M1
Tempest, V1
Kemp, AM1
Andersson, JP1
Linér, MH1
Jönsson, H1
Curcoy, AI1
Trenchs, V1
Morales, M1
Serra, A1
Pou, J1
Cheng, J1
Gu, J1
Ma, Y1
Yang, T1
Kuang, Y1
Li, B1
Kang, J1
McGee, WT1
Mailloux, P1
Bernhard, M1
Matthes, G1
Kanz, KG1
Waydhas, C1
Fischbacher, M1
Fischer, M1
Böttiger, BW1
TONNIS, W1
FROWEIN, RA2
TOENNIS, W1
CLEAVE, HL1
CHRISTIE, TH1
Deputy, S1
ELSASSER, G1
THEWALT, W1
Manno, EM1
Holets, SR1
Igarashi, T1
Potts, MB1
Noble-Haeusslein, LJ1
Swischuk, LE1
Duhaime, AC1
Durham, S1
Zink, BJ1
Feustel, PJ1
Paret, G1
Barzilay, Z1
Baillard, C1
Vivien, B1
Mansier, P1
Mangin, L1
Jasson, S1
Riou, B1
Swynghedauw, B1
Ip, EY1
Giza, CC1
Griesbach, GS1
Hovda, DA1
Teasdale, G1
Parker, L1
Murray, G1
Knill-Jones, R1
Jennett, B1
Serrats, AF1
Parker, SA1
Levine, JE1
Becker, D1
Chun, T1
Korein, J1
Braunstein, P1
George, A1
Wichter, M1
Kricheff, I1
Lieberman, A1
Pearson, J1
Mühlnickel, B1
Brandt, W1
North, JB1
Jennett, S1
Grubb, RL1
Naumann, RA1
Ommaya, AK1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Does Venous pCO2 Increase by 20 mmHg or More During Apnea Challenge Test?[NCT02503813]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Validation of Apnea Test Conducted Using High-flow Oxygen Therapy in Patients With Clinical Brain Death[NCT05950178]25 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-10Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

7 reviews available for apnea and Brain Injuries

ArticleYear
A review on four different paths to respiratory arrest from brain injury in children; implications for child abuse.
    Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 2020, Volume: 71

    Topics: Animals; Apnea; Brain Injuries; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Brain Stem; Central Nervous System Depres

2020
Death by neurologic criteria: pathophysiology, definition, diagnostic criteria and tests.
    Minerva anestesiologica, 2019, Volume: 85, Issue:7

    Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Brain Stem; Coma; Death; Diabetes Insipidus; Diagnosis, D

2019
Which clinical features distinguish inflicted from non-inflicted brain injury? A systematic review.
    Archives of disease in childhood, 2009, Volume: 94, Issue:11

    Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Bones of Lower Extremity; Bones of Upper Extremity; Brain Injuries; Child; Child

2009
[Emergency anesthesia, airway management and ventilation in major trauma. Background and key messages of the interdisciplinary S3 guidelines for major trauma patients].
    Der Anaesthesist, 2011, Volume: 60, Issue:11

    Topics: Airway Management; Anesthesia; Anesthesiology; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Injuries; Capnograph

2011
[CENTRAL RESPIRATORY DISORDERS IN CEREBROCRANIAL INJURIES AND BRAIN TUMORS. EFFECT OF TYPE AND LOCALIZATION OF THE PROCESS OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE INCREASE AND BRAIN SURGERY ON THE CENTRAL REGULATION OF RESPIRATION].
    Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 1963, Volume: 101

    Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain; Brain Injuries; Brain Neoplasms; Central Nervous System; Humans; I

1963
Shaking-impact syndrome of infancy.
    Seminars in pediatric neurology, 2003, Volume: 10, Issue:2

    Topics: Apnea; Autopsy; Battered Child Syndrome; Brain Injuries; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Inf

2003
Traumatic brain injury in infants: the phenomenon of subdural hemorrhage with hemispheric hypodensity ("Big Black Brain").
    Progress in brain research, 2007, Volume: 161

    Topics: Animals; Apnea; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Disease Models, Animal; Hematoma, Subdural, Intracrania

2007

Other Studies

33 other studies available for apnea and Brain Injuries

ArticleYear
Special considerations in the assessment of catastrophic brain injury and determination of brain death in patients with SARS-CoV-2.
    Journal of the neurological sciences, 2020, 10-15, Volume: 417

    Topics: Aged; Apnea; Betacoronavirus; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Contraindications, P

2020
[Irreversible loss of brain function : Requirements and Clinical diagnosis].
    Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin, 2021, Volume: 116, Issue:5

    Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans

2021
Use of Venous Pco
    Pediatric neurology, 2019, Volume: 93

    Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Stud

2019
Acute alcohol intoxication prolongs neuroinflammation without exacerbating neurobehavioral dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury.
    Journal of neurotrauma, 2014, Feb-15, Volume: 31, Issue:4

    Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Animals; Apnea; Behavior, Animal; Brain Injuries; Central Nervous System Dep

2014
Apnea testing for brain death in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a possible solution.
    Neurocritical care, 2014, Volume: 20, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Sev

2014
Completing the apnea test: decline in complications.
    Neurocritical care, 2014, Volume: 21, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Cohort Studies; Diagnostic Techniques

2014
The effect of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiopulmonary resuscitation on ICAM-1 and NSE levels in sudden cardiac arrest rabbits.
    The International journal of neuroscience, 2015, Volume: 125, Issue:7

    Topics: Animals; Apnea; Brain Injuries; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Disease Model

2015
Respiratory responses following blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats.
    Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2014, Dec-01, Volume: 204

    Topics: Animals; Apnea; Blast Injuries; Brain Injuries; Diaphragm; Disease Models, Animal; Electrodes, Impla

2014
The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination: An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia.
    Journal of intensive care medicine, 2016, Volume: 31, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Carbon Dioxide; Continuous Positive A

2016
Strain differences in response to traumatic brain injury in Long-Evans compared to Sprague-Dawley rats.
    Journal of neurotrauma, 2009, Volume: 26, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Animals, Outbred Strains; Apnea; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Brain Injuries; Cognition Disorde

2009
Pediatric emergency medicine: legal briefs.
    Pediatric emergency care, 2009, Volume: 25, Issue:4

    Topics: Abdomen, Acute; Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Aortic Rupture; Apnea; B

2009
Increased serum levels of the brain damage marker S100B after apnea in trained breath-hold divers: a study including respiratory and cardiovascular observations.
    Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2009, Volume: 107, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Brain Injuries; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiovascular Phy

2009
Retinal hemorrhages and apparent life-threatening events.
    Pediatric emergency care, 2010, Volume: 26, Issue:2

    Topics: Acute Disease; Apnea; Brain Injuries; Child Abuse; Comorbidity; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Emergenci

2010
Pediatric emergency medicine: legal briefs.
    Pediatric emergency care, 2010, Volume: 26, Issue:2

    Topics: Accidental Falls; Adolescent; Adult; Antiemetics; Apnea; Bacteremia; Baseball; Brain Injuries; Cardi

2010
Development of a rat model for studying blast-induced traumatic brain injury.
    Journal of the neurological sciences, 2010, Jul-15, Volume: 294, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Animals; Apnea; Blast Injuries; Brain; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Disease Models, Animal; Electron

2010
Ventilator autocycling and delayed recognition of brain death.
    Neurocritical care, 2011, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; R

2011
[How long is resuscitation in severe brain injuries possible?].
    Monatsschrift fur Unfallheilkunde und Versicherungsmedizin, 1963, Volume: 66

    Topics: Apnea; Brain Diseases; Brain Injuries; Humans; Resuscitation

1963
A case of prolonged apnoea following cerebral laceration.
    Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service, 1955, Volume: 41, Issue:2

    Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Injuries; Lacerations; Respiration, Artificial; Trachea; Wounds and Injuries

1955
[Schizoid psychosis after respiratory arrest in eunarcon anesthesia; cerebral damages caused by anoxemia].
    Der Nervenarzt, 1952, Volume: 23, Issue:3

    Topics: Anesthesia; Apnea; Barbiturates; Brain; Brain Injuries; Humans; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Psycho

1952
Ventilator self-cycling may falsely suggest patient effort during brain death determination.
    Neurology, 2005, Sep-13, Volume: 65, Issue:5

    Topics: Apnea; Artifacts; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Respiratory Physio

2005
Injury severity determines Purkinje cell loss and microglial activation in the cerebellum after cortical contusion injury.
    Experimental neurology, 2007, Volume: 203, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Apnea; Biomarkers; Brain Injuries; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Disease Models, Animal; Gli

2007
Apnea in an infant: what should I look for?
    Pediatric emergency care, 2007, Volume: 23, Issue:5

    Topics: Anemia; Apnea; Battered Child Syndrome; Brain Injuries; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Cerebrospinal

2007
Effects of ethanol on respiratory function in traumatic brain injury.
    Journal of neurosurgery, 1995, Volume: 82, Issue:5

    Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain; Brain Injuries;

1995
Apnea testing in suspected brain dead children--physiological and mathematical modelling.
    Intensive care medicine, 1995, Volume: 21, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Child; Chi

1995
Brain death assessment using instant spectral analysis of heart rate variability.
    Critical care medicine, 2002, Volume: 30, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Autonomic Nervous System; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Brain Ste

2002
Effects of enriched environment and fluid percussion injury on dendritic arborization within the cerebral cortex of the developing rat.
    Journal of neurotrauma, 2002, Volume: 19, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Apnea; Brain Injuries; Cell Size; Cerebral Cortex; Dendrites; Environment; Male; Neuronal P

2002
Predicting the outcome of individual patients in the first week after severe head injury.
    Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum, 1979, Volume: 28, Issue:1

    Topics: Age Factors; Apnea; Brain Injuries; Disabled Persons; Eye Movements; Humans; Motor Activity; Prognos

1979
Head injury prognosis: calculations from clinical data.
    Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum, 1979, Volume: 28, Issue:1

    Topics: Apnea; Arousal; Brain Concussion; Brain Injuries; Coma; Humans; Medulla Oblongata; Mesencephalon; Mo

1979
Reversal of incipient brain death from head-injury apnea at the scene of accidents.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1979, Jul-12, Volume: 301, Issue:2

    Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Resuscitat

1979
Brain death: I. Angiographic correlation with the radioisotopic bolus technique for evaluation of critical deficit of cerebral blood flow.
    Annals of neurology, 1977, Volume: 2, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Ce

1977
[Effect of controlled ventilation on heart rate variability in patients with severe cerebral damage].
    Psychiatrie, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie. Beihefte, 1990, Volume: 43

    Topics: Apnea; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Coma; Electrocardiography; Heart Rate; Hu

1990
Impedance pneumography for the detection of abnormal breathing patterns associated with brain damage.
    Lancet (London, England), 1972, Jul-29, Volume: 2, Issue:7770

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Injuries; Brain Neoplasms; Electrocardiography;

1972
Respiration and the cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cerebral concussion.
    Journal of neurosurgery, 1970, Volume: 32, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Apnea; Brain Injuries; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Electrocardiography; Haplorhini

1970