apnea has been researched along with Brain Dead in 255 studies
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Apnea is one of the three cardinal findings in brain death (BD)." | 9.12 | Apnea Testing for the Determination of Brain Death: A Systematic Scoping Review. ( Busl, KM; Lewis, A; Varelas, PN, 2021) |
| "To prospectively compare three methods of apnea testing for the confirmation of brain death." | 9.12 | Efficacy of a T-piece system and a continuous positive airway pressure system for apnea testing in the diagnosis of brain death. ( Brochu, JG; Langevin, S; Lauzier, F; LeBlanc, F; Lessard, MR; Lévesque, S; Nicole, PC, 2006) |
| "To continuously monitor PCO2 during two different protocols for apnea testing as part of the determination of brain death." | 9.08 | Apnea testing guided by continuous transcutaneous monitoring of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. ( Lang, CJ, 1998) |
| " Diagnostic tests for brain death include the apnea test, which assesses the presence of a ventilatory response to hypercapnic stimulus." | 9.05 | Apnea test for brain death diagnosis in adults on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a review. ( Junqueira, L; Rojas, SSO; Sady, ERR; Veiga, VC, 2020) |
| "The fourth edition of the German guideline for the assessment of brain death, published in 2015 by the German Medical Council (Bundesärztekammer), emphasizes the importance of an apnea test." | 9.01 | [Apnea test for assessment of brain death under extracorporeal life support]. ( Beiderlinden, M; Groesdonk, HV; Winter, S, 2019) |
| "According to current guidelines, apnea testing has to be performed after prerequisites have been met and in a fashion where hypercapnia is achieved in the face of stable oxygenation and hemodynamics." | 8.91 | Apnea testing on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Case report and literature review. ( Lazaridis, C; Shah, V, 2015) |
| " As a consequence, apnea testing is an important component of brain death assessment." | 8.89 | Apnea testing during brain death assessment: a review of clinical practice and published literature. ( Bennett, SN; Couture, M; Gentile, MA; MacIntyre, NR; Scott, JB, 2013) |
| "The apnea test is recommended for the diagnosis of brain death." | 8.86 | The apnea test: rationale, confounders, and criticism. ( Anton, NR; Duff, JP; Joffe, AR, 2010) |
| "Tension pneumothorax is a rare complication of the apnea test using the apneic oxygenation method." | 8.84 | Tension pneumothorax complicating apnea testing during brain death evaluation. ( Burns, JD; Russell, JA, 2008) |
| "The apnea test provides one of the most important criteria for the diagnosis of death by brain criteria, nevertheless although the absence of spontaneous respiration is a crucial point in the diagnosis of the death, we must point out, that still, there are not standardized criterion to perform this test." | 8.80 | [Apnea testing to establish death based on brain criteria]. ( Tellería-Díaz, A, 1998) |
| "To evaluate the current standards for apnea testing in the evaluation of brain death in children." | 8.80 | Increased apnea threshold in a pediatric patient with suspected brain death. ( Pollack, MM; Vardis, R, 1998) |
| "Apnea test for brain death determination is able to perform easily with the method written in Japanese criteria (Brain death study group, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1987) (Figure 3)." | 8.78 | [Safety applications in apnea test]. ( Maekawa, T; Sadamitsu, D; Tateishi, A, 1993) |
| "To report the prevalence of adverse events in children undergoing apnea testing as part of the determination of death by neurologic criteria (DNC)." | 8.31 | Adverse Events During Apnea Testing for the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria: A Single-Center, Retrospective Pediatric Cohort. ( Antommaria, AHM; Gilene, SJ; Stalets, EL; Sveen, WN, 2023) |
| "Death by neurologic criteria (DNC) requires coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and the inability to breathe independently during apnea testing (AT)." | 8.12 | Brain death post cardiac surgery: A modified apnea test to confirm death by neurologic criteria for a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ( Fatehi Hassanabad, A; Kidd, WT; Kromm, JA; Novick, RJ; Warshawski, F, 2022) |
| "The criteria for brain death determination have not been unified globally, and there is no global consensus on the apnea test, which is essential for determining brain death." | 8.12 | Optimal duration of the apnea test for determining brain death: Benefit of the short-term apnea test. ( Baik, SM; Hong, KS; Kim, TY; Park, J, 2022) |
| "Apnea test must be performed to confirm brain death in patients meet clinical criteria." | 8.12 | Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide. ( Bayrakci, B; Kesici, S; Nakip, OS; Terzi, K, 2022) |
| "Apnea testing is the last step of brain death assessment." | 8.02 | Prediction of Apnea Testing Duration to Ensure Safety During Brain Death Assessment. ( Kinoshita, Y; Oda, K; Sagishima, K, 2021) |
| "Apnea testing (AT) is one of the key steps for brain death (BD) diagnosis and confirmation." | 8.02 | Investigation of Apnea Testing During Brain Death Determination in China. ( Chen, W; Chen, Z; Fan, L; Huang, H; Liu, G; Su, Y; Ye, H; Zhang, Y, 2021) |
| " The American Academy of Neurology states that apnea testing is a critical component of the process to declare brain death." | 7.96 | Carbogen for Apnea Testing During the Brain Death Declaration Process in Subjects on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ( Andrews, P; Habashi, N; Madden, M; Menaker, J; Rector, R, 2020) |
| " The legal tactic of demanding consent for the apnea test, if successful, can halt the DNC." | 7.96 | Legal and Ethical Considerations for Requiring Consent for Apnea Testing in Brain Death Determination. ( Berkowitz, I; Garrett, JR, 2020) |
| "The apnea test, which involves disconnection from the mechanical ventilator, presents risks during the determination of brain death, especially in hypoxemic patients." | 7.96 | Use of CPAP as an alternative to the apnea test during the determination of brain death in hypoxemic patients. Report of two cases. ( Fernandes, V; Fonseca, JC; Silva, LRD; Valiatti, JLDS; Westphal, GA; Westphal, V, 2020) |
| "To determine the prevalence of adverse events during apnea testing for determination of death by neurologic criteria using continuous positive airway pressure in children." | 7.96 | Apnea Testing Using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure When Determining Death by Neurologic Criteria in Children: Retrospective Analysis of Potential Adverse Events. ( Francoeur, C; Kirschen, MP; Mai, M; Morrison, W; Puccetti, DF, 2020) |
| "Apnea testing remains essential for the clinical evaluation of brain death determination." | 7.96 | Challenges in Brain Death Determination and Apnea Testing for Patients with COVID-19. ( Abdalla, AA; Da Silva, I; Garg, R; John, S; Patel, AD; Radaideh, Y, 2020) |
| "Here, we studied the safety of apnea testing (AT) for the determination of brain death with regard to intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion and arterial blood gas parameters." | 7.91 | Safety of apnea testing for the diagnosis of brain death: a comprehensive study on neuromonitoring data and blood gas analysis. ( Brandt, SA; Hoffmann, O; Masuhr, F; Rocco, A; Salih, F; Schreiber, S; Weissinger, F; Wolf, S, 2019) |
| "The apnea test is an essential examination for the determination of brain death; however, hypotension, hypoxemia, and other complications during the apnea test can affect the stability of brain-dead patients, as well as organ function for recipients." | 7.91 | Proposed safe apnea test using positive end-expiratory pressure valve and short-term blood gas analysis: Observational study. ( Hong, KS; Lee, YJ; Park, J, 2019) |
| "Apnea testing is an essential step in the clinical diagnosis of brain death." | 7.85 | Prevention of Hypoxemia During Apnea Testing: A Comparison of Oxygen Insufflation And Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. ( Bader, R; Couillard, P; Dhillon, P; Doig, CJ; Kramer, AH; Kutsogiannis, DJ, 2017) |
| "To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an apnea test (AT) technique that combines the application of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) with subsequent pulmonary recruitment in a large cohort of brain-dead patients." | 7.83 | Apnea test during brain death assessment in mechanically ventilated and ECMO patients. ( Avalli, L; Citerio, G; Colombo, SM; Confalonieri, A; Giani, M; Leo, R; Maggioni, E; Scaravilli, V; Vargiolu, A, 2016) |
| " Brain death testing with conventional apnea testing was attempted but aborted due to hypoxia." | 7.83 | The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination: An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia. ( Ahlawat, A; Carandang, R; Heard, SO; Muehlschlegel, S, 2016) |
| "Pneumothorax is an under-recognized complication of apnea testing performed as part of the neurological determination of death." | 7.83 | Pneumothorax as a Complication of Apnea Testing for Brain Death. ( Anand, NJ; Dhar, R; Gorton, LE; Hayes, B; Kumar, A; Ramiro, JI; Woodworth, L, 2016) |
| "Prompted by our experience with complications occurring with apnea testing (AT), we discuss complications reported in the literature." | 7.81 | A new technique for avoiding barotrauma-induced complications in apnea testing for brain death. ( Burr, A; Chyu, D; Cohen, S; Denny, JE; Denny, JT; Patel, AN; Tse, J, 2015) |
| " Currently, the legal system in Poland does not provide an accepted protocol for apnea tests for patients on ECMO support." | 7.81 | Apnea test in the determination of brain death in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). ( Bohatyrewicz, R; Knapik, P; Saucha, W; Sołek-Pastuszka, J, 2015) |
| "The apnea test is used to determine the absence of respiratory drive when determining brain death." | 7.80 | Apnea testing: the effects of insufflation catheter size and flow on pressure and volume in a test lung. ( Henry, NR; Marshall, SG, 2014) |
| "The revised guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children stress that apnea testing is an integral component in determining brain death based on clinical criteria." | 7.80 | Developing a standard method for apnea testing in the determination of brain death for patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a pediatric case series. ( Agarwal, S; Ajizian, SJ; Copus, SC; Jarrah, RJ; Nakagawa, TA, 2014) |
| "A 42-year-old man with a subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by anoxic brain injury, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) presented a clinical conundrum for safe apnea testing in brain death determination due to profound hypoxemia." | 7.80 | Apnea testing for brain death in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a possible solution. ( Hocker, S; Whalen, F; Wijdicks, EF, 2014) |
| "We performed a detailed chart review of consecutive brain dead patients who underwent an apnea test from 2008 to 2012." | 7.80 | Completing the apnea test: decline in complications. ( Couillard, P; Datar, S; Fugate, J; Rabinstein, A; Wijdicks, EF, 2014) |
| "Apnea test is a key component to confirm brain death." | 7.79 | Apnea test for brain death determination in a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ( Fourcade, O; Geeraerts, T; Lonjaret, L; Smilevitch, P, 2013) |
| " We hypothesized that the apnea test, necessary to confirm the diagnosis of brain death in potential lung donors, was involved in the decrease in the ratio of partial pressure of arterial O₂ to fraction of inspired O₂ (PaO₂/FiO₂) and that a single recruitment maneuver performed just after the apnea test can reverse this alteration." | 7.78 | Benefit of a single recruitment maneuver after an apnea test for the diagnosis of brain death. ( Boccheciampe, N; Langeron, O; Nicolas-Robin, A; Paries, M; Raux, M; Riou, B, 2012) |
| " in Neurology 71(16):1240, 2008), apnea test safety during brain death determination was evaluated at a single tertiary care center." | 7.76 | Predictors of apnea test failure during brain death determination. ( Mandrekar, J; Rabinstein, AA; Wijdicks, EF; Yee, AH, 2010) |
| "An apnea test is essential in the clinical determination of brain death." | 7.74 | Complications associated with the apnea test in the determination of the brain death. ( Fang, Q; Li, L; Luo, BY; Qiu, YQ; Wu, XL, 2008) |
| "Little is known of hospital practice in brain death determination, specialty involvement, and followed procedures, including the apnea test." | 7.74 | Pronouncing brain death: Contemporary practice and safety of the apnea test. ( Atkinson, JD; Manno, EM; Rabinstein, AA; Wijdicks, EF, 2008) |
| "Apneic oxygenation is an apnea testing method in the diagnosis of brain death." | 7.74 | The safe limits of mechanical factors in the apnea testing for the diagnosis of brain death. ( Akan, M; Elar, Z; Karci, A; Koca, U; Olguner, C, 2007) |
| "Diagnosis of brain death usually requires an arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (Paco2) of 60 mmHg during the apnea test, but the increase in Paco2 is unpredictable." | 7.73 | An evaluation of transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure monitoring during apnea testing in brain-dead patients. ( Coriat, P; Devilliers, C; Langeron, O; Marmion, F; Riou, B; Roche, S; Vivien, B, 2006) |
| "To determine the occurrence of severe complications such as hypotension, pulmonary artery hypertension as well as hypercapnia during apnea test in the affirmation of brain death and to investigate the possible effective prophylactic interventions." | 7.73 | [Study on safety of apnea test in clinical determination of brain death]. ( Li, Q; Ma, PL; Ou, H; Peng, Y; Su, JW; Yang, MS; Zhao, JZ, 2006) |
| "We analyzed clinical features, potential risk conditions, and problems in 129 brain dead patients during the apnea test." | 7.72 | Problems associated with the apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death. ( Deluca, JL; Rizzo, G; Sabbatiello, R; Saposnik, G; Vega, A, 2004) |
| "Problems associated with the standard apnea test relate to overshooting or undershooting the target PaCO2, potentially compromising the viability of organs for transplantation or invalidating the test." | 7.72 | The apnea test for brain death determination: an alternative approach. ( Harris, C; Sharpe, MD; Young, GB, 2004) |
| "We describe three cases of tension pneumothorax occurring during apnea testing for the determination of brain death." | 7.71 | [Barotrama during apnea testing for the determination of brain death]. ( Haralambo, MS; Riou, B; Vivien, B, 2001) |
| " We studied heart rate variability during artificial ventilation and apnea test as part of an assessment of brain death." | 7.70 | Parasympathetic activity in brain death: effect of apnea on heart rate variability. ( Kaneko, K; Kawamoto, M; Ohtani, M; Sera, A; Yuge, O, 1998) |
| "The apnea test is part of the brain death protocol of the National Health Council." | 7.70 | [Continuous pressure is preferred to flow triggering of respiration in the apnea test following the protocol for brain death determination]. ( Speelberg, B; van Wezel, HB, 1998) |
| "To determine the influence of baseline paCO2 on the results of apnea testing in the diagnosis of brain death, we performed an open prospective study on 36 patients fulfilling all other criteria for the diagnosis of brain death according to the criteria proposed by the Advisory Board of the German Federal Chamber of Physicians." | 7.70 | Potential pitfalls in apnea testing. ( Grond, M; Haupt, WF; Neveling, M; Rudolf, J, 1998) |
| "Apnea test is a crucial requirement for determining the diagnosis of brain death (BD)." | 7.70 | Pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum during the apnea test: how safe is this procedure? ( Deluca, JL; Rizzo, G; Saposnik, G, 2000) |
| "Apnea testing in brain death determination may result in cardiovascular complications." | 7.70 | Complications during apnea testing in the determination of brain death: predisposing factors. ( Emery, SF; Goudreau, JL; Wijdicks, EF, 2000) |
| "We used artificial augmentation of CO2 at a rate of 1 l/min after preoxygenation with 100% O2 to test for apnea in 34 patients with suspected brain death." | 7.69 | Apnea testing by artificial CO2 augmentation. ( Lang, CJ, 1995) |
| "To study the validity and safety of the traditional apnea test in children, and to evaluate a mathematical equation estimating the hemodynamic response to the apnea test." | 7.69 | Apnea testing in suspected brain dead children--physiological and mathematical modelling. ( Barzilay, Z; Paret, G, 1995) |
| "The effects of apnea testing-induced respiratory acidosis on left ventricular function (LVF) are still controversial." | 7.69 | Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function during apnea testing for brain death. ( Beydon, L; Bonnet, F; Catoire, P; Liu, N; Orliaguet, GA, 1994) |
| "To determine the safety of apnea testing." | 7.69 | Risk of hypotension during apnea testing. ( Benjamin, JL; Jeret, JS, 1994) |
| "To assess the efficacy of bulk diffusion in maintaining oxygenation during apnea testing for brain death." | 7.68 | Bulk diffusion apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death. ( al Jumah, M; al Rajeh, S; Crow, N; McLean, DR, 1992) |
| " During apnea testing the spectral analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) revealed an irreversible shift of peak from 6 to 3 Hz within the low-frequency bands." | 7.68 | Brain death: timing of apnea testing in primary brain stem lesion. ( Fuchs, G; Litscher, G; Pfurtscheller, G; Rumpl, E; Schalk, HV; Schwarz, G, 1992) |
| " The testing of patients for the presence or absence of apnea has been complicated because the rate of PaCO2 elevation may vary substantially from patient to patient, and a nonlinear relationship exists between the rate of PaCO2 increase and the duration of apnea." | 7.68 | Apnea testing for the determination of brain death: a modified protocol. Technical note. ( Benzel, EC; Conrad, S; Mashburn, JP; Modling, D, 1992) |
| "Cardiovascular effects of apnea test were investigated in 12 patients suspected of brain death." | 7.68 | [Cardiovascular effects of apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death]. ( Ohno, M, 1990) |
| " Various protocols for apnea testing in adults have been reported; however, similar protocols have not been established for children." | 7.67 | Apnea testing to confirm brain death in children. ( Outwater, KM; Rockoff, MA, 1984) |
| " Nine patients with other findings of clinical brain death were prospectively assessed with a standardized apnea test protocol." | 7.67 | Apnea documentation for determination of brain death in children. ( Donnelly, JH; Jackson, AH; Rowland, TW, 1984) |
| "By conventional criteria, an apneic patient's PaCO2 must be greater than 60 mm Hg before apnea can be attributed to brain death." | 7.67 | The apnea test for the determination of brain death. ( Benzel, EC; Gross, CD; Hadden, TA; Kesterson, L; Landreneau, MD, 1989) |
| "We experienced 11 cases of brain death for the past two years, in six of whom we performed the apnea test to confirm the cessation of the medullary respiratory functions." | 7.67 | [Apnea test essential in the diagnosis of brain death]. ( Imamura, Y; Miyamoto, T; Ryu, H; Shirasaka, A; Sugiyama, K; Uemura, K; Watanabe, O; Yokoyama, T, 1987) |
| "The findings of AEP and SEP in the cases with brain death confirmed by the apnea test had not been reported." | 7.67 | [The findings of auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials in brain death confirmed by the apnea test]. ( Miyamoto, T; Ryu, H; Shirasaka, A; Sugiyama, K; Tokuyama, T; Uemura, K; Yokoyama, T, 1988) |
| " The apnea test protocol employed proved to be safe and sensitive." | 7.67 | Apnea testing in brain death. ( Belsh, JM; Blatt, R; Schiffman, PL, 1986) |
| "The establishment of apnea for the diagnosis of brain death by disconnecting the patient from the ventilator may lead to dangerous hypoxemia at the end of the test period." | 7.66 | The use of continuous flow of oxygen and PEEP during apnea in the diagnosis of brain death. ( Berger, M; Cotev, S; Perel, A, 1983) |
| "The absence of spontaneous respiration is a crucial determinant in the diagnosis of brain death, but standardized criteria for apnea testing have not been established." | 7.66 | Apnea testing in the diagnosis of brain death. Clinical and physiological observations. ( Kennedy, SK; Ropper, AH; Russell, L, 1981) |
| "Apnea is an essential criterion for the diagnosis of brain death and is often difficult to determine in artificially ventilated patients." | 7.66 | [Definition of apnea in the diagnosis of brain death]. ( de Tribolet, N; Moeschler, O, 1982) |
| "To determine the duration of respiratory arrest needed to attain a PaCO2 level high enough to provide maximal stimulation of respiration, we evaluated changes in PaCO2, PaO2 and apH during periods of apnea lasting as long as 10 minutes in 10 apparently brain-dead subjects." | 7.66 | Duration of apnea needed to confirm brain death. ( Caronna, JJ; Schafer, JA, 1978) |
| "Apnea is one of the three cardinal findings in brain death (BD)." | 5.12 | Apnea Testing for the Determination of Brain Death: A Systematic Scoping Review. ( Busl, KM; Lewis, A; Varelas, PN, 2021) |
| "To prospectively compare three methods of apnea testing for the confirmation of brain death." | 5.12 | Efficacy of a T-piece system and a continuous positive airway pressure system for apnea testing in the diagnosis of brain death. ( Brochu, JG; Langevin, S; Lauzier, F; LeBlanc, F; Lessard, MR; Lévesque, S; Nicole, PC, 2006) |
| "To continuously monitor PCO2 during two different protocols for apnea testing as part of the determination of brain death." | 5.08 | Apnea testing guided by continuous transcutaneous monitoring of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. ( Lang, CJ, 1998) |
| " Diagnostic tests for brain death include the apnea test, which assesses the presence of a ventilatory response to hypercapnic stimulus." | 5.05 | Apnea test for brain death diagnosis in adults on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a review. ( Junqueira, L; Rojas, SSO; Sady, ERR; Veiga, VC, 2020) |
| "The fourth edition of the German guideline for the assessment of brain death, published in 2015 by the German Medical Council (Bundesärztekammer), emphasizes the importance of an apnea test." | 5.01 | [Apnea test for assessment of brain death under extracorporeal life support]. ( Beiderlinden, M; Groesdonk, HV; Winter, S, 2019) |
| " Poor training of examiners and patient qualifications for brain death examination prior to testing, incomplete apnea testing, repeat examinations during testing, and the sometimes unjustified use of ancillary testing are highlighted as main areas for improvement." | 4.91 | Why is diagnosing brain death so confusing? ( Ghoshal, S; Greer, DM, 2015) |
| " After achieving physiologic stability and exclusion of confounders, two examinations including apnea testing separated by an observation period (24 hours for term newborns up to 30 days of age, and 12 hours for infants and children from 31 days up to 18 years) are required to establish brain death." | 4.91 | Pediatric brain death determination. ( Ashwal, S; Mathur, M, 2015) |
| "According to current guidelines, apnea testing has to be performed after prerequisites have been met and in a fashion where hypercapnia is achieved in the face of stable oxygenation and hemodynamics." | 4.91 | Apnea testing on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Case report and literature review. ( Lazaridis, C; Shah, V, 2015) |
| " As a consequence, apnea testing is an important component of brain death assessment." | 4.89 | Apnea testing during brain death assessment: a review of clinical practice and published literature. ( Bennett, SN; Couture, M; Gentile, MA; MacIntyre, NR; Scott, JB, 2013) |
| "Articles on brain death, apnea testing, and radionuclide scintigraphy." | 4.86 | A critique of the apneic oxygenation test for the diagnosis of "brain death". ( Tibballs, J, 2010) |
| "The apnea test is recommended for the diagnosis of brain death." | 4.86 | The apnea test: rationale, confounders, and criticism. ( Anton, NR; Duff, JP; Joffe, AR, 2010) |
| "Brain death is manifested by a flaccid, areflexic patient on assessment of brain function with fixed and dilated pupils at midpoint, loss of consciousness, no response to stimulation, loss of brainstem reflexes, and apnea." | 4.85 | Cardiogenic oscillation and ventilator autotriggering in brain-dead patients: a case series. ( Arbour, R, 2009) |
| "Tension pneumothorax is a rare complication of the apnea test using the apneic oxygenation method." | 4.84 | Tension pneumothorax complicating apnea testing during brain death evaluation. ( Burns, JD; Russell, JA, 2008) |
| "The apnea test provides one of the most important criteria for the diagnosis of death by brain criteria, nevertheless although the absence of spontaneous respiration is a crucial point in the diagnosis of the death, we must point out, that still, there are not standardized criterion to perform this test." | 4.80 | [Apnea testing to establish death based on brain criteria]. ( Tellería-Díaz, A, 1998) |
| "To evaluate the current standards for apnea testing in the evaluation of brain death in children." | 4.80 | Increased apnea threshold in a pediatric patient with suspected brain death. ( Pollack, MM; Vardis, R, 1998) |
| " The following proposals are advanced: 1) the lack of any set of clinically detectable brain functions does not provide a safe diagnosis of brain or brain stem death; 2) apnea testing may induce irreversible brain damage and should be abandoned; 3) moderate hypothermia, antipyresis, prevention of arterial hypotension, and occasionally intra-arterial thrombolysis may contribute to good recovery of a possibly large subset of cases of brain injury currently regarded as irreversible; 4) confirmatory tests for brain death should not replace or delay the administration of potentially effective therapeutic measures; 5) in order to validate confirmatory tests, further research is needed to relate their results to specific levels of blood supply to the brain." | 4.80 | Implications of ischemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death. ( Coimbra, CG, 1999) |
| "Apnea test for brain death determination is able to perform easily with the method written in Japanese criteria (Brain death study group, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1987) (Figure 3)." | 4.78 | [Safety applications in apnea test]. ( Maekawa, T; Sadamitsu, D; Tateishi, A, 1993) |
| " According to criteria established in the United Kingdom and the United States, if these patients meet the preconditions of apneic coma that is attributable to diagnosed irreversible cause, and the presence of drug intoxication, hypothermia, or metabolic coma is excluded, then documentation of absent brainstem reflexes and apnea despite a PaCO2 of 50 mm Hg or greater will confirm the presence of brain death." | 4.77 | Brain death and persistent vegetative states. ( Oboler, SK, 1986) |
| "To report the prevalence of adverse events in children undergoing apnea testing as part of the determination of death by neurologic criteria (DNC)." | 4.31 | Adverse Events During Apnea Testing for the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria: A Single-Center, Retrospective Pediatric Cohort. ( Antommaria, AHM; Gilene, SJ; Stalets, EL; Sveen, WN, 2023) |
| "Death by neurologic criteria (DNC) requires coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and the inability to breathe independently during apnea testing (AT)." | 4.12 | Brain death post cardiac surgery: A modified apnea test to confirm death by neurologic criteria for a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ( Fatehi Hassanabad, A; Kidd, WT; Kromm, JA; Novick, RJ; Warshawski, F, 2022) |
| " During the second step of the plan, the highest percentage of problems was associated with apnea testing (22." | 4.12 | Minimum Criteria for Brain Death Determination: Consensus Promotion and Chinese Practice. ( Chen, W; Deng, Y; Fan, L; Huang, H; Liu, G; Su, Y; Tian, F; Wang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022) |
| " The Chinese criteria require that the lack of spontaneous respiration must be verified with an apnea test by disconnecting the ventilator for 8 min to provoke spontaneous respiration." | 4.12 | Cases Abusing Brain Death Definition in Organ Procurement in China. ( Allison, KC; Li, H; Paul, NW, 2022) |
| "The criteria for brain death determination have not been unified globally, and there is no global consensus on the apnea test, which is essential for determining brain death." | 4.12 | Optimal duration of the apnea test for determining brain death: Benefit of the short-term apnea test. ( Baik, SM; Hong, KS; Kim, TY; Park, J, 2022) |
| " These included considering patient wishes regarding the brain respiratory death determination (BRDD), mandatory performance of apnea and ancillary testing, establishment of an accreditation committee, and accreditation required for physicians performing BRDD." | 4.12 | Brain Death Determination in Israel: The First 9 Years of Experience Following Changes Made by the Brain and Respiratory Death Determination Law. ( Ashkenazi, T; Cohen, JD; Katvan, E, 2022) |
| "Apnea test must be performed to confirm brain death in patients meet clinical criteria." | 4.12 | Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide. ( Bayrakci, B; Kesici, S; Nakip, OS; Terzi, K, 2022) |
| "Apnea testing is the last step of brain death assessment." | 4.02 | Prediction of Apnea Testing Duration to Ensure Safety During Brain Death Assessment. ( Kinoshita, Y; Oda, K; Sagishima, K, 2021) |
| "Apnea testing (AT) is one of the key steps for brain death (BD) diagnosis and confirmation." | 4.02 | Investigation of Apnea Testing During Brain Death Determination in China. ( Chen, W; Chen, Z; Fan, L; Huang, H; Liu, G; Su, Y; Ye, H; Zhang, Y, 2021) |
| " Step 2 comprises the clinical investigation of reactivity to external stimuli and the upper, middle and lower brain stem reflexes including apnea testing." | 4.02 | [Irreversible loss of brain function : Requirements and Clinical diagnosis]. ( Els, T; Hansen, HC; Soeffker, G; Wertheimer, D, 2021) |
| "The apnea test (AT) during clinical brain death (BD) testing does not account for different arterial gas tensions on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO)." | 3.96 | A Protocol that Mandates Postoxygenator and Arterial Blood Gases to Confirm Brain Death on Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ( Burrell, AJC; Ihle, JF; Murphy, DA; Pellegrino, VA; Philpot, SJ; Pilcher, DV, 2020) |
| " The American Academy of Neurology states that apnea testing is a critical component of the process to declare brain death." | 3.96 | Carbogen for Apnea Testing During the Brain Death Declaration Process in Subjects on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ( Andrews, P; Habashi, N; Madden, M; Menaker, J; Rector, R, 2020) |
| " The legal tactic of demanding consent for the apnea test, if successful, can halt the DNC." | 3.96 | Legal and Ethical Considerations for Requiring Consent for Apnea Testing in Brain Death Determination. ( Berkowitz, I; Garrett, JR, 2020) |
| "The apnea test, which involves disconnection from the mechanical ventilator, presents risks during the determination of brain death, especially in hypoxemic patients." | 3.96 | Use of CPAP as an alternative to the apnea test during the determination of brain death in hypoxemic patients. Report of two cases. ( Fernandes, V; Fonseca, JC; Silva, LRD; Valiatti, JLDS; Westphal, GA; Westphal, V, 2020) |
| "To determine the prevalence of adverse events during apnea testing for determination of death by neurologic criteria using continuous positive airway pressure in children." | 3.96 | Apnea Testing Using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure When Determining Death by Neurologic Criteria in Children: Retrospective Analysis of Potential Adverse Events. ( Francoeur, C; Kirschen, MP; Mai, M; Morrison, W; Puccetti, DF, 2020) |
| " Determination of BD/DNC can be done with a clinical examination that demonstrates coma, brainstem areflexia, and apnea." | 3.96 | Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria: The World Brain Death Project. ( Al Rahma, H; Alexandrov, AW; Badenes, R; Baker, AJ; Baldisseri, M; Bernat, JL; Bleck, T; Cerny, V; Chang, C; Chang, TR; Citerio, G; Dawson, R; Gnedovskaya, E; Goldenberg, FD; Greer, DM; Han, MK; Honeybul, S; Hoppe, A; Jacobe, S; Jimenez, E; Kuroda, Y; Lewis, A; Liu, G; Mallick, UK; Manara, A; Marquevich, V; Mejia-Mantilla, J; Nakagawa, TA; Piradov, M; Pope, TM; Quayyum, S; Shemie, SD; Shrestha, GS; Silvester, W; Souter, M; Su, YY; Sung, G; Teitelbaum, J; Thomson, D; Timmons, SD; Topcuoglu, MA; Torrance, S; Varelas, P; Videtta, W; Zirpe, K, 2020) |
| " Apnea testing was performed for 1 patient due to the decision to withdraw treatment (n = 2), concern for inability to tolerate testing (n = 2) and observation of spontaneous respirations (n = 1)." | 3.96 | Special considerations in the assessment of catastrophic brain injury and determination of brain death in patients with SARS-CoV-2. ( Agarwal, S; Bondi, S; Carroll, E; Czeisler, B; Frontera, J; Gurin, L; Kvernland, A; Kwon, P; Lewis, A; Snyder, T; Valdes, E, 2020) |
| "Apnea testing remains essential for the clinical evaluation of brain death determination." | 3.96 | Challenges in Brain Death Determination and Apnea Testing for Patients with COVID-19. ( Abdalla, AA; Da Silva, I; Garg, R; John, S; Patel, AD; Radaideh, Y, 2020) |
| "Two commentaries respond to a case about apnea testing to confirm death by neurologic criteria." | 3.96 | What Should We Do When Families Refuse Testing for Brain Death? ( Kirschen, M; Morrison, W; Truog, RD, 2020) |
| "Here, we studied the safety of apnea testing (AT) for the determination of brain death with regard to intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion and arterial blood gas parameters." | 3.91 | Safety of apnea testing for the diagnosis of brain death: a comprehensive study on neuromonitoring data and blood gas analysis. ( Brandt, SA; Hoffmann, O; Masuhr, F; Rocco, A; Salih, F; Schreiber, S; Weissinger, F; Wolf, S, 2019) |
| " Patients older than 37 week's gestation admitted to PICU with irreversible brain injury at the time when attending physician will perform apnea challenge test as part of brain death examination from October 2015 till September 2017." | 3.91 | Use of Venous Pco ( Fathi, A; Lake, JL, 2019) |
| " The determination of brain death by clinical criteria requires apnea testing, which has historically been viewed as challenging in patients supported by ECMO." | 3.91 | Clinical Determination of Brain Death in Children Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ( Berger, JT; Carpenter, JL; Dean, NP; Harrar, DB; Kukreti, V, 2019) |
| "The apnea test is an essential examination for the determination of brain death; however, hypotension, hypoxemia, and other complications during the apnea test can affect the stability of brain-dead patients, as well as organ function for recipients." | 3.91 | Proposed safe apnea test using positive end-expiratory pressure valve and short-term blood gas analysis: Observational study. ( Hong, KS; Lee, YJ; Park, J, 2019) |
| " The scoring via checklists consisted of 15 clinical skills, 9 apnea test-related skills, and 37 verbal skills related to family discussion." | 3.88 | Simulation-Based Training in Brain Death Determination Incorporating Family Discussion. ( Douglas, P; Goldschmidt, C; McCoyd, M; Schneck, M, 2018) |
| "We discuss these cases and their consequences including: the right to refuse an apnea test, accepted medical standards for declaration of BD, and the irreversibility of BD." | 3.85 | Physician Power to Declare Death by Neurologic Criteria Threatened. ( Lewis, A; Pope, TM, 2017) |
| "Apnea testing is an essential step in the clinical diagnosis of brain death." | 3.85 | Prevention of Hypoxemia During Apnea Testing: A Comparison of Oxygen Insufflation And Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. ( Bader, R; Couillard, P; Dhillon, P; Doig, CJ; Kramer, AH; Kutsogiannis, DJ, 2017) |
| "To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an apnea test (AT) technique that combines the application of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) with subsequent pulmonary recruitment in a large cohort of brain-dead patients." | 3.83 | Apnea test during brain death assessment in mechanically ventilated and ECMO patients. ( Avalli, L; Citerio, G; Colombo, SM; Confalonieri, A; Giani, M; Leo, R; Maggioni, E; Scaravilli, V; Vargiolu, A, 2016) |
| " Brain death testing with conventional apnea testing was attempted but aborted due to hypoxia." | 3.83 | The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination: An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia. ( Ahlawat, A; Carandang, R; Heard, SO; Muehlschlegel, S, 2016) |
| "Pneumothorax is an under-recognized complication of apnea testing performed as part of the neurological determination of death." | 3.83 | Pneumothorax as a Complication of Apnea Testing for Brain Death. ( Anand, NJ; Dhar, R; Gorton, LE; Hayes, B; Kumar, A; Ramiro, JI; Woodworth, L, 2016) |
| "Prompted by our experience with complications occurring with apnea testing (AT), we discuss complications reported in the literature." | 3.81 | A new technique for avoiding barotrauma-induced complications in apnea testing for brain death. ( Burr, A; Chyu, D; Cohen, S; Denny, JE; Denny, JT; Patel, AN; Tse, J, 2015) |
| " An apnea test is performed with further confirmation as necessary, and then mechanical ventilation is withdrawn with the consent of the family after they have had an opportunity to "say goodbye," and at such a time to permit organ retrieval (with authorization of the patient or consent of the next of kin)." | 3.81 | The Least Bad Option: Unilateral Extubation after Declaration of Death by Neurological Criteria. ( Bliss, SE; Macauley, RC, 2015) |
| " Currently, the legal system in Poland does not provide an accepted protocol for apnea tests for patients on ECMO support." | 3.81 | Apnea test in the determination of brain death in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). ( Bohatyrewicz, R; Knapik, P; Saucha, W; Sołek-Pastuszka, J, 2015) |
| "The apnea test is used to determine the absence of respiratory drive when determining brain death." | 3.80 | Apnea testing: the effects of insufflation catheter size and flow on pressure and volume in a test lung. ( Henry, NR; Marshall, SG, 2014) |
| "The revised guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children stress that apnea testing is an integral component in determining brain death based on clinical criteria." | 3.80 | Developing a standard method for apnea testing in the determination of brain death for patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a pediatric case series. ( Agarwal, S; Ajizian, SJ; Copus, SC; Jarrah, RJ; Nakagawa, TA, 2014) |
| "A 42-year-old man with a subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by anoxic brain injury, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) presented a clinical conundrum for safe apnea testing in brain death determination due to profound hypoxemia." | 3.80 | Apnea testing for brain death in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a possible solution. ( Hocker, S; Whalen, F; Wijdicks, EF, 2014) |
| "We performed a detailed chart review of consecutive brain dead patients who underwent an apnea test from 2008 to 2012." | 3.80 | Completing the apnea test: decline in complications. ( Couillard, P; Datar, S; Fugate, J; Rabinstein, A; Wijdicks, EF, 2014) |
| " Clinical examination is sufficient to determine BD in 50 % of countries; coma, apnea, absence of corneal, and cough reflexes are mandatory criteria in all." | 3.80 | Variability in brain death determination in europe: looking for a solution. ( Bronco, A; Citerio, G; Crippa, IA; Smith, M; Vargiolu, A, 2014) |
| " Brain death was confirmed by flatline electroencephalogram, physical signs of apnea, and absence of brain stem reflexes." | 3.80 | Modified brain death model for rats. ( Cao, S; Lu, Y; Wang, T; Yan, B; Zhang, S; Zhao, Y, 2014) |
| "Apnea test is a key component to confirm brain death." | 3.79 | Apnea test for brain death determination in a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ( Fourcade, O; Geeraerts, T; Lonjaret, L; Smilevitch, P, 2013) |
| " In those who had two apnea tests, the prevalence of discordance between brain death examinations was 1 of 63 (1." | 3.79 | Brain death in Canadian PICUs: demographics, timing, and irreversibility. ( Farrell, C; Hutchison, J; Joffe, AR; McCarthy-Tamblyn, L; Shemie, SD, 2013) |
| " We hypothesized that the apnea test, necessary to confirm the diagnosis of brain death in potential lung donors, was involved in the decrease in the ratio of partial pressure of arterial O₂ to fraction of inspired O₂ (PaO₂/FiO₂) and that a single recruitment maneuver performed just after the apnea test can reverse this alteration." | 3.78 | Benefit of a single recruitment maneuver after an apnea test for the diagnosis of brain death. ( Boccheciampe, N; Langeron, O; Nicolas-Robin, A; Paries, M; Raux, M; Riou, B, 2012) |
| "Nine patients with brain injury due to multiple etiologies were identified and demonstrated no spontaneous respirations when formally assessed for apnea." | 3.77 | Ventilator autocycling and delayed recognition of brain death. ( Mailloux, P; McGee, WT, 2011) |
| "To identify a reliable method of performing apnea testing as part of brain death determination in adult patients who develop loss of brainstem reflexes while receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)." | 3.77 | The challenges with brain death determination in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ( Mateen, FJ; Muralidharan, R; Schears, GJ; Shinohara, RT; Wijdicks, EF, 2011) |
| " (2) Hypotension, hypothermia, and metabolic disturbances should be treated and corrected and medications that can interfere with the neurologic examination and apnea testing should be discontinued allowing for adequate clearance before proceeding with these evaluations." | 3.77 | Clinical report—Guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children: an update of the 1987 task force recommendations. ( Ashwal, S; Mathur, M; Mysore, M; Nakagawa, TA, 2011) |
| " in Neurology 71(16):1240, 2008), apnea test safety during brain death determination was evaluated at a single tertiary care center." | 3.76 | Predictors of apnea test failure during brain death determination. ( Mandrekar, J; Rabinstein, AA; Wijdicks, EF; Yee, AH, 2010) |
| " The American Academy of Neurology published evidence-based practice parameters for the determination of brain death in adults in 1995, requiring the irreversible absence of clinical brain function with the cardinal features of coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and apnea, as well as the exclusion of reversible confounders." | 3.75 | Pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain death. ( Busl, KM; Greer, DM, 2009) |
| "An apnea test is essential in the clinical determination of brain death." | 3.74 | Complications associated with the apnea test in the determination of the brain death. ( Fang, Q; Li, L; Luo, BY; Qiu, YQ; Wu, XL, 2008) |
| "Little is known of hospital practice in brain death determination, specialty involvement, and followed procedures, including the apnea test." | 3.74 | Pronouncing brain death: Contemporary practice and safety of the apnea test. ( Atkinson, JD; Manno, EM; Rabinstein, AA; Wijdicks, EF, 2008) |
| "Apneic oxygenation is an apnea testing method in the diagnosis of brain death." | 3.74 | The safe limits of mechanical factors in the apnea testing for the diagnosis of brain death. ( Akan, M; Elar, Z; Karci, A; Koca, U; Olguner, C, 2007) |
| "Diagnosis of brain death usually requires an arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (Paco2) of 60 mmHg during the apnea test, but the increase in Paco2 is unpredictable." | 3.73 | An evaluation of transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure monitoring during apnea testing in brain-dead patients. ( Coriat, P; Devilliers, C; Langeron, O; Marmion, F; Riou, B; Roche, S; Vivien, B, 2006) |
| "To determine the occurrence of severe complications such as hypotension, pulmonary artery hypertension as well as hypercapnia during apnea test in the affirmation of brain death and to investigate the possible effective prophylactic interventions." | 3.73 | [Study on safety of apnea test in clinical determination of brain death]. ( Li, Q; Ma, PL; Ou, H; Peng, Y; Su, JW; Yang, MS; Zhao, JZ, 2006) |
| " Areas of concern include omissions in: the testing of brainstem reflexes; components of the apnea test; indications for the use of supplementary testing; wait intervals prior to performing the first NDD examination; the definition of NDD; and potential confounding factors." | 3.73 | Variability in hospital-based brain death guidelines in Canada. ( Doig, C; Hornby, K; Shemie, SD; Teitelbaum, J, 2006) |
| "We analyzed clinical features, potential risk conditions, and problems in 129 brain dead patients during the apnea test." | 3.72 | Problems associated with the apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death. ( Deluca, JL; Rizzo, G; Sabbatiello, R; Saposnik, G; Vega, A, 2004) |
| "Problems associated with the standard apnea test relate to overshooting or undershooting the target PaCO2, potentially compromising the viability of organs for transplantation or invalidating the test." | 3.72 | The apnea test for brain death determination: an alternative approach. ( Harris, C; Sharpe, MD; Young, GB, 2004) |
| " After provocation of intracranial hypertension, we observed signs of brain death (absence of response to pain stimulus in one cranial par absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea) in the experimental animals, and the velocity of flow in arteries at the base of the skull acquired the waveform known as sharp systolic peaks, which are characteristic of cerebral circulation failure." | 3.71 | [Diagnosis of brain death using trancranial Doppler ultrasonography in an experimental model of organ donation for transplantation]. ( Cerro Sánchez, J; Domínguez Roldán, JM; Hernández Fernández, A; Ojeda Rivero, R; Ordóñez Fernández, A, 2002) |
| "We describe three cases of tension pneumothorax occurring during apnea testing for the determination of brain death." | 3.71 | [Barotrama during apnea testing for the determination of brain death]. ( Haralambo, MS; Riou, B; Vivien, B, 2001) |
| " We studied heart rate variability during artificial ventilation and apnea test as part of an assessment of brain death." | 3.70 | Parasympathetic activity in brain death: effect of apnea on heart rate variability. ( Kaneko, K; Kawamoto, M; Ohtani, M; Sera, A; Yuge, O, 1998) |
| "The apnea test is part of the brain death protocol of the National Health Council." | 3.70 | [Continuous pressure is preferred to flow triggering of respiration in the apnea test following the protocol for brain death determination]. ( Speelberg, B; van Wezel, HB, 1998) |
| "To determine the influence of baseline paCO2 on the results of apnea testing in the diagnosis of brain death, we performed an open prospective study on 36 patients fulfilling all other criteria for the diagnosis of brain death according to the criteria proposed by the Advisory Board of the German Federal Chamber of Physicians." | 3.70 | Potential pitfalls in apnea testing. ( Grond, M; Haupt, WF; Neveling, M; Rudolf, J, 1998) |
| "Apnea test is a crucial requirement for determining the diagnosis of brain death (BD)." | 3.70 | Pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum during the apnea test: how safe is this procedure? ( Deluca, JL; Rizzo, G; Saposnik, G, 2000) |
| "Apnea testing in brain death determination may result in cardiovascular complications." | 3.70 | Complications during apnea testing in the determination of brain death: predisposing factors. ( Emery, SF; Goudreau, JL; Wijdicks, EF, 2000) |
| "Data from children undergoing brain death evaluations including number of coma examinations, number and duration of apnea tests, PCO2 measurements at the end of the apnea test, ancillary tests used to confirm brain death, organ procurement, and reasons for nonprocurement." | 3.69 | Variability in brain death determination practices in children. ( Mejia, RE; Pollack, MM, 1995) |
| "We used artificial augmentation of CO2 at a rate of 1 l/min after preoxygenation with 100% O2 to test for apnea in 34 patients with suspected brain death." | 3.69 | Apnea testing by artificial CO2 augmentation. ( Lang, CJ, 1995) |
| "To study the validity and safety of the traditional apnea test in children, and to evaluate a mathematical equation estimating the hemodynamic response to the apnea test." | 3.69 | Apnea testing in suspected brain dead children--physiological and mathematical modelling. ( Barzilay, Z; Paret, G, 1995) |
| "The effects of apnea testing-induced respiratory acidosis on left ventricular function (LVF) are still controversial." | 3.69 | Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function during apnea testing for brain death. ( Beydon, L; Bonnet, F; Catoire, P; Liu, N; Orliaguet, GA, 1994) |
| "To determine the safety of apnea testing." | 3.69 | Risk of hypotension during apnea testing. ( Benjamin, JL; Jeret, JS, 1994) |
| "Of 206 patients who had interpretable studies and met clinical criteria for brain death (profound coma, absent brain stem reflexes, and apnea), including 10 patients who had repeated studies, 203 (98." | 3.69 | Radionuclide angiography as a confirmatory test for brain death: a review of 229 studies in 219 patients. ( Flowers, WM; Patel, BR, 1997) |
| "To assess the efficacy of bulk diffusion in maintaining oxygenation during apnea testing for brain death." | 3.68 | Bulk diffusion apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death. ( al Jumah, M; al Rajeh, S; Crow, N; McLean, DR, 1992) |
| " During apnea testing the spectral analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) revealed an irreversible shift of peak from 6 to 3 Hz within the low-frequency bands." | 3.68 | Brain death: timing of apnea testing in primary brain stem lesion. ( Fuchs, G; Litscher, G; Pfurtscheller, G; Rumpl, E; Schalk, HV; Schwarz, G, 1992) |
| " The testing of patients for the presence or absence of apnea has been complicated because the rate of PaCO2 elevation may vary substantially from patient to patient, and a nonlinear relationship exists between the rate of PaCO2 increase and the duration of apnea." | 3.68 | Apnea testing for the determination of brain death: a modified protocol. Technical note. ( Benzel, EC; Conrad, S; Mashburn, JP; Modling, D, 1992) |
| "Cardiovascular effects of apnea test were investigated in 12 patients suspected of brain death." | 3.68 | [Cardiovascular effects of apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death]. ( Ohno, M, 1990) |
| " Various protocols for apnea testing in adults have been reported; however, similar protocols have not been established for children." | 3.67 | Apnea testing to confirm brain death in children. ( Outwater, KM; Rockoff, MA, 1984) |
| " Nine patients with other findings of clinical brain death were prospectively assessed with a standardized apnea test protocol." | 3.67 | Apnea documentation for determination of brain death in children. ( Donnelly, JH; Jackson, AH; Rowland, TW, 1984) |
| "By conventional criteria, an apneic patient's PaCO2 must be greater than 60 mm Hg before apnea can be attributed to brain death." | 3.67 | The apnea test for the determination of brain death. ( Benzel, EC; Gross, CD; Hadden, TA; Kesterson, L; Landreneau, MD, 1989) |
| " Clinical diagnosis was determined neurologically and included (1) coma, (2) apnea, manifested by inability to sustain respiration, and (3) absent brainstem reflexes." | 3.67 | Brain death in the newborn. ( Ashwal, S; Schneider, S, 1989) |
| "We experienced 11 cases of brain death for the past two years, in six of whom we performed the apnea test to confirm the cessation of the medullary respiratory functions." | 3.67 | [Apnea test essential in the diagnosis of brain death]. ( Imamura, Y; Miyamoto, T; Ryu, H; Shirasaka, A; Sugiyama, K; Uemura, K; Watanabe, O; Yokoyama, T, 1987) |
| "The findings of AEP and SEP in the cases with brain death confirmed by the apnea test had not been reported." | 3.67 | [The findings of auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials in brain death confirmed by the apnea test]. ( Miyamoto, T; Ryu, H; Shirasaka, A; Sugiyama, K; Tokuyama, T; Uemura, K; Yokoyama, T, 1988) |
| " We presented a patient who showed a complex movements of upper limbs (Lazarus' sign) and respiratory like movement during the apnea test for the determination of brain death." | 3.67 | [Lazarus' sign and respiratory-like movement in a patient with brain death]. ( Fukumura, A; Itho, Y; Itoyama, Y; Urasaki, E; Ushio, Y; Wada, S; Yamada, M; Yokota, A, 1988) |
| " The apnea test protocol employed proved to be safe and sensitive." | 3.67 | Apnea testing in brain death. ( Belsh, JM; Blatt, R; Schiffman, PL, 1986) |
| "The establishment of apnea for the diagnosis of brain death by disconnecting the patient from the ventilator may lead to dangerous hypoxemia at the end of the test period." | 3.66 | The use of continuous flow of oxygen and PEEP during apnea in the diagnosis of brain death. ( Berger, M; Cotev, S; Perel, A, 1983) |
| "The absence of spontaneous respiration is a crucial determinant in the diagnosis of brain death, but standardized criteria for apnea testing have not been established." | 3.66 | Apnea testing in the diagnosis of brain death. Clinical and physiological observations. ( Kennedy, SK; Ropper, AH; Russell, L, 1981) |
| "Apnea is an essential criterion for the diagnosis of brain death and is often difficult to determine in artificially ventilated patients." | 3.66 | [Definition of apnea in the diagnosis of brain death]. ( de Tribolet, N; Moeschler, O, 1982) |
| " Our experience involving 15 children with coma, apnea, and absent brain-stem reflexes for a period of greater than three days supports previous reports in adults that the diagnosis of brain death can be made by clinical criteria alone." | 3.66 | Brain death in the pediatric intensive care unit. A clinical definition. ( Donnelly, JH; Jackson, AH; Jamroz, SB; Rowland, TW, 1983) |
| "To determine the duration of respiratory arrest needed to attain a PaCO2 level high enough to provide maximal stimulation of respiration, we evaluated changes in PaCO2, PaO2 and apH during periods of apnea lasting as long as 10 minutes in 10 apparently brain-dead subjects." | 3.66 | Duration of apnea needed to confirm brain death. ( Caronna, JJ; Schafer, JA, 1978) |
| "This paper presents a simple method of maintaining good donor organ oxygenation during a prolonged test of apnea used to determine brain death prior to cadaver transplantation." | 3.66 | Brain death, apneic diffusion oxygenation, and organ transplantation. ( Caronna, J; Hoff, JT; Jennett, S; Kaktis, J; Pitts, LH, 1978) |
| "Based on the findings in a collaborative study of 503 comatose and apneic patients, the establishment of cerebral death requires (1) that all appropriate examinations and therapeutic procedures have been performed, (2) that cerebral unresponsivity, apnea, dilated pupils, absent cephalic reflexes, and electrocerebral silence be present for 30 minutes at least six hours after the ictus, and (3) that if one of these standards is met imprecisely or cannot be tested, a confirmatory test be made to demonstrate the absence of cerebral blood flow." | 3.65 | An appraisal of the criteria of cerebral death. A summary statement. A collaborative study. ( , 1977) |
| "Diagnosis of brain death usually requires the absence of spontaneous respiratory movements during the apnoea test and an arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure above 60 mmHg." | 2.73 | An evaluation of capnography monitoring during the apnoea test in brain-dead patients. ( Amour, J; Coriat, P; Langeron, O; Nicolas-Robin, A; Riou, B; Vesque, M; Vivien, B, 2007) |
| "The diagnosis of death by neurologic criteria implies that there is clinical evidence of the complete and irreversible cessation of brainstem and cerebral functions." | 2.61 | Death by neurologic criteria: pathophysiology, definition, diagnostic criteria and tests. ( Citerio, G; Iaquaniello, C; Robba, C, 2019) |
| "Diagnostic criteria for brain death are explicit but controversy exists regarding nuances of the evaluation and potential confounders of the examination." | 2.55 | Brain Death. ( Bernard, A; Drake, M; Hessel, E, 2017) |
| "The concept of brain death (BD) was initially described in 1959 and subsequently became widely accepted in the majority of countries." | 2.52 | Evolution of apnoea test in brain death diagnostics. ( Bohatyrewicz, R; Iwańczuk, W; Saucha, W; Sołek-Pastuszka, J, 2015) |
| "A total of 16 clinical examinations for brain death including apnoea testing were performed on 13 patients." | 1.42 | Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure during apnoea testing for the diagnosis of brain death - an observational study. ( Deinsberger, W; Ferbert, A; Kleffmann, J; Roth, C, 2015) |
| "Time to final brain death (BD) determination is fundamental to rapidly identify donors without organ deterioration." | 1.39 | Current practice of brain death determination and use of confirmatory tests in an Italian University hospital: a report of 66 cases. ( Di Piero, V; Mecarelli, O; Pro, S; Pulitano, P; Rocco, M; Spadetta, G; Vicenzini, E; Zarabla, A, 2013) |
| "Confirmation of brain death requires an urgent diagnosis to allow rapid vital organ removal for transplantation." | 1.31 | Brain death assessment using instant spectral analysis of heart rate variability. ( Baillard, C; Jasson, S; Mangin, L; Mansier, P; Riou, B; Swynghedauw, B; Vivien, B, 2002) |
| "Brain death was confirmed in each case adhering to the recommendations of the Scientific Advisory Board of the German Federal Chamber of Physicians which demand a PCO2 of at least 60 mmHg." | 1.31 | Transcutaneous and intra-arterial blood gas monitoring--a comparison during apnoea testing for the determination of brain death. ( Druschky, A; Erbguth, F; Haslbeck, M; Heckmann, JG; Lang, CJ; Reinhardt, F; Winterholler, M, 2002) |
| "Although in each case of brain death the spinal cord may have been affected by specific conditions, such as impaired circulation of whole central nervous sysytem, it might have been transversed at upper level, which then causes spinal automatism." | 1.30 | [Automatic movements of extremities induced in primary massive brain lesion with apneic coma]. ( Hashizume, Y; Inagaki, T; Nokura, K; Uchida, M; Yamamoto, H, 1997) |
| "the clinical signs of brain death." | 1.29 | Preserved cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in apnoeic coma with loss of brain-stem reflexes: case report. ( Perneczky, A; Ungersböck, K; Wagner, W, 1993) |
| "Nine children with clinically suspected brain death were evaluated by radionuclide cerebral imaging and four-vessel dye contrast cerebral arteriography." | 1.27 | Diagnosis of brain death in children by radionuclide cerebral imaging. ( Baxter, J; Brill, DR; Schwartz, JA, 1984) |
| "To establish the diagnosis of brain death, the physician must document the irreversible loss of all brain function while excluding conditions that can mimic brain death." | 1.27 | Brain death. ( Goodman, JM; Kaufman, HH; Lynn, J, 1987) |
| "In 1983, a new brain death study group was organized to re-evaluate these criteria." | 1.27 | Evolution of criteria for determination of brain death in Japan. ( Gotoh, F; Handa, H; Manaka, S; Shimazono, Y; Shiogai, T; Takakura, K; Takeshita, H; Takeuchi, K, 1987) |
| "Eight comatose, apneic patients had 142 studies in conjunction with clinical electroencephalographic and other laboratory evaluations." | 1.25 | Radioisotopic bolus technique as a test to detect circulatory deficit associated with cerebral death. 142 studies on 80 patients demonstrating the bedside use of an innocuous IV procedure as an adjunct in the diagnosis of cerebral death. ( Braunstein, P; Chase, N; Korein, J; Kricheff, I; Lieberman, A, 1975) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 51 (20.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 50 (19.61) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 38 (14.90) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 67 (26.27) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 49 (19.22) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Fatehi Hassanabad, A | 1 |
| Kidd, WT | 1 |
| Novick, RJ | 1 |
| Warshawski, F | 1 |
| Kromm, JA | 1 |
| Shewmon, DA | 3 |
| Pope, TM | 3 |
| Su, Y | 2 |
| Zhang, Y | 3 |
| Chen, W | 2 |
| Tian, F | 1 |
| Fan, L | 2 |
| Liu, G | 3 |
| Huang, H | 2 |
| Wang, J | 1 |
| Deng, Y | 1 |
| Paul, NW | 1 |
| Allison, KC | 1 |
| Li, H | 1 |
| Baik, SM | 1 |
| Park, J | 2 |
| Kim, TY | 1 |
| Hong, KS | 2 |
| Cohen, JD | 1 |
| Katvan, E | 1 |
| Ashkenazi, T | 1 |
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| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Validation of Apnea Test Conducted Using High-flow Oxygen Therapy in Patients With Clinical Brain Death[NCT05950178] | 25 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-07-10 | Recruiting | |||
| Does Venous pCO2 Increase by 20 mmHg or More During Apnea Challenge Test?[NCT02503813] | 7 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Differences Across ICUs in Organ Donation After Brain Death: A Nationwide Study of Relationship With Variation in End-of-life Decisions[NCT04131140] | 12,072 participants (Actual) | Observational [Patient Registry] | 2014-01-01 | Completed | |||
| Alternative Apnea Test as the Method of Brain Death Diagnosis .[NCT03281993] | 76 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2015-06-25 | Completed | |||
| Knowledge, Professional Experience and Attitude Toward Organ Donation Among Health Care Professionals in Argentina: the DonAR Survey[NCT03458052] | 200 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2018-02-16 | Recruiting | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
33 reviews available for apnea and Brain Dead
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
The use of apnea test and brain death determination in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Hemodynamics; Humans; Predictive Value of T | 2021 |
Apnea Testing for the Determination of Brain Death: A Systematic Scoping Review.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans | 2021 |
Apnea test for brain death diagnosis in adults on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a review.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Brazil; Carbon Dioxide; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Part | 2020 |
[Apnea test for assessment of brain death under extracorporeal life support].
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Life Support Care | 2019 |
Brain Death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Critical Care; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalogr | 2017 |
Challenges of Brain Death and Apnea Testing in Adult Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-A Review.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypnotics and | 2019 |
Death by neurologic criteria: pathophysiology, definition, diagnostic criteria and tests.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Brain Stem; Coma; Death; Diabetes Insipidus; Diagnosis, D | 2019 |
Why is diagnosing brain death so confusing?
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Humans; Physical Examination; Practice Guidelines as Topic | 2015 |
Pediatric brain death determination.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Practice G | 2015 |
Apnea testing on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Case report and literature review.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; | 2015 |
Evolution of apnoea test in brain death diagnostics.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Guidelines as Topic; Humans | 2015 |
Certification of brain death: take care.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Death Certificates; Humans; Neurologic Examination; Practice | 2009 |
Cardiogenic oscillation and ventilator autotriggering in brain-dead patients: a case series.
Topics: Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Heart; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oscillo | 2009 |
A critique of the apneic oxygenation test for the diagnosis of "brain death".
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Oxygen; Radionuclide Imaging; Tissue and Organ Procurement | 2010 |
The apnea test: rationale, confounders, and criticism.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Respiratory Center | 2010 |
Apnea testing during brain death assessment: a review of clinical practice and published literature.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic | 2013 |
How should testing for apnea be performed in diagnosing brain death?
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans | 2004 |
The declaration of death and the withdrawal of care in the neurologic patient.
Topics: Apnea; Attitude to Death; Brain Death; Cranial Nerves; Decision Making; Humans; Tissue and Organ Pro | 2006 |
Tension pneumothorax complicating apnea testing during brain death evaluation.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Mediastinal Emphysema; Middle Aged; Pneumop | 2008 |
Clinical confirmation of brain death.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Coma; Humans; Reflex | 1995 |
[Brain death in infancy and childhood].
Topics: Apnea; Blood Flow Velocity; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child; C | 1994 |
[Symptomatology and diagnostic criteria of brain death].
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Electroencephalography; Humans; Reflex; Reflex, Pupillary; Spinal Co | 1994 |
[Safety applications in apnea test].
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Hypoxia; Neurologic Examination; Respiration | 1993 |
[Brain death: physiopathology and current diagnostic approach].
Topics: Algorithms; Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Echoencephalography; Electroencephalogr | 1993 |
The brain stem in brain death: a critical review.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Diseases; Brain Stem; Electroencephalography; Humans; Neurologic Examinati | 1993 |
[Apnea testing to establish death based on brain criteria].
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Hypoxia | 1998 |
Increased apnea threshold in a pediatric patient with suspected brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Astrocytoma; Brain Death; Brain Ischemia; Brain Neoplasms; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Error | 1998 |
Implications of ischemic penumbra for the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Death; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Coma; | 1999 |
A definition of cerebral death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Coma; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrocardiography; Electr | 1975 |
[Brain death diagnosis].
Topics: Anthropology; Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Coma; Electroencephalography; Evoked | 1991 |
Pediatric brain death: current perspectives.
Topics: Adolescent; Anencephaly; Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child; Child, Preschool; E | 1991 |
Criteria of brain death--a review.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Electroencephalography; Ethics, Medical; Humans; Reflex | 1987 |
Brain death and persistent vegetative states.
Topics: Aged; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Coma; Ele | 1986 |
4 trials available for apnea and Brain Dead
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Efficacy of a T-piece system and a continuous positive airway pressure system for apnea testing in the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Catheters, Indwelling; Continuous Positive Airway P | 2006 |
An evaluation of capnography monitoring during the apnoea test in brain-dead patients.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Capnography; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Male; Mi | 2007 |
Blood pressure and heart rate changes during apnoea testing with or without CO2 insufflation.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; | 1997 |
Apnea testing guided by continuous transcutaneous monitoring of partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Int | 1998 |
218 other studies available for apnea and Brain Dead
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Brain death post cardiac surgery: A modified apnea test to confirm death by neurologic criteria for a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Heart; Humans | 2022 |
POINT: Whether Informed Consent Should Be Obtained for Apnea Testing in the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria? Yes.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2022 |
COUNTERPOINT: Whether Informed Consent Should Be Obtained for Apnea Testing in the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria? No.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2022 |
Minimum Criteria for Brain Death Determination: Consensus Promotion and Chinese Practice.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Consensus; Humans; Retrospective Studies | 2022 |
Cases Abusing Brain Death Definition in Organ Procurement in China.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; China; Death; Humans; Organ Transplantation; Tissue and Organ Procurement; Tissu | 2022 |
Optimal duration of the apnea test for determining brain death: Benefit of the short-term apnea test.
Topics: Apnea; Arterial Pressure; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Partial Pressure | 2022 |
Brain Death Determination in Israel: The First 9 Years of Experience Following Changes Made by the Brain and Respiratory Death Determination Law.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Humans; Israel; Tissue and Organ Procurement | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Step Forward with Carbon Dioxide.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Oxygen | 2022 |
Adverse Events During Apnea Testing for the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria: A Single-Center, Retrospective Pediatric Cohort.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Humans; Hypotension; Hypoxia; Retrospective Studies | 2023 |
Should the Brain Death Exam With Apnea Test Require Surrogate Informed Consent? Yes: The UDDA Revision Series.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2023 |
Should the Brain Death Exam With Apnea Test Require Surrogate Informed Consent? No: The UDDA Revision Series.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2023 |
A Protocol that Mandates Postoxygenator and Arterial Blood Gases to Confirm Brain Death on Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Female; | 2020 |
Carbogen for Apnea Testing During the Brain Death Declaration Process in Subjects on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Hu | 2020 |
The Authors Reply: Regarding Omitting Apnea Testing in a Patient on Vasopressors.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Humans; Radioisotopes; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2020 |
Regarding omitting apnea testing in a patient on vasopressors.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Humans; Radioisotopes; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2020 |
Understanding Brain Death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Comprehension; Death; Humans; Unconsciousness; United Kingdom; United States | 2020 |
Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria: Paco2 and the Three Phases of the Apnea Test.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Tissue and Organ Procureme | 2020 |
Response to Open Peer Commentaries "Rethinking the Ethical, Legal, and Clinical Foundations of Informed Consent and Shared Decision-Making for Brain Death Determination".
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Death; Decision Making; Humans; Informed Consent | 2020 |
Legal and Ethical Considerations for Requiring Consent for Apnea Testing in Brain Death Determination.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System; | 2020 |
Beyond the Apnea Test: An Argument to Broaden the Requirement for Consent to the Entire Brain Death Evaluation.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2020 |
Informed Consent for Apnea Testing: Meeting the Standard of Care.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals; Standard of Care | 2020 |
Schrödinger's Cat and the Ethically Untenable Act of Not Looking.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2020 |
Informed Consent Should Not Be Required for Apnea Testing and Arguing It Should Misses the Point.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals | 2020 |
Requiring Consent for Brain-Death Testing: A Perilous Proposal.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals | 2020 |
Can't Hit Pause? On the Constitutive Elements of Responsible Ventilator Management & the Apnea Test.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2020 |
Death Determination and Clinicians' Epistemic Authority.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals | 2020 |
The Case Against Solicitation of Consent for Apnea Testing.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals | 2020 |
Shared Decision-Making in the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Patient Participation; Tissue and Organ Procurement | 2020 |
Determining Death and the Scope of Medical Obligations.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Ethics, Medical; Humans; Informed Consent; Moral Obligations | 2020 |
The Apnea Test: Requiring Consent for a Test That is a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, Not Fit for Purpose, and Always Confounded?
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals | 2020 |
Restoring Trust and Requiring Consent in Death by Neurological Criteria.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals; Trust | 2020 |
Apnea Testing is Medical Treatment Requiring Informed Consent.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals | 2020 |
Accommodating Apnea Testing Not Death Determination Refusal.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent; Morals | 2020 |
Use of CPAP as an alternative to the apnea test during the determination of brain death in hypoxemic patients. Report of two cases.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Continuous Positive Airway Pre | 2020 |
Apnea Testing Using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure When Determining Death by Neurologic Criteria in Children: Retrospective Analysis of Potential Adverse Events.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Female; Humans; Male; Respiration, A | 2020 |
Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria: The World Brain Death Project.
Topics: Apnea; Biomedical Research; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Coma; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Nervous | 2020 |
Special considerations in the assessment of catastrophic brain injury and determination of brain death in patients with SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Aged; Apnea; Betacoronavirus; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Contraindications, P | 2020 |
Pediatric Intensivists Reply to "Can a Parent Refuse the Brain Death Examination?"
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Humans; Informed Consent; Neurologic Examination; Parents | 2020 |
Brain Death.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Coma; Humans | 2020 |
Challenges in Brain Death Determination and Apnea Testing for Patients with COVID-19.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Edema; Cerebral Hemorrhage; COVID-19; Encephalocele; Fatal Outcome; Humans | 2020 |
Apnea Testing in the Setting of Pediatric Brain Death: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure May Be the Safer Option.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Humans; Oxygen; Retrospective Studie | 2020 |
What Should We Do When Families Refuse Testing for Brain Death?
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans | 2020 |
Prediction of Apnea Testing Duration to Ensure Safety During Brain Death Assessment.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Temperature; Time Factors | 2021 |
Letter to editor: Neurohospitalist's exposure in pandemic - in response to "Challenges in Brain Death Determination and Apnea Testing for Patients with COVID-19" by Radaideh et al.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2 | 2021 |
Investigation of Apnea Testing During Brain Death Determination in China.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Child; China; Humans | 2021 |
[Irreversible loss of brain function : Requirements and Clinical diagnosis].
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans | 2021 |
Rebuttal From Drs Truog and Tasker.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2017 |
COUNTERPOINT: Should Informed Consent Be Required for Apnea Testing in Patients With Suspected Brain Death? Yes.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2017 |
POINT: Should Informed Consent Be Required for Apnea Testing in Patients With Suspected Brain Death? No.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2017 |
Rebuttal From Drs Lewis and Greer.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Informed Consent | 2017 |
Apnea Test on Extracorporeal Life Support System: Feasible and Needed.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Child, Preschool; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygena | 2018 |
Brain death: Bilateral pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum after an apnoea test.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Insufflation; Middle Aged; Pneumoperitoneum; Pneumothorax; Subcu | 2019 |
Medicolegal Complications of Apnoea Testing for Determination of Brain Death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Decision Making; Humans; United States | 2018 |
Simulation-Based Training in Brain Death Determination Incorporating Family Discussion.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Clinical Competence; Communication; Education, Medical, Graduate; Empathy; Famil | 2018 |
Safety of apnea testing for the diagnosis of brain death: a comprehensive study on neuromonitoring data and blood gas analysis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Female; Huma | 2019 |
The apnea test in brain death determination using oxygen diffusion method remains safe.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Diffusion; Humans; Informed Consent; Oxygen; Partial Pressure; Tissue and Organ | 2019 |
Use of Venous Pco
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Stud | 2019 |
Clinical Determination of Brain Death in Children Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.
Topics: Adolescent; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Edema; Burns; Cerebral Infarction; Chil | 2019 |
Proposed safe apnea test using positive end-expiratory pressure valve and short-term blood gas analysis: Observational study.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Hypoxia, Brain; Male; Middle Aged; Overweigh | 2019 |
Current practice of brain death determination and use of confirmatory tests in an Italian University hospital: a report of 66 cases.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Child; Child, | 2013 |
Apnea test for brain death determination in a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Electroencephalography; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenati | 2013 |
Apnea testing: the effects of insufflation catheter size and flow on pressure and volume in a test lung.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Catheters; Equipment Design; Humans; Insufflation; Intubation, Intratracheal; Lu | 2014 |
Developing a standard method for apnea testing in the determination of brain death for patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a pediatric case series.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Hospit | 2014 |
Apnea testing for brain death in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a possible solution.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Sev | 2014 |
Apnea testing for diagnosing brain death during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Female; Humans | 2014 |
Completing the apnea test: decline in complications.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Cohort Studies; Diagnostic Techniques | 2014 |
Variability in brain death determination in europe: looking for a solution.
Topics: Apnea; Blinking; Brain; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Coma; Electr | 2014 |
Modified brain death model for rats.
Topics: Animals; Apnea; Arterial Pressure; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Brain Waves; Disease Models, Animal; Ele | 2014 |
Performance of an apnea test for brain death determination in a patient receiving venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Coronary Thrombosis; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Heart Arrest; Humans; | 2014 |
A brain death dilemma: apnea testing while on high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child, Preschool; Death; Female; High-Frequency Ventilation; Humans; Practice Gu | 2015 |
A new technique for avoiding barotrauma-induced complications in apnea testing for brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Barotrauma; Brain Death; Humans; Oxygen; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Pressure; Respiration | 2015 |
Barotrauma during apnea testing for the diagnosis of brainstem death.
Topics: Apnea; Barotrauma; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Pneumothorax; Tissue and Or | 2015 |
Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure during apnoea testing for the diagnosis of brain death - an observational study.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Heart Rate; Hu | 2015 |
The Least Bad Option: Unilateral Extubation after Declaration of Death by Neurological Criteria.
Topics: Adult Children; Aged; Airway Extubation; Apnea; Asian People; Brain Death; Death; Decision Making; D | 2015 |
Apnea test in the determination of brain death in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Poland; Tissue | 2015 |
Intracranial pressure and hypercapnia during the apnoea test for the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Humans; Intracranial Pressu | 2015 |
The clinical determination of brain death: practice limitations.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Humans; Intracranial Pressu | 2015 |
Optimizing apnea testing to determine brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans | 2016 |
Apnea test during brain death assessment in mechanically ventilated and ECMO patients.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Brain Death; Cause of Death; Extracorporeal Me | 2016 |
The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination: An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Carbon Dioxide; Continuous Positive A | 2016 |
Controversies about irreversible loss of brain functions and cerebral perfusion in brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Humans; Intracranial Pressu | 2016 |
Efficiency and safety of apnea test process under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the most effective method remains questionable.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans | 2016 |
Pneumothorax as a Complication of Apnea Testing for Brain Death.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Male; Pneumothorax; Young Adult | 2016 |
Ventilator-Delivered Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Apnea Test in the Diagnosis of Brain Death in Patient With Extremely Poor Baseline Lung Function-Case Report.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged | 2016 |
Physician Power to Declare Death by Neurologic Criteria Threatened.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Physicians | 2017 |
Prevention of Hypoxemia During Apnea Testing: A Comparison of Oxygen Insufflation And Continuous Positive Airway Pressure.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Continuous Positiv | 2017 |
Barotrauma during apnoea testing for brain death determination in a five-year-old boy.
Topics: Angelman Syndrome; Apnea; Barotrauma; Brain Death; Child, Preschool; Continuous Positive Airway Pres | 2008 |
Complications associated with the apnea test in the determination of the brain death.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Hypo | 2008 |
Pronouncing brain death: Contemporary practice and safety of the apnea test.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Inf | 2008 |
Pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Cranial Nerves; Ethics, Medical; Evidence-Ba | 2009 |
Pronouncing brain death: contemporary practice and safety of the apnea test.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cardiotonic Agents; Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; Dopamine; Humans; Hypot | 2009 |
Predictors of apnea test failure during brain death determination.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acute Lung Injury; Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Cause of Death; | 2010 |
PaCO2 becomes greater than PvCO2 during apnoea testing for brain death diagnosis.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Partial Pressure | 2010 |
Ventilator autocycling and delayed recognition of brain death.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; R | 2011 |
Evidence-based guideline update: Determining brain death in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Respiration; Tiss | 2011 |
Evidence-based guideline update: Determining brain death in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Coma; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Hypotension; Moral Obligations; Pr | 2011 |
The challenges with brain death determination in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Cohort Studies; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; De | 2011 |
Clinical report—Guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children: an update of the 1987 task force recommendations.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencepha | 2011 |
Diagnosis of death by brain function criteria.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Electroencephalography; Glasgow Coma Scale; Humans; Physical Exami | 2011 |
Brain death or brain dying?
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Heart Arrest; Humans; Male; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Respiratory Cente | 2012 |
Benefit of a single recruitment maneuver after an apnea test for the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Lung Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; P | 2012 |
Determination of brain death by apnea test adapted to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Topics: Aged; Algorithms; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Body Temperature; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiac | 2013 |
Recruitment maneuver after apnea test or continuous positive airway pressure apnea test?
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Male; Tissue Donors | 2012 |
Determining brain death after therapeutic hypothermia on nonpulsatile continuous-flow mechanical circulatory support devices.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Female; Huma | 2013 |
Reply to Drs Rady and Verheijde.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Female; Huma | 2013 |
Brain death in Canadian PICUs: demographics, timing, and irreversibility.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Canada; Child; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Female; Human | 2013 |
Effect of recruitment maneuver on hypoxemia during apnea test: after or before?
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Male; Tissue Donors | 2012 |
[Diagnosis of brain death using trancranial Doppler ultrasonography in an experimental model of organ donation for transplantation].
Topics: Animals; Apnea; Blinking; Blood Flow Velocity; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Carbon Dioxide; Catheterizat | 2002 |
Brain death. Brain death is a recent invention.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans | 2002 |
Problems associated with the apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; T | 2004 |
Undulating toe movements in brain death.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Evoked Potentials, Au | 2004 |
Ventilator self-cycling may falsely suggest patient effort during brain death determination.
Topics: Apnea; Artifacts; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Respiratory Physio | 2005 |
The apnea test for brain death determination: an alternative approach.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Breath Tests; Carbon Dioxide; Femal | 2004 |
Brain death: revisiting the rabbinic opinions in light of current medical knowledge.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Death; Decapitation; Heart Arrest; Humans; Judaism; Tissue and Organ Harv | 2004 |
Don't pull the plug on brain death just yet.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Death; Decapitation; Humans; Judaism | 2004 |
An evaluation of transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure monitoring during apnea testing in brain-dead patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Human | 2006 |
[Study on safety of apnea test in clinical determination of brain death].
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Middle | 2006 |
Variability in hospital-based brain death guidelines in Canada.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Apnea; Brain Death; Canada; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Gui | 2006 |
Apnea testing: An effective and safer means.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Humans; Intensive Care Unit | 2006 |
The safe limits of mechanical factors in the apnea testing for the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Oxygen; Pressure; Respiratory Function Tests | 2007 |
A survey of brain death certification--an impetus for standardisation and improvement.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Caloric Tests; Death Certificates; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Practice Guideli | 2007 |
Plantar flexion and flexion synergy in brain death.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Electroencephalography; Humans; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Postmortem C | 2008 |
The use of continuous flow of oxygen and PEEP during apnea in the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Posit | 1983 |
Apnea testing to confirm brain death in children.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Oxygen; Par | 1984 |
Apnea documentation for determination of brain death in children.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inf | 1984 |
Diagnosis of brain death in children by radionuclide cerebral imaging.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child; Chi | 1984 |
Apnea testing in the diagnosis of brain death. Clinical and physiological observations.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Electrophysiology; Humans; Middl | 1981 |
[Definition of apnea in the diagnosis of brain death].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Part | 1982 |
Apnea testing in diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Oxygen | 1982 |
ABC of brain stem death. Diagnosis of brain stem death--I.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Coma; Humans; Hypothermia; Methods; Poisoning; Time Factors | 1982 |
ABC of brain stem death. Diagnosis of brain stem death--II.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Heart Arrest; Humans; Physical Examination; Reflex | 1982 |
ABC of brain stem death. Pitfalls and safeguards.
Topics: Apnea; Blinking; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Caloric Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Motor Acti | 1982 |
Brain death in the pediatric intensive care unit. A clinical definition.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Diseases; Brain Stem; Child; Child, Preschool; Coma; Fe | 1983 |
Variability in brain death determination practices in children.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Coma; Electroencephalography; Female; G | 1995 |
Altered apnea threshold in a child with suspected brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Carbon Dioxide; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroen | 1995 |
In search of a safe apnea test in brain death: is the procedure really more dangerous than we think?
Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Brain Death; Humans; Hypotension; Neurology; Oxygen | 1995 |
Apnea testing by artificial CO2 augmentation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pulm | 1995 |
Apnea testing in suspected brain dead children--physiological and mathematical modelling.
Topics: Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Child; Chi | 1995 |
Apnea documentation for determination of brain death in Thai children.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Infant; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests | 1993 |
Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function during apnea testing for brain death.
Topics: Acidosis, Respiratory; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Hemodynam | 1994 |
Rabies encephalitis mimicking the electrophysiological pattern of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalography; Encephalitis; Evoke | 1994 |
Risk of hypotension during apnea testing.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Methods; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Physiologi | 1994 |
Preserved cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in apnoeic coma with loss of brain-stem reflexes: case report.
Topics: Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Coma; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Humans; Male; Reflex, | 1993 |
Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension during the apnea test for brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypertension, | 1996 |
PaCO2 and apnoea testing for brain stem death.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Male; Partial Pressure | 1997 |
Apnoea testing in children.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Humans; Oxygen; Practice Guidelines as Topic | 1997 |
[Automatic movements of extremities induced in primary massive brain lesion with apneic coma].
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Automatism; Brain; Brain Death; Coma; Extremities; Fatal Outcome; Fe | 1997 |
Radionuclide angiography as a confirmatory test for brain death: a review of 229 studies in 219 patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child; | 1997 |
Parasympathetic activity in brain death: effect of apnea on heart rate variability.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Blood Circulation; Blood Pressure; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Death; Bra | 1998 |
[Hemodynamic changes induced by apnea test in patients with brain death].
Topics: Acidosis, Respiratory; Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypercapnia; Hyperte | 1996 |
[Continuous pressure is preferred to flow triggering of respiration in the apnea test following the protocol for brain death determination].
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Male; Netherlands; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Practice Guide | 1998 |
Potential pitfalls in apnea testing.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxygen | 1998 |
Tension pneumothorax during apnea testing for the determination of brain death.
Topics: Adolescent; Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumothorax; Tissue Donors | 1998 |
How to determine brain death in adults: new guidelines.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Coma; Electroencephalography; Humans; Practice Guid | 1995 |
Tension pneumothorax and apnea tests.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Pneumothorax | 1999 |
Clinical factors influencing the increment of blood carbon dioxide during the apnea test for the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Oxygen; Partial Pressure; Respiration, Artificial | 1999 |
Apnea threshold and pediatric brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Humans; Partial Pressure | 2000 |
Pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum during the apnea test: how safe is this procedure?
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumoperitoneum; Pneumoth | 2000 |
Complications during apnea testing in the determination of brain death: predisposing factors.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Fact | 2000 |
Apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Barotrauma; Brain Death; Humans; Insufflation; Oxygen; Pneumothorax | 2000 |
Carbon dioxide during and after the apnoea test--an illustration of the Haldane effect.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Partial Pressure | 2001 |
Complications during apnea testing in the determination of brain death: predisposing factors.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors | 2001 |
[Barotrama during apnea testing for the determination of brain death].
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Barotrauma; Brain Death; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumothorax | 2001 |
The diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Humans; Pneumothorax; Respiration, Artificial | 2001 |
Brain death assessment using instant spectral analysis of heart rate variability.
Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Autonomic Nervous System; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Brain Ste | 2002 |
Apnea test in diagnosis of brain death: comparison of two methods and analysis of complications.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Oxygen Consumption; Retrospective Studies; Tissue Donors | 2002 |
Transcutaneous and intra-arterial blood gas monitoring--a comparison during apnoea testing for the determination of brain death.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; Brain Death; Female; Humans; M | 2002 |
Duration of apnea needed to confirm brain death.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concen | 1978 |
Disconnecting tests and oxygen uptake in the diagnosis of total brain death.
Topics: Acidosis; Apnea; Blood; Brain Death; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxygen; Respiration, Artifi | 1978 |
The EEG in determination of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Body Temperature; Brain; Brain Death; Coma; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroe | 1978 |
The relationship of the EEG to the clinical examination in determining brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Coma; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalography; Humans; Movement; Physica | 1978 |
Evaluation of the critical deficit of cerebral circulation using radioactive tracers (bolus technique).
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Com | 1978 |
Coma and other states of consciousness: the differential diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Akinetic Mutism; Apnea; Brain Death; Catatonia; Cognition; Coma; Consciousness; Delirium; Diagnosis, | 1978 |
Brain death: interrelated medical and social issues. Terminology, definitions, and usage.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Cerebral Cortex; Coma; Death; Humans; Reflex; Terminology as Topic | 1978 |
Review of clinical criteria of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain; Brain Death; Coma; Electroencephalography; Humans; Life Support Care; | 1978 |
Clinical criteria of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Coma; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalography; Humans; Movement; | 1978 |
Reversal of incipient brain death from head-injury apnea at the scene of accidents.
Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Resuscitat | 1979 |
An appraisal of the criteria of cerebral death. A summary statement. A collaborative study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child; Child, | 1977 |
Brain death: I. Angiographic correlation with the radioisotopic bolus technique for evaluation of critical deficit of cerebral blood flow.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Ce | 1977 |
Brain death: II. Neuropathological correlation with the radioisotopic bolus technique for evaluation of critical deficit of cerebral blood flow.
Topics: Apnea; Autolysis; Brain; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Coma; Electroencephalography; Hum | 1977 |
Brain death, apneic diffusion oxygenation, and organ transplantation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Cadaver; Carbon Dioxide; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Mi | 1978 |
Irrecoverable brain damage after resuscitation: brain death and other syndromes.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Death; Consciousness; Humans; Respiration; Resuscitation | 1976 |
The neuropathological findings in irreversible coma. A critque of the "respirator".
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Diseases; Coma; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Male | 1975 |
Radioisotopic bolus technique as a test to detect circulatory deficit associated with cerebral death. 142 studies on 80 patients demonstrating the bedside use of an innocuous IV procedure as an adjunct in the diagnosis of cerebral death.
Topics: Adult; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebrovascular Circula | 1975 |
Clinical applications of brain death protocols.
Topics: Apnea; Bias; Blood Flow Velocity; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Clinical Protocols; Elec | 1992 |
Bulk diffusion apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Evaluation | 1992 |
Brain death: timing of apnea testing in primary brain stem lesion.
Topics: Aged; Apnea; Basilar Artery; Brain Death; Electroencephalography; Humans; Intracranial Aneurysm; Rup | 1992 |
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are 'dead'?
Topics: Apnea; Attitude to Death; Brain Death; Coma; Consciousness; Ethics, Medical; Humans; Moral Obligatio | 1992 |
Apnea testing for the determination of brain death: a modified protocol. Technical note.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Resp | 1992 |
Spinal man after declaration of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Decerebrate State; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Male | 1992 |
An alternative apnea test for the evaluation of brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Male; Oxygen; Respiration, Artificia | 1991 |
Echo-planar time course MRI of cat brain oxygenation changes.
Topics: Animals; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Cats; Hypoxia; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Oxygen | 1991 |
Apnea tests for brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Respiratory Function Tests | 1991 |
Apneic oxygenation in apnea tests.
Topics: Animals; Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Respiration, Artificial | 1991 |
Haemodynamic changes during the apnoea test for diagnosis of brain death.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiac Output; Dobutamine; Dopamin | 1991 |
Brain death: the controversy continues.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Child; Humans; Infant; Judgment | 1991 |
[Effect of controlled ventilation on heart rate variability in patients with severe cerebral damage].
Topics: Apnea; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Coma; Electrocardiography; Heart Rate; Hu | 1990 |
[Cardiovascular effects of apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged | 1990 |
The apnea test for the determination of brain death.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiration | 1989 |
The apnea-PaCO2 relationship: some clinical and medico-legal considerations.
Topics: Anesthesia; Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxygen; Partial | 1989 |
Electroencephalogram as a confirmatory test for brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Electroencephalography; Humans | 1989 |
The value of the EEG in determining brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Electroencephalography; Humans | 1989 |
Brain death in the newborn.
Topics: Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Coma; Electroencephalography; Hu | 1989 |
Apnoeic oxygenation of a brain-dead patient.
Topics: Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Male; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy | 1987 |
Blood gas values change slowly in apneic organ donors.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Oxygen; Tissue Donors | 1986 |
Apnoea testing to confirm brain death in clinical practice.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans | 1987 |
[Brain death, a continuing discussion?].
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Partial Pressure | 1987 |
Ethical and legal aspects of the emergency management of brain death and organ retrieval.
Topics: Apnea; Beneficence; Blinking; Brain Death; Brain Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergency Medici | 1987 |
[Apnea test essential in the diagnosis of brain death].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; | 1987 |
[The findings of auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials in brain death confirmed by the apnea test].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Circulation; Brain Death; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Evoked Potentials, | 1988 |
[Lazarus' sign and respiratory-like movement in a patient with brain death].
Topics: Aged; Apnea; Brain Death; Brain Stem; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; | 1988 |
Brain death criteria--current approach to the non-anencephalic.
Topics: Anencephaly; Apnea; Brain Death; Canada; Ethics; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Tissue and Organ Procureme | 1988 |
Brain death.
Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroe | 1987 |
Evolution of criteria for determination of brain death in Japan.
Topics: Advisory Committees; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Brain Death; Brain Diseases; Coma; Electroencephalograph | 1987 |
Apnea testing in brain death.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroenc | 1986 |
[Determining the abscence of spontaneous respirations in brain death].
Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Death; Humans; Oxygen | 1987 |
[Fundamental study of direct current potential (DC-potential) of the brain--DC potential changes of the brain and flat EEG in experimental cerebrovascular occlusion].
Topics: Animals; Apnea; Brain; Brain Death; Cats; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Electrocardiography; Electroe | 1971 |
[Respiratory arrest--heart arrest--death].
Topics: Angiography; Apnea; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Death; Cerebral Arteries; Death; Electroence | 1969 |