apnea and Laryngeal Spasm studies

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Reflux-induced apnea affects nearly 1% of infants and involves airway closure or laryngospasm."	8.81	An overview of reflux-associated disorders in infants: apnea, laryngospasm, and aspiration. ( Orenstein, SR, 2001)
"To evaluate whether the ultrashort-acting neuromuscular blocking agent gantacurium can be used to blunt evoked laryngospasm in anesthetized cats and to determine the duration of apnea without hemoglobin desaturation."	7.81	Effect of gantacurium on evoked laryngospasm and duration of apnea in anesthetized healthy cats. ( Campoy, L; Cheetham, J; Gleed, RD; Heerdt, PM; Martin-Flores, M; Sakai, DM, 2015)
" Thereafter prolonged apnea developed such that the patient had to be admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit."	7.72	[Emergency from anesthesia in small children. From laryngospasm to prolonged apnea]. ( Gries, A; Motsch, J; Springer, W; Ulmer, HE, 2003)
"Four cases of respiratory distress and apnea associated with an elongated uvula are presented."	7.68	Apnea and the elongated uvula. ( Cunningham, MJ; Shott, SR, 1992)
"The value of a combination of ultrasound studies and barium swallow examination in the analysis of temporal relationships between apnea and reflux is demonstrated."	7.68	Infant apnea and gastroesophageal reflux. ( Gomes, H; Lallemand, P, 1992)
" The duration of apnea (up to 5 minutes) was recorded for each treatment."	5.22	Prevention of laryngospasm with rocuronium in cats: a dose-finding study. ( Borlle, L; Campoy, L; Gleed, RD; Martin-Flores, M; Portela, DA; Sakai, DM, 2016)
" The authors hypothesized that the incidence of apnea with laryngospasm evoked by laryngeal stimulation would not differ between sevoflurane and propofol when used in equipotent doses and that laryngeal responsiveness would be diminished with increased levels of hypnosis."	5.11	Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. ( Erb, TO; Frei, FJ; Oberer, C; von Ungern-Sternberg, BS, 2005)
" Reflux-induced apnea affects nearly 1% of infants and involves airway closure or laryngospasm."	4.81	An overview of reflux-associated disorders in infants: apnea, laryngospasm, and aspiration. ( Orenstein, SR, 2001)
" We compare AIAE rates (coughing, gagging, apnea, airway obstruction, and laryngospasm) in children who received TPA as part of their propofol-based procedural sedation for EGD with those who did not receive TPA."	4.31	Topical Pharyngeal Anesthesia in Sedated Pediatric Patients Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. ( Aljabari, S; El-Halabi, I; Friedman, S; Ohler, A; Tryon, C; Waheed, S, 2023)
"To evaluate whether the ultrashort-acting neuromuscular blocking agent gantacurium can be used to blunt evoked laryngospasm in anesthetized cats and to determine the duration of apnea without hemoglobin desaturation."	3.81	Effect of gantacurium on evoked laryngospasm and duration of apnea in anesthetized healthy cats. ( Campoy, L; Cheetham, J; Gleed, RD; Heerdt, PM; Martin-Flores, M; Sakai, DM, 2015)
" Thereafter prolonged apnea developed such that the patient had to be admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit."	3.72	[Emergency from anesthesia in small children. From laryngospasm to prolonged apnea]. ( Gries, A; Motsch, J; Springer, W; Ulmer, HE, 2003)
" Injection of SP into the NTS induced central apnea and a significant decrease in BP in all animals."	3.71	Effect of substance P injection into the nucleus tractus solitarius of rats on cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid motor activity and cardiovascular and respiratory systems. ( Bauman, NM; Luschei, ES; Talman, WT; Wang, D, 2002)
" Laryngospasm was associated with prolonged apnea and total cessation of diaphragmatic EMG activity in 1 animal, and in another, initial tachypnea was followed by erratic diaphragmatic activity and brief apnea."	3.71	Laryngospasm and diaphragmatic arrest in immature dogs after laryngeal acid exposure: a possible model for sudden infant death syndrome. ( Averill, DB; Duke, SG; Koufman, JA; McGuirt, WF; Postma, GN; Ririe, D, 2001)
"4%: airway malalignment (n = 7), laryngospasm (n = 4), apnea (n = 2), and respiratory depression (n = 1)."	3.70	Intramuscular ketamine for pediatric sedation in the emergency department: safety profile in 1,022 cases. ( Garrett, W; Green, SM; Harris, T; Hestdalen, R; Ho, M; Hopkins, GA; Lynch, EL; Rothrock, SG; Westcott, K, 1998)
"The laryngeal chemoresponse (LCR), comprising laryngeal adductor spasm, central apnea, and subsequent cardiovascular instability, is thought to be a factor in sudden infant death syndrome."	3.69	Effect of antagonism at central nervous system M3 muscarinic receptors on laryngeal chemoresponse. ( Goding, GS; Pernell, KJ; Richardson, BE, 1997)
" The following complications were recorded: cough, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, apnea, and airway obstruction."	3.68	Complications and fiberoptic assessment of size 1 laryngeal mask airway. ( Dubreuil, M; Ecoffey, C; Laffon, M; Penon, C; Plaud, B, 1993)
"Four cases of respiratory distress and apnea associated with an elongated uvula are presented."	3.68	Apnea and the elongated uvula. ( Cunningham, MJ; Shott, SR, 1992)
"The value of a combination of ultrasound studies and barium swallow examination in the analysis of temporal relationships between apnea and reflux is demonstrated."	3.68	Infant apnea and gastroesophageal reflux. ( Gomes, H; Lallemand, P, 1992)

Research

Studies (30)

Authors

Clinical Trials (5)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants With Respiratory Complications

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	10 (33.33)	18.7374
1990's	6 (20.00)	18.2507
2000's	7 (23.33)	29.6817
2010's	6 (20.00)	24.3611
2020's	1 (3.33)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Aljabari, S	1
Ohler, A	1
Waheed, S	1
El-Halabi, I	1
Tryon, C	1
Friedman, S	1
Zhang, Q	1
Zhao, H	1
Feng, Y	1
Kwak, HJ	1
Min, SK	1
Yoo, JY	1
Park, KH	1
Kim, JY	1
Martin-Flores, M	2
Cheetham, J	1
Campoy, L	2
Sakai, DM	2
Heerdt, PM	1
Gleed, RD	2
Inverso, G	1
Dodson, TB	1
Gonzalez, ML	1
Chuang, SK	1
Portela, DA	1
Borlle, L	1
Xue, FS	1
Liao, X	1
Xu, YC	1
Yang, QY	1
Bauman, NM	1
Wang, D	1
Luschei, ES	1
Talman, WT	1
Gries, A	1
Motsch, J	1
Ulmer, HE	1
Springer, W	1
MOERL, H	1
DUFFY, PE	1
ZITER, FA	1
Nishino, T	1
Isono, S	1
Tanaka, A	1
Ishikawa, T	1
Oberer, C	1
von Ungern-Sternberg, BS	1
Frei, FJ	1
Erb, TO	1
Lieblich, SE	1
Dubreuil, M	1
Laffon, M	1
Plaud, B	1
Penon, C	1
Ecoffey, C	1
Richardson, BE	1
Pernell, KJ	1
Goding, GS	1
Green, SM	1
Rothrock, SG	1
Lynch, EL	1
Ho, M	1
Harris, T	1
Hestdalen, R	1
Hopkins, GA	1
Garrett, W	1
Westcott, K	1
Duke, SG	1
Postma, GN	1
McGuirt, WF	1
Ririe, D	1
Averill, DB	1
Koufman, JA	1
Orenstein, SR	1
Hasselmeyer, EG	1
Hunter, JC	1
Shott, SR	1
Cunningham, MJ	1
Gomes, H	1
Lallemand, P	1
Beccari, G	1
Molinari, AL	1
Stracciari, A	1
Parollo, R	1
Laishley, RS	1
O'Callaghan, AC	1
Lerman, J	1
Wealthall, SR	1
Whittaker, GE	1
Greenwood, N	1
McVeigh, JB	1
Rex, MA	2
Biancato, LS	1
Peng, AT	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Nebulized Midazolam, Dexmedetomidine, and Their Combination in Sedation of Preschoolers Undergoing Dental Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT03827408]	Phase 2	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-27	Completed
Impact of High Concentrations of Sevoflurane on Laryngeal Reflex Responses in Pediatric Patients[NCT00665418]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Terminated (stopped due to Recruitment finished earlier, because all 40 patients enrolled)
Impact of Remifentanil Administration on Laryngeal Reflex Responses in Pediatric Patients With Upper Respiratory Anesthetized With Propofol[NCT00611195]	Phase 4	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
EEG to Monitor Propofol Anesthetic Depth in Infants and Toddlers[NCT05701748]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-03	Recruiting
Comparison Of Different Anesthetic Techniques In Children Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopies[NCT02038894]		179 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

An important outcome in the anesthetic management of these patients is to maintain a balance between a safe technique with a minimal incidence of respiratory complications, and a technique that facilitates rapid turnover of the gastrointestinal suite. A chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test will measure differences among the three anesthetic groups. Different anesthetic techniques are currently in use at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC). Because there is a lack of evidence to delineate the best techniques, pediatric anesthesiologists select the technique based on clinical preference and experience. (NCT02038894)
Timeframe: Admission for surgery through recovery period, approximately 3 hours

Peri-operative Times Between Three Different Anesthetic Techniques

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	SPO2 < 95%	SPO2 < 85%	Apnea	Inadequate Anesthesia	All Respiratory Events
Intubated With Propofol (IP)	0	0	1	4	5
Intubated With Sevoflurane (IS)	0	0	0	1	2
IP and NA	15	8	5	13	32
IS and IP	0	0	1	5	7
Native Airway - no Intubation	15	9	5	9	28

Time measurements are used to evaluate the efficiency of the different techniques. We will compare the times spent in the operating room and the postoperative unit for each technique. (NCT02038894)
Timeframe: Admission for surgery through recovery period, approximately 3 hours

Intervention	Minutes (Mean)
	OR Time	Anesthesia Preparation Time	Procedural Time	PACU efficiency time	Total Perioperative Time
Intubated With Propofol (IP)	24.19	10.70	9.23	53.49	79.61
Intubated With Sevoflurane (IS)	24.03	10.86	9.07	49.50	75.34
IP and NA	23.61	10.53	8.78	53.96	79.49
IS and IP	24.11	10.78	9.15	51.48	77.46
Native Airway - no Intubation	23.05	10.35	8.33	54.42	79.37

Article	Year
Laryngeal inputs in defensive airway reflexes in humans. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2004, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Cough; Female; Humans; Laryngeal Mucosa; Laryngismus; Larynx; Male; Multiple System Atrophy;	2004
Methohexital versus propofol for outpatient anesthesia. Part I: Methohexital is superior. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 1995, Volume: 53, Issue:7 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Apnea; Drug Costs; Endo	1995
An overview of reflux-associated disorders in infants: apnea, laryngospasm, and aspiration. The American journal of medicine, 2001, Dec-03, Volume: 111 Suppl 8A Topics: Apnea; Comorbidity; Female; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Laryngismus; Male; P	2001
The sudden infant death syndrome. Obstetrics and gynecology annual, 1975, Volume: 4 Topics: Age Factors; Antibody Formation; Apnea; Asphyxia; Autonomic Nervous System; Birth Weight; Female; Ge	1975

Article	Year
The median effective dose of dexmedetomidine for laryngeal mask airway insertion with propofol 2.0 mg/kg. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2014, Volume: 58, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Intr	2014
Prevention of laryngospasm with rocuronium in cats: a dose-finding study. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2016, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Androstanols; Animals; Apnea; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cross-Over Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr	2016
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Effects of dose and concentration of rectal methohexitone for induction of anaesthesia in children. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1986, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Rectal; Apnea; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Codeine; Heart Rate; H	1986

Article	Year
Topical Pharyngeal Anesthesia in Sedated Pediatric Patients Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2023, 05-01, Volume: 76, Issue:5 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Anesthesia; Apnea; Benzocaine; Child; Conscious Sedation; Endoscopy, Digestive S	2023
Laryngeal mask airway with pressure support ventilation vs. endotracheal tube with pressure controlled ventilation in preterm infants undergoing ROP surgery: A propensity score matching analysis of perioperative complications. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2019, Volume: 57 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Very	2019
Effect of gantacurium on evoked laryngospasm and duration of apnea in anesthetized healthy cats. American journal of veterinary research, 2015, Volume: 76, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Apnea; Cats; Female; Injections, Intravenous; Isoquinolines; Laryng	2015
Complications of Moderate Sedation Versus Deep Sedation/General Anesthesia for Adolescent Patients Undergoing Third Molar Extraction. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2016, Volume: 74, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Anxiety; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Ves	2016
Guideline for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures: Update 2016. Pediatric dentistry, 2016, Oct-15, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Airway Management; Airway Obstruction; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Apnea; Capnography;	2016
Sedation and anesthesia for fiberoptic intubation in management of pediatric difficult airways. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2008, Volume: 18, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Apnea; Child	2008
Effect of substance P injection into the nucleus tractus solitarius of rats on cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid motor activity and cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 2002, Volume: 111, Issue:10 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Disease Models, Animal; Electromyography; Fema	2002
[Emergency from anesthesia in small children. From laryngospasm to prolonged apnea]. Der Anaesthesist, 2003, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Anesthesia; Apnea; Butyrylcholinesterase; Child, Preschool; Emergency Medical Se	2003
[FATAL ANESTHETIC ACCIDENT AS A RESULT OF HYPERTROPHIED LINGUAL TONSILS]. Zentralblatt fur allgemeine Pathologie u. pathologische Anatomie, 1963, Nov-30, Volume: 105 Topics: Accidents; Anesthetics; Apnea; Heart Arrest; Humans; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Laryngismus; Lymph No	1963
INFANTILE SYRINGOBULIBIA. A STUDY OF ITS PATHOLOGY AND A PROPOSED RELATIONSHIP TO NEUROGENIC STRIDOR IN INFANCY. Neurology, 1964, Volume: 14 Topics: Apnea; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant; Laryngismus; Medulla Oblongata; Pathology; Pulse; Respiratory Sou	1964
Complications and fiberoptic assessment of size 1 laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1993, Volume: 76, Issue:3 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Bronchial Spasm; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Evaluation Studies as To	1993
Effect of antagonism at central nervous system M3 muscarinic receptors on laryngeal chemoresponse. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 1997, Volume: 106, Issue:11 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Chemoreceptor Cells; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Res	1997
Intramuscular ketamine for pediatric sedation in the emergency department: safety profile in 1,022 cases. Annals of emergency medicine, 1998, Volume: 31, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Affective Symptoms; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Apnea; Child; Child, Preschool; Conscious	1998
Laryngospasm and diaphragmatic arrest in immature dogs after laryngeal acid exposure: a possible model for sudden infant death syndrome. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 2001, Volume: 110, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Diaphragm; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Electromyography; Humans;	2001
Apnea and the elongated uvula. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 1992, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Laryngismus; Male; Respiration D	1992
Infant apnea and gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatric radiology, 1992, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Bronchitis; Cough; Deglutition Disorders; Esophageal Motil	1992
[Laryngospasm and hiatal hernia]. Minerva medica, 1988, Volume: 79, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Female; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernia, Hiatal; Humans; Laryngismus; Male; Posture	1988
The relationship of apnoea and stridor in spina bifida to other unexplained infant deaths. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1974, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Suppl 32 Topics: Age Factors; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Carbon Dioxide; Cyanosis; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infa	1974
General anesthetic emergencies. Dental clinics of North America, 1965 Topics: Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bronchial Spasm; Central Nervo	1965
The production of laryngospasm in the cat by volatile anaesthetic agents. British journal of anaesthesia, 1970, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Cats; Chloralose; Decerebrate State; Electromyography; Ethy	1970
The effects of other drugs on the stimulation of laryngospasm in the cat: atropine; thiopentone, suxamethonium; local analgesics. British journal of anaesthesia, 1971, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Apnea; Atropine; Cats; Laryngismus; Larynx; Lidocaine; Respiration; Suc	1971
Lidocaine with general anesthesia for laryngoscopy. Archives of otolaryngology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1968, Volume: 87, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Local; Apnea; Bio	1968

apnea and Laryngeal Spasm