apnea and Anoxemia studies

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" High-flow nasal oxygenation use during anesthesia induction prolongs safe apnea time in nonobese surgical patients."	9.30	High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Chung, F; Dallaire, A; Jackson, T; Madhusudan, P; Singh, KP; Singh, M; Wong, DT; Wong, J, 2019)
" This low-cost neuromodulatory procedure has the potential to provide a non-invasive intervention to reduce apnea, bradycardia and intermittent hypoxia in premature neonates."	9.22	Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Decreases Apnea of Prematurity and Accompanying Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia. ( Benharash, P; Cordero, DM; Frank, P; Harper, RM; Kesavan, K, 2016)
"To evaluate the effect of stochastic resonance (SR) stimulation on preterm infant oxygen desaturation, bradycardia, and apnea events."	9.20	Stochastic Resonance Effects on Apnea, Bradycardia, and Oxygenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Cakert, K; Kelty-Stephen, D; Mao, W; Osborne, J; Paydarfar, D; Qureshi Ahmad, M; Smith, VC, 2015)
" The aim of this study was to assess the possible increase in the safe apnea time with the use of ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) as a conduit prior to laryngoscope-guided intubation in morbidly obese patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia."	9.17	ProSeal™ LMA increases safe apnea period in morbidly obese patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. ( Jayaraman, L; Punhani, D; Sinha, A, 2013)
"Raised upper airway resistance may be involved in apnea of prematurity (AOP)."	9.14	Oral versus nasal route for placing feeding tubes: no effect on hypoxemia and bradycardia in infants with apnea of prematurity. ( Bohnhorst, B; Cech, K; Doerdelmann, M; Peter, C, 2010)
"Mean MSNA and Ve were not modified by nicotine during the 5 min of normoxia or moderate hypoxia."	9.13	Nicotine increases chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia in non-smokers. ( Adamopoulos, D; Argacha, JF; Beloka, S; Degaute, JP; Dreyfuss, C; Gujic, M; van de Borne, P; Xhaët, O, 2008)
"When investigating apnea, for example in diving or altitude studies, hypoxemia is a variable that must be monitored to reduce the risk of hypoxic syncope."	9.12	Pulse oximetry to detect hypoxemia during apnea: comparison of finger and ear probes. ( Blogg, SL; Gennser, M; Lindholm, P, 2007)
" Because these issues may be operative in apnea of prematurity (AOP), we hypothesized that CS reduces episodes of hypoxemia and bradycardia in infants with AOP."	9.11	Randomized, controlled trial of oral creatine supplementation (not effective) for apnea of prematurity. ( Bohnhorst, B; Dördelmann, M; Geuting, T; Peter, CS; Poets, CF; Wilken, B, 2004)
"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with sustained elevation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and altered chemoreflex control of MSNA, both of which likely play an important role in the development of hypertension in these patients."	9.11	Periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea can alter chemoreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in humans. ( Burk, JR; Cutler, MJ; Keller, DM; Smith, ML; Swift, NM; Wasmund, WL, 2004)
"We sought to define the role of hypoxemia in eliciting the cardiovascular responses to apnea during exercise."	9.10	Role of hypoxemia for the cardiovascular responses to apnea during exercise. ( Lindholm, P; Linnarsson, D; Nordh, J, 2002)
" The primary study endpoint was intubation for apnea, with a secondary endpoint of apnea, as defined as acute cessation of breathing with associated hypoxia and bradycardia."	9.10	Aminophylline for the prevention of apnea during prostaglandin E1 infusion. ( Charpie, JR; Crowley, DC; Kim, DW; Kulik, TJ; Lim, DS; Maher, KO, 2003)
"Fifteen infants, median gestational age at birth 27 weeks (range 24-30), age at study 27 days (12-60), with >/=6 episodes of bradycardia or hypoxaemia/6 h despite serum caffeine levels in the therapeutic range, received doxapram either intravenously (0."	9.09	Effect of doxapram on episodes of apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia in preterm infants. ( Bohnhorst, B; Darraj, S; Poets, CF, 1999)
" After one week the ventilation weaning, the child presented episodes of cyanosis associated with sudden oxygen desaturation, skin pallor, apnea, and bradycardia."	9.01	Apnea events in neonatal age: A case report and literature review. ( Catanzaro, S; Cimino, C; Corsello, G; Falsaperla, R; Vitaliti, G, 2019)
" Moreover, the conditions under which intermittent hypoxia/sustained hypercapnia could serve to improve breathing stability and mitigate co-morbidities associated with sleep apnea are considered."	8.98	The impact of intermittent or sustained carbon dioxide on intermittent hypoxia initiated respiratory plasticity. What is the effect of these combined stimuli on apnea severity? ( Alex, R; El-Chami, M; Mateika, JH; Panza, G, 2018)
"The respiratory stimulant caffeine is the most frequently used xanthine (theophylline or aminophylline) for the treatment of apnea in premature infants."	8.91	An Overview on the Respiratory Stimulant Effects of Caffeine and Progesterone on Response to Hypoxia and Apnea Frequency in Developing Rats. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Mubayed, S; Uppari, N, 2015)
" The carotid body senses dynamic changes in arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension and reflexly alters ventilation and plays an essential role in terminating apnea."	8.89	Inflammation in the carotid body during development and its contribution to apnea of prematurity. ( Chavez-Valdez, R; Gauda, EB; Kostuk, EW; Mason, A; Pichard, LE; Shirahata, M, 2013)
"Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a significant clinical problem manifested by an unstable respiratory rhythm reflecting the immaturity of respiratory control systems."	8.87	Apnea of prematurity: pathogenesis and management strategies. ( Mathew, OP, 2011)
"Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is associated with recurrent apneas in adults and premature infants."	8.84	Altered carotid body function by intermittent hypoxia in neonates and adults: relevance to recurrent apneas. ( Kumar, GK; Pawar, A; Peng, YJ; Prabhakar, NR, 2007)
"The apnea test provides one of the most important criteria for the diagnosis of death by brain criteria, nevertheless although the absence of spontaneous respiration is a crucial point in the diagnosis of the death, we must point out, that still, there are not standardized criterion to perform this test."	8.80	[Apnea testing to establish death based on brain criteria]. ( Tellería-Díaz, A, 1998)
"To evaluate the current standards for apnea testing in the evaluation of brain death in children."	8.80	Increased apnea threshold in a pediatric patient with suspected brain death. ( Pollack, MM; Vardis, R, 1998)
"A critical role of peripheral chemoreceptors in terminating apnea and in initiating normal breathing has been emphasized."	8.79	Carotid body chemoreception: mechanisms and dynamic protection against apnea. ( Lahiri, S, 1994)
"Apnea test for brain death determination is able to perform easily with the method written in Japanese criteria (Brain death study group, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1987) (Figure 3)."	8.78	[Safety applications in apnea test]. ( Maekawa, T; Sadamitsu, D; Tateishi, A, 1993)
"To report the prevalence of adverse events in children undergoing apnea testing as part of the determination of death by neurologic criteria (DNC)."	8.31	Adverse Events During Apnea Testing for the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria: A Single-Center, Retrospective Pediatric Cohort. ( Antommaria, AHM; Gilene, SJ; Stalets, EL; Sveen, WN, 2023)
" We retrospectively analyzed MSNA data from 9 young males and 7 young females tested during the EF and ML phases at rest and during a voluntary end-inspiratory hypercapnic-hypoxic apnea."	8.31	The effects of sex and menstrual cycle phase on sympathetic action potential recruitment patterns during hypercapnic-hypoxic apnea. ( Coovadia, Y; Shoemaker, JK; Usselman, CW, 2023)
"The pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxic apnea is mediated largely by increased sympathetic outflow."	8.31	Effect of acute heat exposure on the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea. ( Cope, HL; Cunningham, RL; Hemingway, HW; Moore, AM; Olivencia-Yurvati, AH; Richey, RE; Romero, SA; Saul, BM; Shokraeifard, AM; Smith, ML, 2023)
"Prolonged apnea is characterized by hypoxia/hypercapnia."	8.12	Changes in hormones after apneic hypoxia/hypercapnia - An investigation in voluntary apnea divers. ( Dolscheid-Pommerich, RC; Eichhorn, L; Fimmers, R; Stoffel-Wagner, B, 2022)
"Voluntary asphyxia imposed by static apnea challenges blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in humans through transient extremes of hypertension, hypoxemia and hypercapnia."	8.12	Hypoxemia increases blood-brain barrier permeability during extreme apnea in humans. ( Ainslie, PN; Bailey, DM; Bain, AR; Barak, OF; Drvis, I; Dujic, Z; Hirtz, C; Hoiland, RL; Janigro, D; Lehmann, S; MacLeod, DB; Marchi, N, 2022)
"Modern human patient simulators (HPSs) could be used for researching critical scenarios such as apnea oxygenation."	8.12	Use of a human patient simulator for apnea studies: a preliminary in vitro trial. ( Bhardwaj, BB; Dhar, M; Hemanthkumar, K; Rao, S; Talawar, P; Tripathy, DK, 2022)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of ictal apnea (IA) and related hypoxemia during seizures."	8.12	Ictal apnea: A prospective monocentric study in patients with epilepsy. ( Ballerini, A; Cioclu, MC; Giovannini, G; Giunta, L; Meletti, S; Micalizzi, E; Talami, F; Turchi, G; Vaudano, AE, 2022)
" To test the hypothesis that retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) is necessary for iMF, RAR subtype-specific inhibitors were delivered intrathecally above the phrenic motor pool in urethane-anesthetized, ventilated rats before 5, ∼1 min central apneas (without hypoxia; separated by 5 min) while monitoring phrenic inspiratory output."	8.02	Retinoic acid receptor alpha activation is necessary and sufficient for plasticity induced by recurrent central apnea. ( Agbeh, AE; Baker, TL; Braegelmann, KM; Fields, DP; Meza, A, 2021)
"The presence of bradycardic arrhythmias during volitional apnea at altitude may be caused by chemoreflex activation/sensitization."	8.02	Short-term hypoxia does not promote arrhythmia during voluntary apnea. ( Berthelsen, LF; Bourgoin, C; Busch, SA; Roberts, R; Smorschok, MP; Steele, AR; Steinback, CD; van Diepen, S, 2021)
"To study the safety and feasibility of implementation of precise radiotherapy with inducement of an apnea-like condition."	8.02	Anesthetic management of precise radiotherapy under apnea-like condition. ( Chen, D; Guo, H; Ma, J; Ma, Y; Qi, Y; Xie, W; Zhang, S; Zhao, B, 2021)
"The apnea test, which involves disconnection from the mechanical ventilator, presents risks during the determination of brain death, especially in hypoxemic patients."	7.96	Use of CPAP as an alternative to the apnea test during the determination of brain death in hypoxemic patients. Report of two cases. ( Fernandes, V; Fonseca, JC; Silva, LRD; Valiatti, JLDS; Westphal, GA; Westphal, V, 2020)
"We studied the level of heat shock protein HSP70 under conditions of oxidative stress in 47 patients with apnea."	7.96	Heat Shock Protein HSP70 in Oxidative Stress in Apnea Patients. ( Kolesnikov, SI; Kolesnikova, LI; Kurashova, NA; Madaeva, IM; Semenova, NV; Ukhinov, EB, 2020)
"Volitional Apnea produces a robust peak sympathetic response through several interacting mechanisms."	7.91	Mechanisms of sympathetic regulation during Apnea. ( Bruce, CD; Busch, SA; Davenport, MH; Day, TA; Pfoh, JR; Skow, RJ; Steinback, CD, 2019)
"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with sympathetic overactivity."	7.91	Effect of arousal on sympathetic overactivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. ( Kim, JB; Kim, JH; Seo, BS, 2019)
"The possible relationship between lung cancer and nocturnal intermittent hypoxia, apnea and daytime sleepiness, especially the possible relationship between the occurrence and progression of lung cancer and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was explored."	7.91	Relationship between Occurrence and Progression of Lung Cancer and Nocturnal Intermittent Hypoxia, Apnea and Daytime Sleepiness. ( Fang, YY; Liu, K; Liu, W; Luo, M; Wei, S; Zhou, L, 2019)
"BACKGROUND The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the mean apnea-hypopnea duration (MAD) are used to measure the severity of the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)."	7.88	A Retrospective Study to Compare the Use of the Mean Apnea-Hypopnea Duration and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index with Blood Oxygenation and Sleep Patterns in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosed by Polysomnography. ( Fang, F; Pinto, JM; Wei, Y; Wu, C; Zhan, X, 2018)
"Apnea of prematurity (AOP) can affect even 85-100% of premature newborns and is related to lack of full maturity of organs."	7.85	[Apnea of prematurity - characteristic and treatment]. ( Dołęgowska, B; Goryniak, A; Śleboda, D; Szczęśniak, A, 2017)
" There is evidence that future SIDS cases experience more apnea and have abnormal arousal from sleep."	7.85	Active sleep unmasks apnea and delayed arousal in infant rat pups lacking central serotonin. ( Cummings, KJ; Geurts, A; Hodges, MR; Young, JO, 2017)
" We tested whether apnea induces an elevation of catecholamine-concentrations in well-trained apneic divers."	7.85	Influence of Apnea-induced Hypoxia on Catecholamine Release and Cardiovascular Dynamics. ( Dolscheid-Pommerich, RC; Eichhorn, L; Ellerkmann, RE; Erdfelder, F; Hoffmann, U; Kessler, F; Meyer, R; Zur, B, 2017)
"Apnea testing is an essential step in the clinical diagnosis of brain death."	7.85	Prevention of Hypoxemia During Apnea Testing: A Comparison of Oxygen Insufflation And Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. ( Bader, R; Couillard, P; Dhillon, P; Doig, CJ; Kramer, AH; Kutsogiannis, DJ, 2017)
" Brain death testing with conventional apnea testing was attempted but aborted due to hypoxia."	7.83	The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination: An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia. ( Ahlawat, A; Carandang, R; Heard, SO; Muehlschlegel, S, 2016)
" Rather than hyperventilating, mice lacking AMPK-α1 and AMPK-α2 exhibited hypoventilation and apnea during hypoxia, with the primary precipitant being loss of AMPK-α1 expression."	7.83	AMP-activated Protein Kinase Deficiency Blocks the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response and Thus Precipitates Hypoventilation and Apnea. ( Dutia, MB; Evans, AM; Foretz, M; Hartmann, S; Holmes, AP; Jansen, MA; Juričić, L; Kumar, P; Lewis, S; Mahmoud, AD; Marshall, I; Navarro-Dorado, J; Ogunbayo, OA; Puggioni, P; Udoh, UA; Viollet, B, 2016)
"To determine physiologic responses to apnea-induced severe hypoxemia in anesthetized horses."	7.83	Cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to apnea induced by atlanto-occipital intrathecal lidocaine injection in anesthetized horses. ( Aleman, M; Davis, E; Guedes, A; Tearney, C, 2016)
" Following apnea median cerebral rSO2 and SpO2 values decreased significantly from 71 to 54 and from 100 to 65%, respectively."	7.81	Evaluation of near-infrared spectroscopy under apnea-dependent hypoxia in humans. ( Doerner, J; Eichhorn, L; Ellerkmann, RK; Erdfelder, F; Kessler, F; Meyer, R; Thudium, MO, 2015)
"A 42-year-old man with a subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by anoxic brain injury, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) presented a clinical conundrum for safe apnea testing in brain death determination due to profound hypoxemia."	7.80	Apnea testing for brain death in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a possible solution. ( Hocker, S; Whalen, F; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
" Augmented HVR contributes to central apneas seen in heart failure and complex sleep apnea."	7.80	Effect of endothelin antagonism on apnea frequency following chronic intermittent hypoxia. ( Donovan, LM; Liu, Y; Weiss, JW, 2014)
"We performed a detailed chart review of consecutive brain dead patients who underwent an apnea test from 2008 to 2012."	7.80	Completing the apnea test: decline in complications. ( Couillard, P; Datar, S; Fugate, J; Rabinstein, A; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
"Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is an animal model of apnea-induced hypoxia, a common stressor in the premature neonate."	7.80	Programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by neonatal intermittent hypoxia: effects on adult male ACTH and corticosterone responses are stress specific. ( Bruder, ED; Chintamaneni, K; Raff, H, 2014)
" PRKO mice exhibited similar levels of minute ventilation during non-REM and REM sleep, and higher frequencies of sighs and post-sigh apneas during non-REM sleep compared to WT."	7.80	The nuclear progesterone receptor reduces post-sigh apneas during sleep and increases the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in adult female mice. ( Boukari, R; Joseph, V; Laouafa, S; Lavoie, R; Marcouiller, F, 2014)
"To detect the plasma estrogen level and estrogen receptors expression in palatine tonsils of male patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom (OSAHS)."	7.80	[Plasma estrogen level and estrogen receptors expression in palatine tonsils in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome]. ( Liu, J; Liu, X; Wang, G; Yang, X; Zhang, L, 2014)
") on normoxic ventilation, hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR: FiO(2)=12% over 20 min), metabolism, and apnea frequency in rats on postnatal (P) days P1, P4, P7, and P12."	7.79	Effect of progesterone on respiratory response to moderate hypoxia and apnea frequency in developing rats. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Lumbroso, D, 2013)
"Recurrent apneas are important causes of hospitalization and morbidity in newborns."	7.79	Gestational stress promotes pathological apneas and sex-specific disruption of respiratory control development in newborn rat. ( Bairam, A; Caravagna, C; Fournier, S; Gulemetova, R; Julien, C; Kinkead, R; Soliz, J; Steele, S, 2013)
"We have examined influence of hypocapnia, mild hypercapnia and hypoxia on the durations of fictive apnea and respiratory disruption elicited by injection of 0."	7.79	Laryngeal reflex apnea in neonates: effects of CO2 and the complex influence of hypoxia. ( Bartlett, D; Leiter, JC; Xia, L, 2013)
" We hypothesize that respiratory recovery following OP-induced central apnea represents a resumption of eupnea and is supported by oxygenation."	7.78	Respiratory recovery following organophosphate poisoning in a rat model is suppressed by isolated hypoxia at the point of apnea. ( Gaspari, RJ; Paydarfar, D, 2012)
"A neonatal mouse model of intermittent hypoxia (IH) simulating the recurring hypoxia/reoxygenation episodes of apnea of prematurity (AOP) was developed."	7.77	A neonatal mouse model of intermittent hypoxia associated with features of apnea in premature infants. ( Cai, J; Gozal, D; Tuong, CM, 2011)
"Apnea divers are exposed to repeated massive arterial oxygen desaturation, which could perturb chemoreflexes."	7.76	Peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and sympathetic nerve activity are normal in apnea divers during training season. ( Banic, I; Breskovic, T; Dujic, Z; Ivancev, V; Jordan, J, 2010)
" Then, lumbar sympathetic activity was recorded under anesthesia during 20-s apneas, isocapnic hypoxia, and potassium cyanide."	7.76	Chronic intermittent hypoxia augments chemoreflex control of sympathetic activity: role of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. ( Bird, CE; Li, YL; Marcus, NJ; Morgan, BJ; Schultz, HD, 2010)
" in Neurology 71(16):1240, 2008), apnea test safety during brain death determination was evaluated at a single tertiary care center."	7.76	Predictors of apnea test failure during brain death determination. ( Mandrekar, J; Rabinstein, AA; Wijdicks, EF; Yee, AH, 2010)
"The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic function of caffeine on apneas in preterm neonates are not well determined."	7.76	Caffeine reduces apnea frequency and enhances ventilatory long-term facilitation in rat pups raised in chronic intermittent hypoxia. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Julien, CA, 2010)
"Brief recurrent apneas in preterm infants and adults can precipitate rapid and severe arterial O(2) desaturation for reasons that remain unclear."	7.76	Mechanism underlying accelerated arterial oxygen desaturation during recurrent apnea. ( Berger, PJ; Davidson, MR; Edwards, BA; Kelly, VJ; Sands, SA; Skuza, EM; Wilkinson, MH, 2010)
"To explore the clinical significance and relationship between apnea and subsequent hypoxemia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in a waking state."	7.76	[Significance and relationship between apnea and subsequent hypoxemia of OSAHS patients in a waking state]. ( Jin, X; Zhao, H, 2010)
"Increased hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), attributable to spleen contraction, raise blood gas storage capacity during apnea, but the mechanisms that trigger this response have not been clarified."	7.75	Hypoxia augments apnea-induced increase in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. ( de Bruijn, R; Richardson, MX; Schagatay, E, 2009)
"Caffeine is a common treatment for apnea of prematurity."	7.75	Enhancement of the breathing frequency response to hypoxia by neonatal caffeine treatment in adult male rats: the role of testosterone. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Kinkead, R; Lajeunesse, Y; Montandon, G, 2009)
"Autoresuscitation is a critical survival-promoting mechanism in mammals that allows recovery from primary apnea via hypoxia-induced gasping."	7.75	Autoresuscitation responses to hypoxia-induced apnea are delayed in newborn 5-HT-deficient Pet-1 homozygous mice. ( Erickson, JT; Sposato, BC, 2009)
" After apnea training, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second was higher (4."	7.75	Apnea training effects on swimming coordination. ( Chollet, D; Juge, J; Lemaître, F; Polin, D; Seifert, L; Tourny-Chollet, C, 2009)
" We now report on the temporal relationship between ictal apnea and seizure onset and spread in patients undergoing video-EEG (electroencephalography) telemetry (VET) with intracranial electrodes."	7.75	Ictal apnea linked to contralateral spread of temporal lobe seizures: Intracranial EEG recordings in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. ( Bateman, LM; Seyal, M, 2009)
" In the present study, the cardiorespiratory responses to dynamic apnea (simultaneously initiated apneas and dynamic leg exercise) were investigated in 10 breath-hold divers."	7.75	Arterial oxygen saturation and diving response during dynamic apneas in breath-hold divers. ( Andersson, JP; Evaggelidis, L, 2009)
"To investigate the effects of maximal static apnea on plasma antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzyme activities in trained free divers."	7.74	Effects of maximal static apnea on antioxidant defenses in trained free divers. ( Bulmer, AC; Coombes, JS; Sharman, JE; Stewart, IB, 2008)
"An apnea test is essential in the clinical determination of brain death."	7.74	Complications associated with the apnea test in the determination of the brain death. ( Fang, Q; Li, L; Luo, BY; Qiu, YQ; Wu, XL, 2008)
"We hypothesized that progesterone may enhance the hypoxic ventilatory response and reduce the occurrence of apneas in newborn male rats."	7.74	Progesterone increases hypoxic ventilatory response and reduces apneas in newborn rats. ( Joseph, V; Lefter, R; Morency, CE, 2007)
"It is common for apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) to be used as an outcome variable in ordinary least squares linear regression."	7.74	Apnea-hypopnea index as the outcome variable in multiple linear regression analysis: statistical issues. ( Chan, CH; Ng, DK, 2007)
" We have previously observed high hemoglobin concentrations in elite breath-hold divers and our aim was to investigate whether apnea-induced hypoxia could increase EPO concentration."	7.74	Increased erythropoietin concentration after repeated apneas in humans. ( de Bruijn, R; Richardson, M; Schagatay, E, 2008)
"Ventilatory long-term facilitation (LTF; defined as gradual increase of minute ventilation following repeated hypoxic exposures) is well described in adult mammals and is hypothesized to be a protective mechanism against apnea."	7.74	Chronic intermittent hypoxia reduces ventilatory long-term facilitation and enhances apnea frequency in newborn rats. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Julien, C, 2008)
"This study indicates that baroreflex stimulation and hypoxia may be involved in the bi-phasic HR response of BHDs and thus in their longer apnea duration."	7.74	Static apnea effect on heart rate and its variability in elite breath-hold divers. ( Buchheit, M; Fontanari, P; Joulia, F; Lemaître, F; Tourny-Chollet, C, 2008)
"Although apnea is common in premature babies, there is a paucity of information concerning the pathophysiologic basis of these episodes and their relationship to other perinatal conditions such as hyperbilirubinemia."	7.74	Hyperbilirubinemia diminishes respiratory drive in a rat pup model. ( Haxhiu, MA; Iben, SC; Martin, RJ; Mayer, CA; Mesner, O; Miller, MJ; Prabha, KC, 2008)
"Experiments were carried out to determine whether prior exposure to hypoxic-induced apnea impairs protective responses of newborn rats."	7.73	Prior exposure to hypoxic-induced apnea impairs protective responses of newborn rats in an exposure-dependent fashion: influence of normoxic recovery time. ( Fewell, JE; Ng, VK; Zhang, C, 2005)
" The hypothesis was that water stimulation of the larynx in piglets, leading to death by prolonged apnea, would produce postmortem findings similar to those found in SIDS victims."	7.73	Fatal apnea in piglets by way of laryngeal chemoreflex: postmortem findings as anatomic correlates of sudden infant death syndrome in the human infant. ( Adams, J; Richardson, MA, 2005)
" The severity of the LCR-induced response is associated with changes in arterial PaO2 and hydrogenated hemoglobin saturation during the LCR-induced apnea."	7.73	Determinants of fatal apnea responses to acid stimulation of the larynx in piglets. ( Heman-Ackah, YD, 2005)
"This article examines the neurocognitive sequelae of repeated exposure to hypoxemia in apnea (breath-hold) divers."	7.73	Apnea diving: long-term neurocognitive sequelae of repeated hypoxemia. ( McFarland, K; Ridgway, L, 2006)
"Long-term hypoxia results in hemodynamic breakdown in patients in the intensive care unit; however, intermittent hypoxia causes hypertension in individuals with sleep apnea."	7.73	Time course of cardiovascular neural regulation during programmed 20-sec apnea in rats. ( Kuo, TB; Lai, CJ; Sun, TB; Yang, CC, 2006)
"Adverse cardiorespiratory events including apnea, bradycardia, and desaturations have been described following administration of the first diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzae type B (DTP-IPV-Hib) immunization to preterm infants."	7.73	Frequency of apnea, bradycardia, and desaturations following first diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzae type B immunization in hospitalized preterm infants. ( Lee, J; Robinson, JL; Spady, DW, 2006)
"Inspiratory central drive is augmented by acute hypoxia that leads to a hyperventilation, but it is inhibited by capsaicin (Cap)-induced stimulation of pulmonary C fibers (PCFs) that produces an expiratory apnea."	7.72	Acute hypoxia prolongs the apnea induced by right atrial injection of capsaicin. ( Gu, QH; Lee, LY; Xu, F; Zhou, T, 2003)
"The present study analyzed changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) during apnea associated with hypoxia compared to apnea without hypoxia."	7.72	Apnea associated with hypoxia in preterm infants: impact on cerebral blood volume. ( Müller, W; Pauger, M; Payer, C; Urlesberger, B, 2003)
" In this statement, the most recent research information concerning extreme limits for a prolonged course of apnea of prematurity is reviewed."	7.72	Apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, and home monitoring. ( , 2003)
" All infants were at home under surveillance with a cardiorespiratory monitor and followed in an apnea clinic with monthly appointments."	7.72	Fetal hemoglobin synthesis determined by gamma-mRNA/gamma-mRNA + beta-mRNA quantitation in infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome being monitored at home for apnea. ( Bard, H; Côté, A; Gagnon, C; Infante-Rivard, C; Praud, JP, 2003)
"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with transient elevation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during apneic events, which often produces elevated daytime MSNA in OSA patients."	7.72	Hypoxia-mediated prolonged elevation of sympathetic nerve activity after periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea. ( Cutler, MJ; Keller, DM; Smith, ML; Swift, NM; Wasmund, WL, 2004)
"Correlate the ventilatory response of preterm infants to hypoxic exposure with incidence of neonatal apnea."	7.72	Relationship of the ventilatory response to hypoxia with neonatal apnea in preterm infants. ( Arko, MK; Difiore, JM; Martin, RJ; Nock, ML, 2004)
" We tested the hypothesis that a combination of acute hypoxia and elevated body temperature (T(B)) might prevent autoresuscitation from hypoxic apnea (AR)."	7.72	Inhibitory effects of hyperthermia on mechanisms involved in autoresuscitation from hypoxic apnea in mice: a model for thermal stress causing SIDS. ( Kahraman, L; Thach, BT, 2004)
" On postnatal days 1--2, 5--6 and 10--11, the pups were exposed either to a single period of hypoxia produced by breathing an anoxic gas mixture (97% N(2) and 3% CO(2)) and their time to last gasp determined, or they were exposed repeatedly to hypoxia and their ability to autoresuscitate from primary apnea determined."	7.71	Prenatal exposure to nicotine impairs protective responses of rat pups to hypoxia in an age-dependent manner. ( Fewell, JE; Ng, VK; Smith, FG, 2001)
" However, during apnea, the deoxymyoglobin proximal histidyl N(delta)H signal becomes visible, reflecting a declining tissue PO2."	7.71	Detection of myoglobin desaturation in Mirounga angustirostris during apnea. ( Hurd, R; Jue, T; Knower, T; Kreutzer, U; Ponganis, PJ; Sailasuta, N, 2002)
" We investigated the acute effects of nicotine and endotoxin on repeated apnea by laryngeal reflex stimulation and the following autoresuscitation."	7.71	Prolonged apneas and hypoxia mediated by nicotine and endotoxin in piglets. ( Akre, H; Frøen, JF; Saugstad, OD; Stray-Pedersen, B, 2002)
" Apnea during hypoxia occurred in 90% of these animals (nine of ten) but in only 11% of animals (one of nine) after intramuscularly administered lidocaine (P < 0."	7.70	Hypoxia causes apnea during epidural anesthesia in rabbits. ( Amuzu, J; Bosnjak, ZJ; Clifford, PS; Hogan, QH; Kampine, JP, 1998)
"The effects of hypoxemia and hypercapnia in acute cardiovascular response to periodic non-obstructive apneas were explored in seven preinstrumented, sedated paralyzed and ventilated pigs under three conditions: room air breathing (RA), O2 supplementation (O2), and supplementation with O2 and CO2 (CO2)."	7.70	Role of hypoxemia and hypercapnia in acute cardiovascular response to periodic apneas in sedated pigs. ( Chen, L; Greenberg, H; Scharf, SM; Sica, AL, 1998)
"This study was designed to evaluate the importance of sympathoadrenal activation in the acute cardiovascular response to apneas and the role of hypoxemia in this response."	7.70	Mechanisms of acute cardiovascular response to periodic apneas in sedated pigs. ( Chen, L; Scharf, SM; Sica, AL, 1999)
" Poststimulation apnea duration was significantly related to the decrease in VI (P < 0."	7.70	Reduced inspiratory drive following laryngeal chemoreflex apnea during hypoxia. ( Milerad, J; Sundell, HW, 1999)
"The aim of our study was to validate the Nottingham Physiology Simulator (NPS) for examining pulmonary denitrogenation and apnea by reproducing the methodology and results of previous clinical studies."	7.70	Investigating hypoxemia during apnea: validation of a set of physiological models. ( Aitkenhead, AR; Hardman, JG; Wills, JS, 2000)
"We used the Nottingham Physiology Simulator to examine the onset and course of hypoxemia during apnea after pulmonary denitrogenation."	7.70	Factors determining the onset and course of hypoxemia during apnea: an investigation using physiological modelling. ( Aitkenhead, AR; Hardman, JG; Wills, JS, 2000)
"Failure to autoresuscitate from apnea by gasping has been suggested to have a role in sudden infant death."	7.70	Postnatal age influences the ability of rats to autoresuscitate from hypoxic-induced apnea. ( Fewell, JE; Ng, VK; Smith, FG; Wang, Y; Wong, VH, 2000)
" This study examines the conditions under which recovery from the LCR-induced apnea occurs."	7.70	Second place-resident clinical science award 1999: laryngeal chemoreflex severity and end-apnea PaO(2) and PaCO(2). ( Goding, GS; Heman-Ackah, YD, 2000)
"Oscillations of arterial pressure during sleep are the hemodynamic hallmark of the sleep apnea syndrome."	7.69	Sympathetic and blood pressure responses to voluntary apnea are augmented by hypoxemia. ( Gray, K; Hardy, JC; Leuenberger, U; Whisler, S, 1994)
"In this study, we examined whether the glottis is open or closed during central apnea and the effect of arterial PO2 (PaO2) on this control."	7.69	Thyroarytenoid muscle activity during hypocapnic central apneas in awake nonsedated lambs. ( Kianicka, I; Leroux, JF; Praud, JP, 1994)
"Apneas are very common and normal in newborns but may become life threatening if they are not terminated appropriately."	7.69	Predominant role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the termination of apnea in maturing newborn lambs. ( Bureau, MA; Canet, E; Delacourt, C, 1996)
"This study was carried out on seven chloralose-anesthetized sheep and was designed to investigate the role of muscular afferent fiber stimulation on the duration of reflex apnea triggered by laryngeal stimulation (LS)."	7.69	Laryngeal reflex apnea is blunted during and after hindlimb muscle contraction in sheep. ( Beyaert, C; Chalon, B; Gille, JP; Haouzi, P; Marchal, F, 1997)
"To determine the influence of an altered carotid body function on the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) response, reflex apnea was induced by laryngeal water stimulation during normoxia or acute hypoxia in unanesthetized awake lambs in which the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia was attenuated by prolonged postnatal hypoxemia."	7.68	Prolonged hypoxemia enhances and acute hypoxemia attenuates laryngeal reflex apnea in young lambs. ( Grogaard, JB; Parker, RA; Sladek, M; Sundell, HW, 1993)
" The findings suggest that both central and peripheral mechanisms of apnea exist due to functional insufficiency of respiratory muscles as a result of synaptic disorder and excitatory contractility disorder in diaphragmatic muscle fibers."	7.68	[The mechanism of apnea during difficult breathing]. ( Aleksandrova, NP; Isaev, GG, 1993)
" Because their pathogenesis may involve both apnea and hypoxemia, we set out to analyze the proportion of bradycardias that were associated with an apneic pause and/or a fall in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and the temporal sequence of the three phenomena, in overnight tape recordings of SaO2 (Nellcor N100 in beat-to-beat mode), breathing movements, nasal airflow, and ECG in 80 preterm infants at the time of discharge from hospital."	7.68	The relationship between bradycardia, apnea, and hypoxemia in preterm infants. ( Poets, CF; Samuels, MP; Southall, DP; Stebbens, VA, 1993)
"To test the hypothesis that sighs are mechanistically important in triggering apnea, we studied 10 preterm infants, group 1: body weight 1."	7.68	Sighs and their relationship to apnea in the newborn infant. ( Alvarez, JE; Bodani, J; Cates, DB; Fajardo, CA; Kwiatkowski, K; Rigatto, H, 1993)
" Apnea has been reported following caregiving during peak hours of activity in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)."	7.68	Reducing the hypoxemia, bradycardia, and apnea associated with suctioning in low birthweight infants. ( Evans, JC, 1992)
"The mechanism of failure of autoresuscitation from hypoxic apnea in 17- to 23-day-old (weanling) Swiss Webster related/J mice was investigated by recording electrocardiogram (ECG) and ventilation in adult, weanling, and 11-day-old mice."	7.68	Mechanism of failure of recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping in 17- to 23-day-old mice. ( Gershan, WM; Jacobi, MS; Thach, BT, 1991)
"Twenty healthy preterm infants of less than 34 wk gestation were studied with continuous recordings, commencing within 8 h of birth, for up to 1 wk of age to determine the usual time course of the appearance of apnea and to classify apnea types."	7.68	The natural history of the appearance of apnea of prematurity. ( Barrington, K; Finer, N, 1991)
"Arousal is an important protective mechanism that aids in the resolution of obstructive sleep apnea in adults and children, but its role in neonatal apnea has not been investigated."	7.68	Behavioral arousal in newborn infants and its association with termination of apnea. ( Belan, MA; Cowen, CP; Mathew, OP; Thoppil, CK, 1991)
" Because occurrence of apnea during wakefulness has been documented in these infants, we investigated its frequency and characteristics in 10 premature infants using simultaneous polygraphic and video recordings."	7.68	Motor activity and apnea in preterm infants. Is there a causal relationship? ( Belan, M; Mathew, OP; Thoppil, CK, 1991)
"Obese patients have a decreased functional residual capacity and, hence, a reduced oxygen supply during periods of apnea."	7.68	Effect of obesity on safe duration of apnea in anesthetized humans. ( Dubin, SA; Jense, HG; O'Leary-Escolas, U; Silverstein, PI, 1991)
"To elucidate the role of chemoresponsiveness in determining postapneic ventilation in sleep-disordered periodic breathing, we measured ventilatory response associated with apnea-induced arterial oxygen desaturation during sleep and compared it with the awake hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in 12 male patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)."	7.68	Role of hypoxic drive in regulation of postapneic ventilation during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. ( Chonan, T; Hida, W; Iwase, N; Kikuchi, Y; Miki, H; Okabe, S; Satoh, M; Taguchi, O; Takishima, T, 1991)
"The two-channel pneumocardiogram (PCG) is frequently used for evaluating infants at risk for infantile apnea."	7.68	The four-channel pneumogram in infants with recurring apneas and bradycardias. ( Goldie, E; Graff, M; Hegyi, T; Hiatt, IM; Lee, G; Rovell, K, 1991)
" The incidence of hypoxemia (oxyhemoglobin saturation less than 90%) and apnea (no spontaneous respiratory effort for 15 s) and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide were evaluated."	7.68	Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl. ( Ashburn, MA; Bailey, PL; East, KA; Moll, JW; Pace, NL; Stanley, TH, 1990)
"The maturation of the process of spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping (autoresuscitation) was characterized in adult, weanling (18-22 d), and infant (5 and 10 d) BALB/c mice."	7.68	Maturation of cardiorespiratory interactions in spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea (autoresuscitation). ( Gershan, WM; Jacobi, MS; Thach, BT, 1990)
"The effects of hypoxia and hypercapnea in the production of somatostatin (SRIF)-induced apnea were studied during rebreathing experiments."	7.67	Somatostatin-induced apnea: interaction with hypoxia and hypercapnea in the rat. ( Agnati, LF; Fuxe, K; Harfstrand, A; Kaijser, L; Kalia, M, 1984)
"The effect of maturation and motor activity on recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping (autoresuscitation) was investigated in Swiss Webster mice and a SW-related strain."	7.67	Effect of maturation on spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping. ( Jacobi, MS; Thach, BT, 1989)
"Five series of breath-hold (BH) experiments were conducted on eight male subjects with the purpose of partitioning the effects of apnea per se, hypercapnia, and hypoxia on the development and maintenance of BH bradycardia."	7.66	Effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, and rebreathing on heart rate response during apnea. ( Hong, SK; Lin, YC; Shida, KK, 1983)
"Apnea was elicited by the application of chemical stimuli to the laryngeal region of 25 piglets from 1 to 70 days of age."	7.66	Effect of hypoxia on laryngeal reflex apnea--implications for sudden infant death. ( Cummings, C; Lanier, B; Richardson, MA, 1983)
"Seven normal awake males were studied to define the mechanisms and impact of lung volume on the hypoxemia occurring during apnea."	7.66	Hypoxemia during apnea in normal subjects: mechanisms and impact of lung volume. ( Findley, LJ; Ries, AL; Tisi, GM; Wagner, PD, 1983)
" The branchial ventilatory pattern comprised alternating periods of apnea and eupnea, together constituting a "Standard Breathing Cycle" (SBC = 1 apneic period plus the ensuing period of eupnea)."	7.66	Sustained branchial apnea in the Australian short-finned eel, Anguilla australis. ( Cooke, IR; Duiker, W; Smith, DG, 1983)
"We studied the changes in PO2 during 72 isolated episodes of apnea of prematurity in 20 low-birth-weight infants."	7.66	Continuous monitoring of PO2 during apnea of prematurity. ( Dangman, BC; Hegyi, T; Hiatt, IM; Indyk, L; James, LS, 1981)
"In summary, apnea of prematurity is both a primary and a secondary disorder--a reflection of CNS immaturity as well as a response to an underlying problem."	7.66	Apnea in the premature infant: an overview of causes and treatment. ( Messerly, AM; Sham, B, 1978)
"In summary, our findings support and confirm the concerns of many investigators that present methods of cardiorespiratory monitoring are inadequate for the detection of many forms of apnea."	7.66	Failure of conventional monitoring to detect apnea resulting in hypoxemia. ( Gregory, GA; Lucey, JF; Peabody, JL; Philip, AG; Willis, MM, 1979)
"Episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea were studied in 26 newborns and prematures by continuous recording of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate, and impedance pneumography."	7.66	Evaluation of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate and respiration in neonates with episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea. ( Hürter, P; Larsen, H; Pörksen, C, 1979)
" Eight had recurrent apneic spells (apnea group) (five had aborted SIDS and three had recurrent apnea in the intensive care nursery) and eight were "well" preterm infants about to fly in a pressurized airplane (PIO2, 120 mm Hg) (control group)."	7.66	Apnea, hypoxemia, and aborted sudden infant death syndrome. ( Ariagno, RL; Brady, JP; Dumpit, FM; Goldman, SL; Watts, JL, 1978)
"The association of sleep apnea with daytime hypersomnolence without obesity, and its potentially lethal cardiopulmonary sequelae, make it crucial that this condition be distinguished from narcolepsy."	7.65	Retrognathia and sleep apnea. A life-threatening condition masquerading as narcolepsy. ( Imes, NK; Orr, WC; Rogers, RM; Smith, RO, 1977)
"We have tested the hypothesis that severe lypoxia causes apnea, regardless of the arterial CO2 and pH, and that extreme hypoxia causes gasping."	7.65	Hypoxic apnea and gasping. ( Guntheroth, WG; Kawabori, I, 1975)
" Thirteen days after hospitalization, she developed severe, protracted, recurrent episodes of hyperventilation; subsequently, she suffered posthyperventilation apnea, which at times was prolonged and association with severe hypoxemia with an arterial oxygen pressure as low as 25 mm Hg."	7.65	Posthyperventilation apnea associated with severe hypoxemia. ( Bowers, JT; Flynn, RE; MacDonald, KF, 1976)
"Twelve patients with predominantly obstructive type sleep apnea underwent cardiac catheterization, hemodynamic monitoring, and arterial blood gas analysis during wakefulness and sleep."	7.65	Hemodynamics in sleep-induced apnea. Studies during wakefulness and sleep. ( Dement, WC; Guilleminault, C; Lehrman, KL; Schroeder, JS; Simmons, FB; Tilkian, AG, 1976)
" The primary outcome was the incidence of respiratory events determined by a computer-driven blinded analysis and defined by hypoxemia (peripheral oxygen saturation < 90%) or apnea/hypopnea (absence of breathing for 20 sec on capnography)."	5.69	A randomized controlled trial of the intraoperative use of noninvasive ventilation versus supplemental oxygen by face mask for procedural sedation in an electrophysiology laboratory. ( Albaladejo, P; Alves-Macedo, S; Arvieux, JL; Bedague, D; Bosson, JL; Casez-Brasseur, M; Durand, M; Greco, F; Jaber, S; Jacon, P; Moury, PH; Pasquier, V; Richard, M; Skaare, K, 2023)
"The effectiveness and side effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in combination with midazolam and propofol have not been comparatively studied in a single clinical trial as sedative agents to general anesthesia before."	5.51	Comparison of Intra and Post-operative Sedation Efficacy of Dexmedetomidinemidazolam and Dexmedetomidine-propofol for Major Abdominal Surgery. ( Gao, Y; Yan, F, 2022)
"Apneic oxygenation via nasal cannula during intubation of pediatric surgical patients prolongs time before desaturation, thus extending the safe interval for airway management by learners."	5.51	Apneic nasal oxygenation and safe apnea time during pediatric intubations by learners. ( Braude, DA; Davis, DD; Falcon, RJ; Hurt, HF; Petersen, TR; Soneru, CN, 2019)
" High-flow nasal oxygenation use during anesthesia induction prolongs safe apnea time in nonobese surgical patients."	5.30	High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Chung, F; Dallaire, A; Jackson, T; Madhusudan, P; Singh, KP; Singh, M; Wong, DT; Wong, J, 2019)
" However, IPI registration was more effective in reducing the incidence of apnea episodes."	5.24	Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index ( Beitz, A; Geist, C; Heringlake, S; Kronshage, T; Meining, A; Müller, M; Pox, CP; Riphaus, A; Schmiegel, W; von Delius, S; Wehrmann, T, 2017)
" We found that HFNO prolonged the safe apnea time at induction compared to control group [mean difference (MD) = 73."	5.22	Efficacy of high-flow nasal oxygenation against peri- and post-procedural hypoxemia in patients with obesity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Chang, PC; Huang, PW; Hung, KC; Ko, CC; Lin, CH; Sun, CK; Teng, IC; Wang, KF, 2022)
" This low-cost neuromodulatory procedure has the potential to provide a non-invasive intervention to reduce apnea, bradycardia and intermittent hypoxia in premature neonates."	5.22	Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Decreases Apnea of Prematurity and Accompanying Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia. ( Benharash, P; Cordero, DM; Frank, P; Harper, RM; Kesavan, K, 2016)
" Patients in the left lateral arm showed lower apnea rates (9."	5.20	Patient position and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial. ( Haller, B; Huth, M; Huth, R; Klare, P; Reindl, W; Schlag, C; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S; Weber, A, 2015)
"To evaluate the effect of stochastic resonance (SR) stimulation on preterm infant oxygen desaturation, bradycardia, and apnea events."	5.20	Stochastic Resonance Effects on Apnea, Bradycardia, and Oxygenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Cakert, K; Kelty-Stephen, D; Mao, W; Osborne, J; Paydarfar, D; Qureshi Ahmad, M; Smith, VC, 2015)
"Capnography enables the measurement of end-tidal CO2 and thereby the early detection of apnea, prompting immediate intervention to restore ventilation."	5.19	Capnographic monitoring of propofol-based sedation during colonoscopy. ( Albert, J; Bojunga, J; Filmann, N; Friedrich-Rust, M; Herrmann, E; Kannengiesser, M; Meckbach, Y; Schroeter, H; Trojan, J; Welte, C; Welte, M; Zeuzem, S, 2014)
" The aim of this study was to assess the possible increase in the safe apnea time with the use of ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) as a conduit prior to laryngoscope-guided intubation in morbidly obese patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia."	5.17	ProSeal™ LMA increases safe apnea period in morbidly obese patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. ( Jayaraman, L; Punhani, D; Sinha, A, 2013)
"Raised upper airway resistance may be involved in apnea of prematurity (AOP)."	5.14	Oral versus nasal route for placing feeding tubes: no effect on hypoxemia and bradycardia in infants with apnea of prematurity. ( Bohnhorst, B; Cech, K; Doerdelmann, M; Peter, C, 2010)
" Frequency of apnea was significantly higher in the remifentanil group (P < 0."	5.13	Intravenous remifentanil and propofol for gastroscopy. ( Liu, J; Si, YY; Wang, X; Wu, JC; Xu, ZY; Xue, FS; Zuo, YX, 2008)
"Mean MSNA and Ve were not modified by nicotine during the 5 min of normoxia or moderate hypoxia."	5.13	Nicotine increases chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia in non-smokers. ( Adamopoulos, D; Argacha, JF; Beloka, S; Degaute, JP; Dreyfuss, C; Gujic, M; van de Borne, P; Xhaët, O, 2008)
" Physiologic data, including oxygen saturation and frequency and type of apnea, were obtained and analyzed in a blinded manner."	5.12	Comparison of respiratory physiologic features when infants are placed in car safety seats or car beds. ( Bass, JL; Corwin, MJ; Kinane, TB; Murphy, J, 2006)
"Postsurgical administration of opiates in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has recently been linked to an increased risk for respiratory complications."	5.12	Recurrent hypoxemia in children is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to opiates. ( Brown, KA; Laferrière, A; Lakheeram, I; Moss, IR, 2006)
" Bosentan did not affect the mean MSNA responses to the apneas, during normoxia (change from baseline: placebo, 259 +/- 58%; bosentan, 201 +/- 28%; p = 0."	5.12	Does endothelin play a role in chemoreception during acute hypoxia in normal men? ( Argacha, JF; Denewet, N; Gujic, M; Houssière, A; Jespers, P; Melot, C; Naeije, R; Noseda, A; van de Borne, P; Xhaët, O, 2007)
"When investigating apnea, for example in diving or altitude studies, hypoxemia is a variable that must be monitored to reduce the risk of hypoxic syncope."	5.12	Pulse oximetry to detect hypoxemia during apnea: comparison of finger and ear probes. ( Blogg, SL; Gennser, M; Lindholm, P, 2007)
" Because these issues may be operative in apnea of prematurity (AOP), we hypothesized that CS reduces episodes of hypoxemia and bradycardia in infants with AOP."	5.11	Randomized, controlled trial of oral creatine supplementation (not effective) for apnea of prematurity. ( Bohnhorst, B; Dördelmann, M; Geuting, T; Peter, CS; Poets, CF; Wilken, B, 2004)
"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with sustained elevation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and altered chemoreflex control of MSNA, both of which likely play an important role in the development of hypertension in these patients."	5.11	Periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea can alter chemoreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in humans. ( Burk, JR; Cutler, MJ; Keller, DM; Smith, ML; Swift, NM; Wasmund, WL, 2004)
"4%), including hypotension in 5, hypoxemia in 7, and apnea in 5."	5.11	Propofol for deep procedural sedation in the ED. ( Baire, M; Frazee, BW; Lowery, D; Park, RS, 2005)
"We sought to define the role of hypoxemia in eliciting the cardiovascular responses to apnea during exercise."	5.10	Role of hypoxemia for the cardiovascular responses to apnea during exercise. ( Lindholm, P; Linnarsson, D; Nordh, J, 2002)
"Atelectasis in a transverse scan near the diaphragm after induction of anesthesia and apnea was 9."	5.10	Optimal oxygen concentration during induction of general anesthesia. ( Edmark, L; Enlund, M; Hedenstierna, G; Kostova-Aherdan, K, 2003)
" The primary study endpoint was intubation for apnea, with a secondary endpoint of apnea, as defined as acute cessation of breathing with associated hypoxia and bradycardia."	5.10	Aminophylline for the prevention of apnea during prostaglandin E1 infusion. ( Charpie, JR; Crowley, DC; Kim, DW; Kulik, TJ; Lim, DS; Maher, KO, 2003)
"We examined the initial effect of sleeping at a simulated moderate altitude of 2,650 m on the frequency of apneas and hypopneas, as well as on the heart rate and blood oxygen saturation from pulse oximetry (SpO2) during rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep of 17 trained cyclists."	5.10	Respiratory events and periodic breathing in cyclists sleeping at 2,650-m simulated altitude. ( Chow, CM; Gore, CJ; Hahn, AG; Kinsman, TA; Martin, DT; Wilsmore, BR, 2002)
"Fifteen infants, median gestational age at birth 27 weeks (range 24-30), age at study 27 days (12-60), with >/=6 episodes of bradycardia or hypoxaemia/6 h despite serum caffeine levels in the therapeutic range, received doxapram either intravenously (0."	5.09	Effect of doxapram on episodes of apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia in preterm infants. ( Bohnhorst, B; Darraj, S; Poets, CF, 1999)
"(1) To investigate changes in arterial oxygen saturation via pulse oximeter (SpO2) during apnea and after reinstitution of manual ventilation at SpO2 of 95% or 90% following rapid sequence induction of anesthesia in children after 2-minute preoxygenation; (2) to determine whether the setting of a safe threshold of apneic period to an SpO2 of 95% is appropriate in children during anesthetic induction; and (3) to evaluate the influences of age, body weight, and height on the time from the start of apnea to SpO2 of 95%."	5.08	Study of the safe threshold of apneic period in children during anesthesia induction. ( An, G; Deng, XM; Liao, X; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS, 1996)
"Twelve spontaneously breathing preterm infants with idiopathic recurrent apnea were studied in a randomized controlled crossover trial."	5.08	Effect of nursing in the head elevated tilt position (15 degrees) on the incidence of bradycardic and hypoxemic episodes in preterm infants. ( Bucher, HU; Duc, G; Jenni, OG; Keel, M; von Siebenthal, K; Wolf, M, 1997)
" After one week the ventilation weaning, the child presented episodes of cyanosis associated with sudden oxygen desaturation, skin pallor, apnea, and bradycardia."	5.01	Apnea events in neonatal age: A case report and literature review. ( Catanzaro, S; Cimino, C; Corsello, G; Falsaperla, R; Vitaliti, G, 2019)
"Capnography is an excellent tool for early detection of hypoxemia and apnea in patients undergoing sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy."	5.01	Monitoring standards in sedation and analgesia: the odyssey of capnography in sedation for gastroenterology procedures. ( Gupta, K; Vargo, JJ; Wadhwa, V, 2019)
" Providers of all sedation types should be aware of hypotension, apnea, hypoventilation, and hypoxia that can develop and they should be able to manage the patient under these circumstances."	5.01	Moderate and deep sedation training and pharmacology for nonanesthesiologists: recommendations for effective practice. ( Beutler, SS; Tran, TT; Urman, RD, 2019)
" Moreover, the conditions under which intermittent hypoxia/sustained hypercapnia could serve to improve breathing stability and mitigate co-morbidities associated with sleep apnea are considered."	4.98	The impact of intermittent or sustained carbon dioxide on intermittent hypoxia initiated respiratory plasticity. What is the effect of these combined stimuli on apnea severity? ( Alex, R; El-Chami, M; Mateika, JH; Panza, G, 2018)
"17), and the reduction in apnea or hyoxemia (OR=0."	4.95	The Comparison of Etomidate and Propofol Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ( Xiao, X; Ye, L; Zhu, L, 2017)
" As intermittent hypoxemia is a consequence of immature respiratory control and resultant apnea superimposed upon an immature lung, improvements in clinical care must include a thorough knowledge of premature lung development and pathophysiology that is unique to premature birth."	4.93	Cardiorespiratory events in preterm infants: etiology and monitoring technologies. ( Di Fiore, JM; Gauda, E; MacFarlane, P; Martin, RJ; Poets, CF, 2016)
" Despite aggressive respiratory support including mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, oxygen and caffeine therapy to reduce apnea and accompanying intermittent hypoxemia, the incidence of intermittent hypoxemia events continues to increase during the first few months of life."	4.93	Cardiorespiratory events in preterm infants: interventions and consequences. ( Di Fiore, JM; Gauda, E; MacFarlane, P; Martin, RJ; Poets, CF, 2016)
"The respiratory stimulant caffeine is the most frequently used xanthine (theophylline or aminophylline) for the treatment of apnea in premature infants."	4.91	An Overview on the Respiratory Stimulant Effects of Caffeine and Progesterone on Response to Hypoxia and Apnea Frequency in Developing Rats. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Mubayed, S; Uppari, N, 2015)
" The carotid body senses dynamic changes in arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension and reflexly alters ventilation and plays an essential role in terminating apnea."	4.89	Inflammation in the carotid body during development and its contribution to apnea of prematurity. ( Chavez-Valdez, R; Gauda, EB; Kostuk, EW; Mason, A; Pichard, LE; Shirahata, M, 2013)
", hypoxia, hypotension, arrhythmia, and apnea) and sedation profiles were assessed."	4.89	The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. ( Chen, C; Chen, J; Deng, D; Liu, J; Long, A; Tang, D; Wang, D; Wang, L; Xu, Y; Zhu, Z, 2013)
"While diving, seals are exposed to apnea-induced hypoxemia and repetitive cycles of ischemia/reperfusion."	4.88	Coping with physiological oxidative stress: a review of antioxidant strategies in seals. ( Elsner, R; Ortiz, RM; Vázquez-Medina, JP; Zenteno-Savín, T, 2012)
"Recurrent apnea with chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a major clinical problem in adult humans and infants born preterm."	4.88	Sympatho-adrenal activation by chronic intermittent hypoxia. ( Kumar, GK; Peng, YJ; Prabhakar, NR, 2012)
"Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a significant clinical problem manifested by an unstable respiratory rhythm reflecting the immaturity of respiratory control systems."	4.87	Apnea of prematurity: pathogenesis and management strategies. ( Mathew, OP, 2011)
"Preoxygenation increases oxygen reserves and duration of apnea without desaturation (DAWD), thus it provides valuable additional time to secure the airway."	4.85	Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. ( Donati, F; Drolet, P; Tanoubi, I, 2009)
"Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is associated with recurrent apneas in adults and premature infants."	4.84	Altered carotid body function by intermittent hypoxia in neonates and adults: relevance to recurrent apneas. ( Kumar, GK; Pawar, A; Peng, YJ; Prabhakar, NR, 2007)
" The following 4 cardiopulmonary complications were assessed: hypoxia, hypotension, arrhythmias, and apnea."	4.82	Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. ( Khandwala, F; Lopez, R; Qadeer, MA; Vargo, JJ; Zuccaro, G, 2005)
" Until recently, much of the information on the long-term effects of intermittent hypoxia has come from studies on human subjects experiencing chronic recurrent apneas."	4.81	Oxygen sensing during intermittent hypoxia: cellular and molecular mechanisms. ( Prabhakar, NR, 2001)
"The apnea test provides one of the most important criteria for the diagnosis of death by brain criteria, nevertheless although the absence of spontaneous respiration is a crucial point in the diagnosis of the death, we must point out, that still, there are not standardized criterion to perform this test."	4.80	[Apnea testing to establish death based on brain criteria]. ( Tellería-Díaz, A, 1998)
"To evaluate the current standards for apnea testing in the evaluation of brain death in children."	4.80	Increased apnea threshold in a pediatric patient with suspected brain death. ( Pollack, MM; Vardis, R, 1998)
"A critical role of peripheral chemoreceptors in terminating apnea and in initiating normal breathing has been emphasized."	4.79	Carotid body chemoreception: mechanisms and dynamic protection against apnea. ( Lahiri, S, 1994)
"Apnea test for brain death determination is able to perform easily with the method written in Japanese criteria (Brain death study group, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1987) (Figure 3)."	4.78	[Safety applications in apnea test]. ( Maekawa, T; Sadamitsu, D; Tateishi, A, 1993)
" These include (1) the extremely rapid development of hypoxemia during some episodes, (2) the occurrence of hypoxemic episodes despite continuous ventilation, (3) differences in the speed of desaturation between different forms of apneic episodes, (4) the presence of continued breathing efforts and yet absent airflow despite bypass of the upper airway, and (5) evidence that apnea and hypoxemia may begin simultaneously."	4.78	Potential role of intrapulmonary shunting in the genesis of hypoxemic episodes in infants and young children. ( Poets, CF; Samuels, MP; Southall, DP, 1992)
" Alcohol intoxication also increases the frequency of sleep apnea and may result in respiratory failure from oversedation."	4.76	Alcohol and the respiratory tract. ( Cummiskey, JM; Krumpe, PE; Lillington, GA, 1984)
" The postnatal apnea appears to be the result of the fetus central nervous system depressive state."	4.76	[Functional origin of the respiratory system in ontogeny. II. The biological importance of the act of birth and the start of extrauterine respiration]. ( Eksler, ND; Pelevinov, VA; Safonov, VA, 1984)
" These factors (immaturity, hyperoxia, hypoxia, blood transfusions, intraventricular hemorrhage, apnea, infection, hypercarbia, hypocarbia, patent ductus arteriosus, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, vitamin E deficiency, lactic acidosis, prenatal complications, genetic factors) may all be present in an infant."	4.76	A reexamination of the role of oxygen in retrolental fibroplasia. ( Dangman, B; Lucey, JF, 1984)
"To report the prevalence of adverse events in children undergoing apnea testing as part of the determination of death by neurologic criteria (DNC)."	4.31	Adverse Events During Apnea Testing for the Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria: A Single-Center, Retrospective Pediatric Cohort. ( Antommaria, AHM; Gilene, SJ; Stalets, EL; Sveen, WN, 2023)
" We retrospectively analyzed MSNA data from 9 young males and 7 young females tested during the EF and ML phases at rest and during a voluntary end-inspiratory hypercapnic-hypoxic apnea."	4.31	The effects of sex and menstrual cycle phase on sympathetic action potential recruitment patterns during hypercapnic-hypoxic apnea. ( Coovadia, Y; Shoemaker, JK; Usselman, CW, 2023)
"The pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxic apnea is mediated largely by increased sympathetic outflow."	4.31	Effect of acute heat exposure on the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea. ( Cope, HL; Cunningham, RL; Hemingway, HW; Moore, AM; Olivencia-Yurvati, AH; Richey, RE; Romero, SA; Saul, BM; Shokraeifard, AM; Smith, ML, 2023)
" At both 32 weeks and 36 weeks PMA, greater proportions of all IH episodes and severe IH episodes were associated with active exhalation and breath holding than with apnea, reduced RR, or reduced VT."	4.31	Etiology and Mechanism of Intermittent Hypoxemia Episodes in Spontaneously Breathing Extremely Premature Infants. ( Aguilar, AC; Bancalari, E; Claure, N; Dormishian, A; Jimenez, V; Schott, A; Tolosa, J, 2023)
"In late-preterm infants, caffeine has a clear short-term respiratory stimulant effect, and it increases the arousal frequency to hypoxia."	4.12	Caffeine is a respiratory stimulant without effect on sleep in the short-term in late-preterm infants. ( Andersson, S; Kirjavainen, T; Seppä-Moilanen, M, 2022)
"Prolonged apnea is characterized by hypoxia/hypercapnia."	4.12	Changes in hormones after apneic hypoxia/hypercapnia - An investigation in voluntary apnea divers. ( Dolscheid-Pommerich, RC; Eichhorn, L; Fimmers, R; Stoffel-Wagner, B, 2022)
"Voluntary asphyxia imposed by static apnea challenges blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in humans through transient extremes of hypertension, hypoxemia and hypercapnia."	4.12	Hypoxemia increases blood-brain barrier permeability during extreme apnea in humans. ( Ainslie, PN; Bailey, DM; Bain, AR; Barak, OF; Drvis, I; Dujic, Z; Hirtz, C; Hoiland, RL; Janigro, D; Lehmann, S; MacLeod, DB; Marchi, N, 2022)
"Patients with hypoxia had significantly more apneas detected using capnography than other patients."	4.12	Efficacy of capnographic and bispectral index monitoring on trans-oral therapeutic endoscopy: A prospective observational study. ( Hayashi, Y; Hosoe, N; Kanai, T; Kato, M; Kinoshita, S; Limpias Kamiya, KJL; Nakayama, A; Ogata, H; Sakurai, H; Sujino, T; Takabayashi, K; Tojo, A; Yahagi, N, 2022)
"Modern human patient simulators (HPSs) could be used for researching critical scenarios such as apnea oxygenation."	4.12	Use of a human patient simulator for apnea studies: a preliminary in vitro trial. ( Bhardwaj, BB; Dhar, M; Hemanthkumar, K; Rao, S; Talawar, P; Tripathy, DK, 2022)
"The diving reflex is an oxygen-saving mechanism which is accompanied by apnea, reflex bradycardia development, peripheral vasoconstriction, spleen erythrocyte release, and selective redistribution of blood flow to the organs most vulnerable to lack of oxygen, such as the brain, heart, and lungs."	4.12	Vascular Reactions of the Diving Reflex in Men and Women Carrying Different ADRA1A Genotypes. ( Baranova, T; Berlov, D; Danilova, M; Glotov, A; Glotov, O; Podyacheva, E; Zemlyanukhina, T, 2022)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of ictal apnea (IA) and related hypoxemia during seizures."	4.12	Ictal apnea: A prospective monocentric study in patients with epilepsy. ( Ballerini, A; Cioclu, MC; Giovannini, G; Giunta, L; Meletti, S; Micalizzi, E; Talami, F; Turchi, G; Vaudano, AE, 2022)
"Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) has been used as a model to mimic nocturnal apnea, which is associated with hypertension."	4.12	Expression of p11 and TASK1 Channels in Rat Carotid Body Glomus Cells Subjected to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia. ( Harada, K; Inoue, M; Matsuoka, H; Okada, Y; Pokorski, M; Takeda, K, 2022)
" To test our hypothesis, we used a Masimo multiwavelength pulse oximeter to compare ORI and Spo2 warning times during apnea in high-risk surgical patients undergoing cardiac surgery."	4.02	Oxygen Reserve Index: Utility as an Early Warning for Desaturation in High-Risk Surgical Patients. ( Applegate, RL; Fleming, NW; Lee, L; Singh, A, 2021)
" At PD9, breathing frequencies, tidal volumes and apneas were examined in pups pre-exposed to vehicle or ethanol (2."	4.02	Early ethanol pre-exposure alters breathing patterns by disruptions in the central respiratory network and serotonergic balance in neonate rats. ( Abate, P; Anastasia, A; Anunziata, F; Macchione, AF; Molina, JC; Sahonero, M; Trujillo, V, 2021)
" To test the hypothesis that retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) is necessary for iMF, RAR subtype-specific inhibitors were delivered intrathecally above the phrenic motor pool in urethane-anesthetized, ventilated rats before 5, ∼1 min central apneas (without hypoxia; separated by 5 min) while monitoring phrenic inspiratory output."	4.02	Retinoic acid receptor alpha activation is necessary and sufficient for plasticity induced by recurrent central apnea. ( Agbeh, AE; Baker, TL; Braegelmann, KM; Fields, DP; Meza, A, 2021)
"The presence of bradycardic arrhythmias during volitional apnea at altitude may be caused by chemoreflex activation/sensitization."	4.02	Short-term hypoxia does not promote arrhythmia during voluntary apnea. ( Berthelsen, LF; Bourgoin, C; Busch, SA; Roberts, R; Smorschok, MP; Steele, AR; Steinback, CD; van Diepen, S, 2021)
"To study the safety and feasibility of implementation of precise radiotherapy with inducement of an apnea-like condition."	4.02	Anesthetic management of precise radiotherapy under apnea-like condition. ( Chen, D; Guo, H; Ma, J; Ma, Y; Qi, Y; Xie, W; Zhang, S; Zhao, B, 2021)
"A frequent challenge in Neonatology is the high frequency of spontaneously occurring hypoxemic events, a majority of which are associated with apnea or hypoventilation."	4.02	Are we over-treating hypoxic spells in preterm infants? ( Conlon, S; Di Fiore, JM; Martin, RJ, 2021)
"Immediately preceding sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), patients experienced a final generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), rapid ventilation, apnea, bradycardia, terminal apnea, and asystole."	3.96	Progressive cardiorespiratory dysfunction in Kv1.1 knockout mice may provide temporal biomarkers of pending sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): The contribution of orexin. ( Abel, PW; Aggarwal, A; Hallgren, J; Iyer, SH; Simeone, KA; Simeone, TA; Warren, TJ, 2020)
" The most common failure criteria were saturation <90%, bradycardia <80 beats per minute, and apnea >20 seconds."	3.96	Variation in Car Seat Tolerance Screen Performance in Newborn Nurseries. ( Davis, NL; Eichenwald, EC; Hoffman, BD, 2020)
"The apnea test, which involves disconnection from the mechanical ventilator, presents risks during the determination of brain death, especially in hypoxemic patients."	3.96	Use of CPAP as an alternative to the apnea test during the determination of brain death in hypoxemic patients. Report of two cases. ( Fernandes, V; Fonseca, JC; Silva, LRD; Valiatti, JLDS; Westphal, GA; Westphal, V, 2020)
"We studied the level of heat shock protein HSP70 under conditions of oxidative stress in 47 patients with apnea."	3.96	Heat Shock Protein HSP70 in Oxidative Stress in Apnea Patients. ( Kolesnikov, SI; Kolesnikova, LI; Kurashova, NA; Madaeva, IM; Semenova, NV; Ukhinov, EB, 2020)
" It appears that infants with apnea of prematurity and those receiving assisted ventilation are the most likely to benefit from caffeine."	3.96	When to start and stop caffeine and why respiratory status matters. ( Davis, PG, 2020)
"Sedation during elective fiberoptic intubation for difficult airway can cause respiratory depression, apnea and periods of desaturation."	3.96	Apneic laryngeal oxygenation during elective fiberoptic intubation - a technical simulation. ( Böttiger, BW; Dusse, F; Finke, SR; Herff, H; Schroeder, DC; Wetsch, WA, 2020)
"The aim was to investigate how the severity of apneas, hypopneas, and related desaturations is associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-related daytime sleepiness."	3.91	Severity of Desaturations Reflects OSA-Related Daytime Sleepiness Better Than AHI. ( Kainulainen, S; Korkalainen, H; Kulkas, A; Leppänen, T; Oksenberg, A; Sefa, S; Töyräs, J, 2019)
" Nearly 90% of premature infants experience chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) because of high incidence of apnea of prematurity, which is characterized by periodic stoppage of breathing."	3.91	Long-term facilitation of catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells of neonatal rats by chronic intermittent hypoxia. ( Fox, AP; Khan, SA; Makarenko, VV; Nanduri, J; Peng, YJ; Prabhakar, NR, 2019)
" Consistent with this idea, IRt inhibition blocked rhythmic motor and autonomic components of fictive swallow but not swallow-related apnea."	3.91	Neurons in the Intermediate Reticular Nucleus Coordinate Postinspiratory Activity, Swallowing, and Respiratory-Sympathetic Coupling in the Rat. ( Hildreth, CM; Kumar, NN; Le, S; McMullan, S; Phillips, JK; Sun, QJ; Toor, RUAS, 2019)
"Volitional Apnea produces a robust peak sympathetic response through several interacting mechanisms."	3.91	Mechanisms of sympathetic regulation during Apnea. ( Bruce, CD; Busch, SA; Davenport, MH; Day, TA; Pfoh, JR; Skow, RJ; Steinback, CD, 2019)
"This study investigated the sources of physiological stress in diving by comparing SCUBA dives (stressors: hydrostatic pressure, cold, and hyperoxia), apneic dives (hydrostatic pressure, cold, physical activity, hypoxia), and dry static apnea (hypoxia only)."	3.91	Physiological stress markers during breath-hold diving and SCUBA diving. ( Boussuges, A; Cautela, J; Coulange, M; Delacroix, R; Fitzpatrick, RC; Gabarre, A; Guieu, R; Joulia, FC; Lainé, N; Louge, P; Marlinge, M; Rostain, JC, 2019)
"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with sympathetic overactivity."	3.91	Effect of arousal on sympathetic overactivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. ( Kim, JB; Kim, JH; Seo, BS, 2019)
"The factors influencing the severity of apnea-related hypoxemia and bradycardia are incompletely characterized, especially in infants receiving noninvasive respiratory support."	3.91	Physiological instability after respiratory pauses in preterm infants. ( Ali, SK; Dargaville, PA; Gale, TJ; Lim, K; Marshall, AP, 2019)
"The possible relationship between lung cancer and nocturnal intermittent hypoxia, apnea and daytime sleepiness, especially the possible relationship between the occurrence and progression of lung cancer and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was explored."	3.91	Relationship between Occurrence and Progression of Lung Cancer and Nocturnal Intermittent Hypoxia, Apnea and Daytime Sleepiness. ( Fang, YY; Liu, K; Liu, W; Luo, M; Wei, S; Zhou, L, 2019)
" We hypothesized that these sounds would reduce apnea and intermittent hypoxemia, enhance parasympathetic outflow, and improve cardiovascular patterns."	3.88	A prospective observational cohort study of exposure to womb-like sounds to stabilize breathing and cardiovascular patterns in preterm neonates. ( Bhatt, RR; Harper, RM; Karp, HN; Kesavan, K; Parga, JJ; Sim, MS; Zeltzer, L, 2018)
"Increased breathing rate, apnea, and respiratory failure are associated with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)."	3.88	Respiratory dysfunction progresses with age in Kcna1-null mice, a model of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. ( Abel, PW; Aggarwal, A; Bockman, CS; Deodhar, M; Hallgren, J; Iyer, SH; Kansal, V; Matthews, SA; Netzel, L; Oldenburg, PJ; Simeone, KA; Simeone, TA, 2018)
"BACKGROUND The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the mean apnea-hypopnea duration (MAD) are used to measure the severity of the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)."	3.88	A Retrospective Study to Compare the Use of the Mean Apnea-Hypopnea Duration and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index with Blood Oxygenation and Sleep Patterns in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosed by Polysomnography. ( Fang, F; Pinto, JM; Wei, Y; Wu, C; Zhan, X, 2018)
" In patients with acromegaly and difficult intubation, the insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and apnea/hypoxia index were significantly higher compared to patients without difficult intubation (1115."	3.85	High levels of IGF-1 predict difficult intubation of patients with acromegaly. ( Guo, X; Pei, L; Tan, G; Xing, B; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2017)
"Apnea of prematurity (AOP) can affect even 85-100% of premature newborns and is related to lack of full maturity of organs."	3.85	[Apnea of prematurity - characteristic and treatment]. ( Dołęgowska, B; Goryniak, A; Śleboda, D; Szczęśniak, A, 2017)
" There is evidence that future SIDS cases experience more apnea and have abnormal arousal from sleep."	3.85	Active sleep unmasks apnea and delayed arousal in infant rat pups lacking central serotonin. ( Cummings, KJ; Geurts, A; Hodges, MR; Young, JO, 2017)
" However, apnea/hypopnea incidence was similarly increased in both MI-CHF and AV-CHF rats compared to control."	3.85	Carotid Body-Mediated Chemoreflex Drive in The Setting of low and High Output Heart Failure. ( Andrade, DC; Arce-Alvarez, A; Del Rio, R; Diaz, HS; Lucero, C; Marcus, NJ; Schultz, HD; Toledo, C, 2017)
" We tested whether apnea induces an elevation of catecholamine-concentrations in well-trained apneic divers."	3.85	Influence of Apnea-induced Hypoxia on Catecholamine Release and Cardiovascular Dynamics. ( Dolscheid-Pommerich, RC; Eichhorn, L; Ellerkmann, RE; Erdfelder, F; Hoffmann, U; Kessler, F; Meyer, R; Zur, B, 2017)
"Apnea testing is an essential step in the clinical diagnosis of brain death."	3.85	Prevention of Hypoxemia During Apnea Testing: A Comparison of Oxygen Insufflation And Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. ( Bader, R; Couillard, P; Dhillon, P; Doig, CJ; Kramer, AH; Kutsogiannis, DJ, 2017)
"We recently showed that in 12-day-old male rats exposed to caffeine for 10 consecutive days, progesterone inhibits the respiratory response to hypoxia and increases apnea frequency (Uppari et al."	3.85	Respiratory responses to progesterone and allopregnanolone following chronic caffeine treatment in newborn female rats. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Uppari, NP, 2017)
" Brain death testing with conventional apnea testing was attempted but aborted due to hypoxia."	3.83	The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination: An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia. ( Ahlawat, A; Carandang, R; Heard, SO; Muehlschlegel, S, 2016)
" However, neonatal A1R(-/-) mice appeared to have more frequently periods of apnea during hypoxia and in the post-hypoxic control period."	3.83	The in vivo respiratory phenotype of the adenosine A1 receptor knockout mouse. ( Buehler, P; Georgieff, M; Heitzmann, D; Schweda, F; Thomas, J; Warth, R, 2016)
" Rather than hyperventilating, mice lacking AMPK-α1 and AMPK-α2 exhibited hypoventilation and apnea during hypoxia, with the primary precipitant being loss of AMPK-α1 expression."	3.83	AMP-activated Protein Kinase Deficiency Blocks the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response and Thus Precipitates Hypoventilation and Apnea. ( Dutia, MB; Evans, AM; Foretz, M; Hartmann, S; Holmes, AP; Jansen, MA; Juričić, L; Kumar, P; Lewis, S; Mahmoud, AD; Marshall, I; Navarro-Dorado, J; Ogunbayo, OA; Puggioni, P; Udoh, UA; Viollet, B, 2016)
" Furthermore, NIRS appeared effective at detecting postoperative apnea."	3.83	Perioperative use of cerebral and renal near-infrared spectroscopy in neonates: a 24-h observational study. ( Hansen, TG; Koch, HW, 2016)
" In each stage, after 5 min of mechanical ventilation with 100% oxygen, apnea was induced until the time to < 70% oxygen saturation."	3.83	Impact of a β-blocker and/or acute hemodilution on cerebral oxygenation during apneic hypoxia. ( Kurita, T; Morita, K; Sato, S, 2016)
"To determine physiologic responses to apnea-induced severe hypoxemia in anesthetized horses."	3.83	Cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to apnea induced by atlanto-occipital intrathecal lidocaine injection in anesthetized horses. ( Aleman, M; Davis, E; Guedes, A; Tearney, C, 2016)
"28 subjects (gestational age 24-30 weeks, postnatal age <30 days) were recruited at 2 sites as part of an ongoing study of neonatal apnea and wireless EEG."	3.83	Wireless multichannel electroencephalography in the newborn. ( Abdel Baki, S; Aranda, JV; Bronshtein, V; Chari, G; Cracco, J; Ibrahim, ZH; Kim, MR; Weedon, J, 2016)
"In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases."	3.83	A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans. ( Böhnert, V; Eichhorn, L; Ellerkmann, RK; Erdfelder, F; Kessler, F; Meyer, R; Reckendorf, A, 2016)
" In this study, we examined whether an experimental model mimicking apnea-induced repetitive hypoxemia (intermittent hypoxia [IH]) activates orexin-containing neurons."	3.81	Intermittent but not sustained hypoxia activates orexin-containing neurons in mice. ( Futatsuki, T; Kakihana, Y; Kuroki, C; Kuwaki, T; Minami, T; Ushikai, J; Yamaguchi, K, 2015)
" Following apnea median cerebral rSO2 and SpO2 values decreased significantly from 71 to 54 and from 100 to 65%, respectively."	3.81	Evaluation of near-infrared spectroscopy under apnea-dependent hypoxia in humans. ( Doerner, J; Eichhorn, L; Ellerkmann, RK; Erdfelder, F; Kessler, F; Meyer, R; Thudium, MO, 2015)
" PNE produced apnea (lethal ventilatory arrest) identical to EMGdi silencing during hypoxia, indicating a central origin of this apneic response."	3.81	Prenatal nicotinic exposure augments cardiorespiratory responses to activation of bronchopulmonary C-fibers. ( Xu, F; Zang, N; Zhao, L; Zhuang, J, 2015)
" Our aim was to evaluate the kinetics of IMA serum levels during apnea."	3.81	Ischaemia-modified albumin during experimental apnoea. ( Barberon, B; Bruzzese, L; Costalat, G; Coulange, M; Desplantes, A; Franceschi, F; Guieu, R; Jammes, Y; Joulia, F; Kipson, N; Lemaitre, F, 2015)
"Experiments were carried out on 48, 5-6-day-old rat pups to investigate the influence of carotid denervation on their time to last gasp during a single period of hypoxia, and on their ability to autoresuscitate from primary apnea during repeated hypoxic challenge."	3.81	Carotid chemoreceptors do not mediate hypoxic-induced gasping and autoresuscitation in newborn rats. ( Fewell, JE; Lun, R; Zhang, C, 2015)
"5)/h), apnea hypoventilation index (AHI) ((5."	3.81	[Pilot study on the differences of young male's sleep structure and quality between indigenous Tibetans and longtime Han residents in high altitude area]. ( Ga, Q; Gao, L; Ge, R; Guan, W; Li, Y; Wuren, T, 2015)
" The results indicate that the extremely low oxygen content in the inhaled gas mixture to less than 6% lead to terminal sedation and apnea."	3.81	[ASSOCIATED RESPIRATORY AND HEMODYNAMICS RESPONSE TO ACUTE NORMOBARIC PROGRESSIVE HYPOXIA IN ANESTHETIZED RATS]. ( Aleksandrova, NP; Baranova, EV; Donina, ZhA, 2015)
" RIAC is defined as central apnea that occurred immediately after crying with a decrease in SpO(2) to <60%, followed by repeated irregular respiration and apnea as the respiration gradually recovered."	3.80	Polygraphic findings of 47 cases with respiratory inhibition after crying. ( Ebisu, R; Ikeda, Y; Mima, A; Minowa, H; Ohgitani, A; Yasuhara, H, 2014)
"A 42-year-old man with a subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by anoxic brain injury, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) presented a clinical conundrum for safe apnea testing in brain death determination due to profound hypoxemia."	3.80	Apnea testing for brain death in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a possible solution. ( Hocker, S; Whalen, F; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
" After ensuring adequate level of anesthesia and analgesia, and confirming proper positioning of the 18G cannula, apnea was induced by the administration of myorelaxant and the SpO2 was allowed to drop to 75% before initiating rescue ventilation via either the OFM or jet ventilator."	3.80	Time to adequate oxygenation following ventilation using the Enk oxygen flow modulator versus a jet ventilator via needle cricothyrotomy in rabbits. ( Irwin, MG; To, J; Wong, CF; Wong, GT; Yuen, VM, 2014)
" Augmented HVR contributes to central apneas seen in heart failure and complex sleep apnea."	3.80	Effect of endothelin antagonism on apnea frequency following chronic intermittent hypoxia. ( Donovan, LM; Liu, Y; Weiss, JW, 2014)
"We performed a detailed chart review of consecutive brain dead patients who underwent an apnea test from 2008 to 2012."	3.80	Completing the apnea test: decline in complications. ( Couillard, P; Datar, S; Fugate, J; Rabinstein, A; Wijdicks, EF, 2014)
"Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is an animal model of apnea-induced hypoxia, a common stressor in the premature neonate."	3.80	Programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by neonatal intermittent hypoxia: effects on adult male ACTH and corticosterone responses are stress specific. ( Bruder, ED; Chintamaneni, K; Raff, H, 2014)
" PRKO mice exhibited similar levels of minute ventilation during non-REM and REM sleep, and higher frequencies of sighs and post-sigh apneas during non-REM sleep compared to WT."	3.80	The nuclear progesterone receptor reduces post-sigh apneas during sleep and increases the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in adult female mice. ( Boukari, R; Joseph, V; Laouafa, S; Lavoie, R; Marcouiller, F, 2014)
" Continuous tube feeding resulted in a significant increase of apneas and apneas-related hypoxic episodes compared with bolus feeding."	3.80	Cardiorespiratory events with bolus versus continuous enteral feeding in healthy preterm infants. ( Aceti, A; Capretti, MG; Corvaglia, L; Faldella, G; Galletti, S; Martini, S, 2014)
"To detect the plasma estrogen level and estrogen receptors expression in palatine tonsils of male patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom (OSAHS)."	3.80	[Plasma estrogen level and estrogen receptors expression in palatine tonsils in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome]. ( Liu, J; Liu, X; Wang, G; Yang, X; Zhang, L, 2014)
" Cardiorespiratory symptoms such as apnea, oxygen desaturation and bradycardia may be related to GER."	3.79	Software for symptom association analysis in pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease. ( Barriga-Rivera, A; Elena, M; Lopez-Alonso, M; Moya, MJ, 2013)
" Ictal central apnea was more prevalent in patients with younger age (p = 0."	3.79	Cardiopulmonary complications during pediatric seizures: a prelude to understanding SUDEP. ( Gregas, M; Katz, ES; Kothare, SV; Llewellyn, N; Loddenkemper, T; Manganaro, S; Pavlova, M; Singh, K; Zarowski, M, 2013)
" MSNA recordings were obtained through microneurography in LH and HH at baseline, during rebreathing causing progressive hypoxia and hypercapnia, and during a hypercapnic-hypoxic end-inspiratory apnea."	3.79	Hormone phase dependency of neural responses to chemoreflex-driven sympathoexcitation in young women using hormonal contraceptives. ( Gimon, TI; Luchyshyn, TA; Nielson, CA; Shoemaker, JK; Usselman, CW; Van Uum, SH, 2013)
") on normoxic ventilation, hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR: FiO(2)=12% over 20 min), metabolism, and apnea frequency in rats on postnatal (P) days P1, P4, P7, and P12."	3.79	Effect of progesterone on respiratory response to moderate hypoxia and apnea frequency in developing rats. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Lumbroso, D, 2013)
"Recurrent apneas are important causes of hospitalization and morbidity in newborns."	3.79	Gestational stress promotes pathological apneas and sex-specific disruption of respiratory control development in newborn rat. ( Bairam, A; Caravagna, C; Fournier, S; Gulemetova, R; Julien, C; Kinkead, R; Soliz, J; Steele, S, 2013)
"We have examined influence of hypocapnia, mild hypercapnia and hypoxia on the durations of fictive apnea and respiratory disruption elicited by injection of 0."	3.79	Laryngeal reflex apnea in neonates: effects of CO2 and the complex influence of hypoxia. ( Bartlett, D; Leiter, JC; Xia, L, 2013)
"2%) infants had intraoperative complications, which included apnea (2/1."	3.78	Risk factors for spinal anesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal hernia repair. ( Arnon, S; Erez, I; Freud, E; Shenkman, Z, 2012)
" Current management of ethanol-barbiturate-induced apnea is limited to ventilatory and circulatory support coupled with drug elimination."	3.78	Respiratory depression in rats induced by alcohol and barbiturate and rescue by ampakine CX717. ( Ding, X; Greer, JJ; Ren, J, 2012)
" We hypothesize that respiratory recovery following OP-induced central apnea represents a resumption of eupnea and is supported by oxygenation."	3.78	Respiratory recovery following organophosphate poisoning in a rat model is suppressed by isolated hypoxia at the point of apnea. ( Gaspari, RJ; Paydarfar, D, 2012)
"Apnea associated with infection and inflammation is a major medical concern in preterm infants."	3.78	mPGES-1 and prostaglandin E2: vital role in inflammation, hypoxic response, and survival. ( Herlenius, E; Jakobsson, PJ; Olsson Hofstetter, A; Siljehav, V, 2012)
"Obstructive sleep apnea, manifested by intermittent hypoxia and excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in airways, is associated with hyperreactive airway diseases, but the mechanism remains unclear."	3.78	Hypersensitivity of lung vagal C fibers induced by acute intermittent hypoxia in rats: role of reactive oxygen species and TRPA1. ( Lai, CJ; Luo, YL; Ruan, T; Shen, MY; Yang, CH, 2012)
" BRS model cells can support quiescent, bursting, or beating activity depending on the level of excitatory drive; we identify these activity modes with apnea (cessation of breathing), eupnea (normal breathing), and tachypnea (excessively rapid breathing)."	3.78	Spontaneous autoresuscitation in a model of respiratory control. ( Diekman, CO; Thomas, PJ; Wilson, CG, 2012)
"A neonatal mouse model of intermittent hypoxia (IH) simulating the recurring hypoxia/reoxygenation episodes of apnea of prematurity (AOP) was developed."	3.77	A neonatal mouse model of intermittent hypoxia associated with features of apnea in premature infants. ( Cai, J; Gozal, D; Tuong, CM, 2011)
"The desaturation response time of SpO(2) to 95% after apnea was 82."	3.76	Comparison of desaturation and resaturation response times between transmission and reflectance pulse oximeters. ( Ahn, HJ; Choi, SJ; Kang, JG; Kang, JY; Kim, CS; Kim, JA; Kim, JK; Sim, WS; Yang, MK, 2010)
"Apnea divers are exposed to repeated massive arterial oxygen desaturation, which could perturb chemoreflexes."	3.76	Peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and sympathetic nerve activity are normal in apnea divers during training season. ( Banic, I; Breskovic, T; Dujic, Z; Ivancev, V; Jordan, J, 2010)
" Then, lumbar sympathetic activity was recorded under anesthesia during 20-s apneas, isocapnic hypoxia, and potassium cyanide."	3.76	Chronic intermittent hypoxia augments chemoreflex control of sympathetic activity: role of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. ( Bird, CE; Li, YL; Marcus, NJ; Morgan, BJ; Schultz, HD, 2010)
" in Neurology 71(16):1240, 2008), apnea test safety during brain death determination was evaluated at a single tertiary care center."	3.76	Predictors of apnea test failure during brain death determination. ( Mandrekar, J; Rabinstein, AA; Wijdicks, EF; Yee, AH, 2010)
"The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic function of caffeine on apneas in preterm neonates are not well determined."	3.76	Caffeine reduces apnea frequency and enhances ventilatory long-term facilitation in rat pups raised in chronic intermittent hypoxia. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Julien, CA, 2010)
"Brief recurrent apneas in preterm infants and adults can precipitate rapid and severe arterial O(2) desaturation for reasons that remain unclear."	3.76	Mechanism underlying accelerated arterial oxygen desaturation during recurrent apnea. ( Berger, PJ; Davidson, MR; Edwards, BA; Kelly, VJ; Sands, SA; Skuza, EM; Wilkinson, MH, 2010)
" We show that repeated obstructive apneas disrupt vagal feedback and trigger LTF of hypoglossal motoneuron activity and genioglossus muscle tone."	3.76	Identification of a novel form of noradrenergic-dependent respiratory motor plasticity triggered by vagal feedback. ( Duffin, J; Peever, J; Tadjalli, A, 2010)
"To assess the utility of Mallampati class, a simple grade of oropharyngeal appearance used to assess difficulty of intubation, to predict severe obstructive sleep apnea and absence of OSA (rule in severe OSA and rule out OSA)."	3.76	Mallampati class is not useful in the clinical assessment of sleep clinic patients. ( Hukins, C, 2010)
"To explore the clinical significance and relationship between apnea and subsequent hypoxemia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in a waking state."	3.76	[Significance and relationship between apnea and subsequent hypoxemia of OSAHS patients in a waking state]. ( Jin, X; Zhao, H, 2010)
" Hypoxemia episodes were induced by apnea alone or by apnea combined with a reduction in LV and C(RS)."	3.75	Targeted minute ventilation and tidal volume in an animal model of acute changes in lung mechanics and episodes of hypoxemia. ( Bancalari, E; Claure, N; D'Ugard, C; Hehre, D; Peng, J; Suguihara, C, 2009)
"Increased hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), attributable to spleen contraction, raise blood gas storage capacity during apnea, but the mechanisms that trigger this response have not been clarified."	3.75	Hypoxia augments apnea-induced increase in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. ( de Bruijn, R; Richardson, MX; Schagatay, E, 2009)
"Caffeine is a common treatment for apnea of prematurity."	3.75	Enhancement of the breathing frequency response to hypoxia by neonatal caffeine treatment in adult male rats: the role of testosterone. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Kinkead, R; Lajeunesse, Y; Montandon, G, 2009)
"Autoresuscitation is a critical survival-promoting mechanism in mammals that allows recovery from primary apnea via hypoxia-induced gasping."	3.75	Autoresuscitation responses to hypoxia-induced apnea are delayed in newborn 5-HT-deficient Pet-1 homozygous mice. ( Erickson, JT; Sposato, BC, 2009)
" We then used a novel method that would allow accurate assessment of the ventilatory and heart rate responses to near square-wave challenges of hypoxia (10% O2), hypercapnia (5 and 8% CO2 in normoxia and hyperoxia), and asphyxia (8% CO2-10% O2), and to the induction of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (HBR), a potent, apnea-inducing reflex in newborns."	3.75	Severe spontaneous bradycardia associated with respiratory disruptions in rat pups with fewer brain stem 5-HT neurons. ( Commons, KG; Cummings, KJ; Fan, KC; Li, A; Nattie, EE, 2009)
" Our findings suggest that nonlinear properties of the immature respiratory control system can be harnessed using afferent stimuli to stabilize eupneic breathing, thereby potentially reducing the incidence of apnea and hypoxia."	3.75	Stabilizing immature breathing patterns of preterm infants using stochastic mechanosensory stimulation. ( Bednarek, F; Bloch-Salisbury, E; Indic, P; Paydarfar, D, 2009)
" These changes may represent the first tangible expression of a defense reaction, which overrides the classic diving reflex, aiming to reduce the hypoxic damage and to break the apnea before the loss of consciousness."	3.75	Cardiovascular changes during maximal breath-holding in elite divers. ( Barletta, G; Calandra-Buonaura, G; Cialoni, D; Cortelli, P; Guaraldi, P; Pierangeli, G; Serra, M; Terlizzi, R, 2009)
" After apnea training, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second was higher (4."	3.75	Apnea training effects on swimming coordination. ( Chollet, D; Juge, J; Lemaître, F; Polin, D; Seifert, L; Tourny-Chollet, C, 2009)
" We now report on the temporal relationship between ictal apnea and seizure onset and spread in patients undergoing video-EEG (electroencephalography) telemetry (VET) with intracranial electrodes."	3.75	Ictal apnea linked to contralateral spread of temporal lobe seizures: Intracranial EEG recordings in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. ( Bateman, LM; Seyal, M, 2009)
" In the present study, the cardiorespiratory responses to dynamic apnea (simultaneously initiated apneas and dynamic leg exercise) were investigated in 10 breath-hold divers."	3.75	Arterial oxygen saturation and diving response during dynamic apneas in breath-hold divers. ( Andersson, JP; Evaggelidis, L, 2009)
" Number of apnea episodes, weight at 28 days of life and days of hospital stay were similar in both periods."	3.74	A very strict guideline reduces the number of erythrocyte transfusions in preterm infants. ( Barros, MM; Bordin, JO; Chiba, A; da Cunha, DH; dos Santos, AM; Guinsburg, R; Kopelman, BI; Mimica, AF, 2008)
"To investigate the effects of maximal static apnea on plasma antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzyme activities in trained free divers."	3.74	Effects of maximal static apnea on antioxidant defenses in trained free divers. ( Bulmer, AC; Coombes, JS; Sharman, JE; Stewart, IB, 2008)
"An apnea test is essential in the clinical determination of brain death."	3.74	Complications associated with the apnea test in the determination of the brain death. ( Fang, Q; Li, L; Luo, BY; Qiu, YQ; Wu, XL, 2008)
"We tested the hypothesis that postnatal exposure to progesterone or estradiol exerts distinct effects on respiratory control, apnea frequency, and on hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR)."	3.74	Contrasting effects of estradiol and progesterone on respiratory pattern and hypoxic ventilatory response in newborn male rats. ( Doan, VD; Joseph, V; Lefter, R, 2008)
"05) and gave rise, following post-hyperventilation apnea, to an increased incidence of PB (14% vs."	3.74	Increased peripheral chemosensitivity via dopaminergic manipulation promotes respiratory instability in lambs. ( Berger, PJ; Brodecky, V; Edwards, BA; Sands, SA; Skuza, EM; Stockx, EM; Wilkinson, MH, 2008)
" Systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, degree of dyspnea, blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate were measured immediately before and at 10-15 min intervals after challenge until terminal apnea occurred or until euthanasia at 140 min after challenge."	3.74	Acute death in heartworm-infected cats: unraveling the puzzle. ( Atkins, C; Atwell, R; Litster, A, 2008)
"We hypothesized that progesterone may enhance the hypoxic ventilatory response and reduce the occurrence of apneas in newborn male rats."	3.74	Progesterone increases hypoxic ventilatory response and reduces apneas in newborn rats. ( Joseph, V; Lefter, R; Morency, CE, 2007)
" In 20 healthy male individuals with no sleep-related disorders, continuous recordings of blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery, arterial blood pressure, VE, end-tidal gases, and frontal cortical oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy were monitored during hypercapnia (inspired CO(2), 5%), hypoxia [arterial O(2) saturation (Sa(O(2))) approximately 84%], and during a 20-s breath hold to investigate the related responses to hypercapnia, hypoxia, and apnea, respectively."	3.74	Morning attenuation in cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in healthy humans is associated with a lowered cerebral oxygenation and an augmented ventilatory response to CO2. ( Ainslie, PN; Cummings, KJ; Swart, M, 2007)
"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is common in children with Down syndrome (DS)."	3.74	OSAS in Down syndrome: T&A versus T&A plus lateral pharyngoplasty. ( Merrell, JA; Shott, SR, 2007)
"It is common for apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) to be used as an outcome variable in ordinary least squares linear regression."	3.74	Apnea-hypopnea index as the outcome variable in multiple linear regression analysis: statistical issues. ( Chan, CH; Ng, DK, 2007)
"The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hypercapnia and hypoxia on apnea and nonnutritive swallowing (NNS) frequency, as well as on the coordination between NNS and phases of the respiratory cycle in newborn lambs, while taking into account the potential effects of states of alertness."	3.74	Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on nonnutritive swallowing in newborn lambs. ( Bournival, V; Duvareille, C; Lafrance, M; Langlois, C; Micheau, P; Pladys, P; Praud, JP; Samson, N; St-Hilaire, M, 2007)
" Failure of the test was defined as the occurrence of apnea, bradycardia, or oxygen desaturation."	3.74	Pre-hospital discharge car safety seat testing in infants following congenital heart surgery. ( Kanter, KR; Kirshbom, PM; Kogon, BE; Masterson, K; Simsic, JM, 2008)
"Repeated hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea patients increases sympathetic activity, thereby promoting arterial hypertension."	3.74	Central chemoreflex sensitivity and sympathetic neural outflow in elite breath-hold divers. ( Bakovic, D; Diedrich, A; Dujic, Z; Dzamonja, G; Heusser, K; Ivancev, V; Jordan, J; Joyner, MJ; Obad, A; Palada, I; Tank, J; Valic, Z, 2008)
" We have previously observed high hemoglobin concentrations in elite breath-hold divers and our aim was to investigate whether apnea-induced hypoxia could increase EPO concentration."	3.74	Increased erythropoietin concentration after repeated apneas in humans. ( de Bruijn, R; Richardson, M; Schagatay, E, 2008)
" Respiratory responses to hypoxic exposure consisted of stimulation of phrenic and hypoglossal activity and a subsequent decline of the activity up to apnea."	3.74	Electroencephalographic and respiratory activities during acute intermittent hypoxia in anesthetized rats. ( Budzinska, K; Ilasz, R, 2007)
"Ventilatory long-term facilitation (LTF; defined as gradual increase of minute ventilation following repeated hypoxic exposures) is well described in adult mammals and is hypothesized to be a protective mechanism against apnea."	3.74	Chronic intermittent hypoxia reduces ventilatory long-term facilitation and enhances apnea frequency in newborn rats. ( Bairam, A; Joseph, V; Julien, C, 2008)
"This study indicates that baroreflex stimulation and hypoxia may be involved in the bi-phasic HR response of BHDs and thus in their longer apnea duration."	3.74	Static apnea effect on heart rate and its variability in elite breath-hold divers. ( Buchheit, M; Fontanari, P; Joulia, F; Lemaître, F; Tourny-Chollet, C, 2008)
" The classic MIOP features, such as frontal bossing, micrognathia, and small thorax, may place these children at risk for developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic hypoxemia."	3.74	Airway evaluation and management in 7 children with malignant infantile osteopetrosis before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. ( Donepudi, S; Horwitz, EM; Kasow, KA; Kaste, SC; Schoumacher, RA; Stocks, RM; Tottenham, D, 2008)
"Although apnea is common in premature babies, there is a paucity of information concerning the pathophysiologic basis of these episodes and their relationship to other perinatal conditions such as hyperbilirubinemia."	3.74	Hyperbilirubinemia diminishes respiratory drive in a rat pup model. ( Haxhiu, MA; Iben, SC; Martin, RJ; Mayer, CA; Mesner, O; Miller, MJ; Prabha, KC, 2008)
"Experiments were carried out to determine whether prior exposure to hypoxic-induced apnea impairs protective responses of newborn rats."	3.73	Prior exposure to hypoxic-induced apnea impairs protective responses of newborn rats in an exposure-dependent fashion: influence of normoxic recovery time. ( Fewell, JE; Ng, VK; Zhang, C, 2005)
" The hypothesis was that water stimulation of the larynx in piglets, leading to death by prolonged apnea, would produce postmortem findings similar to those found in SIDS victims."	3.73	Fatal apnea in piglets by way of laryngeal chemoreflex: postmortem findings as anatomic correlates of sudden infant death syndrome in the human infant. ( Adams, J; Richardson, MA, 2005)
"Sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure are frequently elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)."	3.73	Effects of intermittent hypoxia on sympathetic activity and blood pressure in humans. ( Brubaker, D; Gray, KS; Hogeman, CS; Imadojemu, VA; Leuenberger, UA; Quraishi, S; Quraishi, SA, 2005)
" The latter is of clinical interest, because this may relate to the finding of cot death victims who died as a result of upper airway obstruction but without apparent apnea or rebreathing."	3.73	Dynamic changes in glottal resistance during exposure to severe hypoxia in neonatal rats in situ. ( Dutschmann, M; Paton, JF, 2005)
" The severity of the LCR-induced response is associated with changes in arterial PaO2 and hydrogenated hemoglobin saturation during the LCR-induced apnea."	3.73	Determinants of fatal apnea responses to acid stimulation of the larynx in piglets. ( Heman-Ackah, YD, 2005)
"Sleep apnea is one of the most deleterious disorders in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy because it can induce hypoxemia of brain."	3.73	Neurocognitive abilities in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. ( Kowalska, B; Kurnatowski, P; Lapienis, M; Putyński, L, 2006)
"This article examines the neurocognitive sequelae of repeated exposure to hypoxemia in apnea (breath-hold) divers."	3.73	Apnea diving: long-term neurocognitive sequelae of repeated hypoxemia. ( McFarland, K; Ridgway, L, 2006)
"Long-term hypoxia results in hemodynamic breakdown in patients in the intensive care unit; however, intermittent hypoxia causes hypertension in individuals with sleep apnea."	3.73	Time course of cardiovascular neural regulation during programmed 20-sec apnea in rats. ( Kuo, TB; Lai, CJ; Sun, TB; Yang, CC, 2006)
" Study variables were number and reasons for canceled or incomplete procedures, rates of referral for general anesthesia, rates of hypoxia, prolonged sedation, need for assisted ventilation, apnea, emesis, and paradoxical reaction to medication."	3.73	Evaluation of a pediatric-sedation service for common diagnostic procedures. ( DeGuzman, MA; Khan, NS; King, WK; Simon, HK; Stockwell, JA, 2006)
" To examine the effects of severe hypoxic stress on the respiratory cycle, we exposed the strain with the highest or lowest hypoxic ventilatory response to 6% O(2) in N(2) until the onset of apnea."	3.73	Mice with blunted hypoxic ventilatory response are susceptible to respiratory disturbance during hypoxia. ( Adachi, T; Hida, W; Kikuchi, Y; Kitamuro, T; Ogawa, H; Okabe, S; Shibahara, S; Shirato, K, 2006)
"There were 20 male subjects who performed submaximal apnea dynamic diving (ADD)."	3.73	Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity as a potential indicator of hypoxic stress in breath-hold diving. ( Favier, A; Margaritis, I; Richard, MJ; Richer, C; Rousseau, AS, 2006)
"Adverse cardiorespiratory events including apnea, bradycardia, and desaturations have been described following administration of the first diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzae type B (DTP-IPV-Hib) immunization to preterm infants."	3.73	Frequency of apnea, bradycardia, and desaturations following first diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzae type B immunization in hospitalized preterm infants. ( Lee, J; Robinson, JL; Spady, DW, 2006)
" Experiments were performed on nine unanesthetized, chemo- and barodenervated, decerebrate adult rats, in which asphyxia elicited hyperpnea, followed by apnea and gasping."	3.73	Selective loss of high-frequency oscillations in phrenic and hypoglossal activity in the decerebrate rat during gasping. ( Marchenko, V; Rogers, RF, 2006)
" In resting healthy volunteers, the effects of inhalation of hypoxic gas, apnea, and total forearm ischemia produced by cuff inflation were studied on separate days."	3.73	Effects of hypoxia on muscle response to tendon vibration in humans. ( Delliaux, S; Jammes, Y, 2006)
"Inspiratory central drive is augmented by acute hypoxia that leads to a hyperventilation, but it is inhibited by capsaicin (Cap)-induced stimulation of pulmonary C fibers (PCFs) that produces an expiratory apnea."	3.72	Acute hypoxia prolongs the apnea induced by right atrial injection of capsaicin. ( Gu, QH; Lee, LY; Xu, F; Zhou, T, 2003)
"The present study analyzed changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) during apnea associated with hypoxia compared to apnea without hypoxia."	3.72	Apnea associated with hypoxia in preterm infants: impact on cerebral blood volume. ( Müller, W; Pauger, M; Payer, C; Urlesberger, B, 2003)
" In this statement, the most recent research information concerning extreme limits for a prolonged course of apnea of prematurity is reviewed."	3.72	Apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, and home monitoring. ( , 2003)
" B6 mice continued to exhibit posthypoxic PB; however, the PB was characterized by longer cycle and apnea length."	3.72	7-nitroindazole and posthypoxic ventilatory behavior in the A/J and C57BL/6J mouse strains. ( Dick, TE; Han, F; Price, ER; Strohl, KP, 2003)
"Although reliable recognition of hypoxemia, apnea, bradycardia and tachycardia is absolutely necessary for home monitoring, many commercially available home monitors have not been sufficiently tested for their sensitivity."	3.72	[Reliability of home monitoring with event-recording compared with polysomnography in infants]. ( de Nardi, S; Erler, T; Gruntzke, A; Paditz, E, 2003)
" All infants were at home under surveillance with a cardiorespiratory monitor and followed in an apnea clinic with monthly appointments."	3.72	Fetal hemoglobin synthesis determined by gamma-mRNA/gamma-mRNA + beta-mRNA quantitation in infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome being monitored at home for apnea. ( Bard, H; Côté, A; Gagnon, C; Infante-Rivard, C; Praud, JP, 2003)
"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with transient elevation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during apneic events, which often produces elevated daytime MSNA in OSA patients."	3.72	Hypoxia-mediated prolonged elevation of sympathetic nerve activity after periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea. ( Cutler, MJ; Keller, DM; Smith, ML; Swift, NM; Wasmund, WL, 2004)
"Correlate the ventilatory response of preterm infants to hypoxic exposure with incidence of neonatal apnea."	3.72	Relationship of the ventilatory response to hypoxia with neonatal apnea in preterm infants. ( Arko, MK; Difiore, JM; Martin, RJ; Nock, ML, 2004)
" We tested the hypothesis that a combination of acute hypoxia and elevated body temperature (T(B)) might prevent autoresuscitation from hypoxic apnea (AR)."	3.72	Inhibitory effects of hyperthermia on mechanisms involved in autoresuscitation from hypoxic apnea in mice: a model for thermal stress causing SIDS. ( Kahraman, L; Thach, BT, 2004)
" This undershoot may lead to apnea and to a transient destabilization of the control system if the peripheral chemoreflex gain and time delay are twofold greater than basal."	3.71	An integrated model of the human ventilatory control system: the response to hypoxia. ( Avanzolini, G; Magosso, E; Ursino, M, 2001)
" On postnatal days 1--2, 5--6 and 10--11, the pups were exposed either to a single period of hypoxia produced by breathing an anoxic gas mixture (97% N(2) and 3% CO(2)) and their time to last gasp determined, or they were exposed repeatedly to hypoxia and their ability to autoresuscitate from primary apnea determined."	3.71	Prenatal exposure to nicotine impairs protective responses of rat pups to hypoxia in an age-dependent manner. ( Fewell, JE; Ng, VK; Smith, FG, 2001)
" At all ages, hypoxic decline was ascribable mainly to a VT decrease, and posthypoxic decline was ascribable to a T(TOT) increase with apneas, suggesting different underlying neuronal mechanisms."	3.71	Maturation of baseline breathing and of hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory responses in newborn mice. ( Autret, F; Dauger, S; Gallego, J; Gaultier, C; Renolleau, S; Vardon, G, 2001)
" However, during apnea, the deoxymyoglobin proximal histidyl N(delta)H signal becomes visible, reflecting a declining tissue PO2."	3.71	Detection of myoglobin desaturation in Mirounga angustirostris during apnea. ( Hurd, R; Jue, T; Knower, T; Kreutzer, U; Ponganis, PJ; Sailasuta, N, 2002)
"We examined the effects of in utero nicotine exposure on postnatal development of breathing pattern and ventilatory responses to hypoxia (7."	3.71	Prenatal nicotine exposure increases apnoea and reduces nicotinic potentiation of hypoglossal inspiratory output in mice. ( Adams, BM; Clarke, LL; Funk, GD; Kwok, H; Peebles, KC; Robinson, DM; Woollard, GA, 2002)
" We investigated the acute effects of nicotine and endotoxin on repeated apnea by laryngeal reflex stimulation and the following autoresuscitation."	3.71	Prolonged apneas and hypoxia mediated by nicotine and endotoxin in piglets. ( Akre, H; Frøen, JF; Saugstad, OD; Stray-Pedersen, B, 2002)
" Development of apnea during subsequent hyperoxic exposure was always followed by a decline in LES pressure."	3.71	Effects of hypoxia on respiratory neural output and lower esophageal sphincter pressure in piglets. ( Abu-Shaweesh, JM; Dreshaj, IA; Haxhiu, MA; Kiatchoosakun, P; Martin, RJ, 2002)
"We recently reported that glottic closure was present throughout central apneas in awake lambs."	3.70	Laryngeal and abdominal muscle electrical activity during periodic breathing in nonsedated lambs. ( Canet, E; Diaz, V; Kianicka, I; Praud, JP; Renolleau, S, 1998)
" Apnea during hypoxia occurred in 90% of these animals (nine of ten) but in only 11% of animals (one of nine) after intramuscularly administered lidocaine (P < 0."	3.70	Hypoxia causes apnea during epidural anesthesia in rabbits. ( Amuzu, J; Bosnjak, ZJ; Clifford, PS; Hogan, QH; Kampine, JP, 1998)
" We speculate that this finding is consistent with the prolonged vulnerability of such infants to neonatal apnea."	3.70	Persistence of the biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia in preterm infants. ( Coles, SK; Davis, RL; Dick, TE; DiFiore, JM; Jana, L; Martin, RJ; Miller, MJ, 1998)
"The effects of hypoxemia and hypercapnia in acute cardiovascular response to periodic non-obstructive apneas were explored in seven preinstrumented, sedated paralyzed and ventilated pigs under three conditions: room air breathing (RA), O2 supplementation (O2), and supplementation with O2 and CO2 (CO2)."	3.70	Role of hypoxemia and hypercapnia in acute cardiovascular response to periodic apneas in sedated pigs. ( Chen, L; Greenberg, H; Scharf, SM; Sica, AL, 1998)
"This study was designed to evaluate the importance of sympathoadrenal activation in the acute cardiovascular response to apneas and the role of hypoxemia in this response."	3.70	Mechanisms of acute cardiovascular response to periodic apneas in sedated pigs. ( Chen, L; Scharf, SM; Sica, AL, 1999)
""Autoresuscitation" (AR) is the spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping."	3.70	Failure of autoresuscitation in weanling mice: significance of cardiac glycogen and heart rate regulation. ( Deshpande, P; Hansen, P; Khurana, A; Thach, BT; Wilkins, D, 1999)
" Dopamine-induced apneas resulted in tonic activation of the MPC and TA at a level equal to or greater than control activity but no recruitment of IPC activity."	3.70	Respiratory-related pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity in awake goats. ( Bisgard, GE; Herman, JK; O'Halloran, KD, 1999)
" Poststimulation apnea duration was significantly related to the decrease in VI (P < 0."	3.70	Reduced inspiratory drive following laryngeal chemoreflex apnea during hypoxia. ( Milerad, J; Sundell, HW, 1999)
"The aim of our study was to validate the Nottingham Physiology Simulator (NPS) for examining pulmonary denitrogenation and apnea by reproducing the methodology and results of previous clinical studies."	3.70	Investigating hypoxemia during apnea: validation of a set of physiological models. ( Aitkenhead, AR; Hardman, JG; Wills, JS, 2000)
"We used the Nottingham Physiology Simulator to examine the onset and course of hypoxemia during apnea after pulmonary denitrogenation."	3.70	Factors determining the onset and course of hypoxemia during apnea: an investigation using physiological modelling. ( Aitkenhead, AR; Hardman, JG; Wills, JS, 2000)
" Apneas were frequent at P(0) (occupying 29 +/- 6% of total time) but rare by P(3) (5 +/- 2% of total time)."	3.70	Development of the ventilatory response to hypoxia in Swiss CD-1 mice. ( Adams, BM; Funk, GD; Kwok, H; Peebles, KC; Robinson, DM, 2000)
"Failure to autoresuscitate from apnea by gasping has been suggested to have a role in sudden infant death."	3.70	Postnatal age influences the ability of rats to autoresuscitate from hypoxic-induced apnea. ( Fewell, JE; Ng, VK; Smith, FG; Wang, Y; Wong, VH, 2000)
" This study examines the conditions under which recovery from the LCR-induced apnea occurs."	3.70	Second place-resident clinical science award 1999: laryngeal chemoreflex severity and end-apnea PaO(2) and PaCO(2). ( Goding, GS; Heman-Ackah, YD, 2000)
" Under baseline conditions, prenatal cocaine 1) increased the number of apneas expressed by silence of EMGdi or EMGpca and prolonged the duration of EMGpca-related apneas at both ages; 2) increased the number of periodic breathing episodes at both ages; 3) increased percent time of active sleep and decreased that of wakefulness at both ages; and 4) increased time in quiet sleep in the older animals, producing in them a sleep-wake distribution similar to that of the young neonates."	3.69	Chronic prenatal cocaine retards maturation of state and of respiratory patterns in swine. ( Laferrière, A; Moss, IR, 1995)
"Premature infants are known to be at risk for oxygen (O2) desaturation and/or apnea in car seats."	3.69	Oxygen desaturation of selected term infants in car seats. ( Bass, JL; Mehta, KA, 1995)
" Twenty-three desaturations were associated with prolonged apneic pauses and 54 with bradycardia; 19 of these were associated with both apnea and bradycardia."	3.69	Prolonged episodes of hypoxemia in preterm infants undetectable by cardiorespiratory monitors. ( Poets, CF; Richard, D; Southall, DP; Stebbens, VA, 1995)
"Oscillations of arterial pressure during sleep are the hemodynamic hallmark of the sleep apnea syndrome."	3.69	Sympathetic and blood pressure responses to voluntary apnea are augmented by hypoxemia. ( Gray, K; Hardy, JC; Leuenberger, U; Whisler, S, 1994)
"In this study, we examined whether the glottis is open or closed during central apnea and the effect of arterial PO2 (PaO2) on this control."	3.69	Thyroarytenoid muscle activity during hypocapnic central apneas in awake nonsedated lambs. ( Kianicka, I; Leroux, JF; Praud, JP, 1994)
"9 kg) with apnea-induced hypoxic and hypercarbic cardiopulmonary arrest."	3.69	Effects of different techniques of endotracheal epinephrine administration in pediatric porcine hypoxic-hypercarbic cardiopulmonary arrest. ( Finkelstein, MS; Jasani, MS; Mandell, GA; Nadkarni, VM; Norman, ME; Salzman, SK, 1994)
"ES in infants can manifest as ALTE and be accompanied by potentially life-threatening episodes of severe hypoxemia and apnea, despite a normal EEG between events."	3.69	Epileptic seizure-induced hypoxemia in infants with apparent life-threatening events. ( Boyd, SG; Hewertson, J; Neville, BG; Poets, CF; Samuels, MP; Southall, DP, 1994)
" When blood volume remains approximately constant, as derived from the spectrophotometry data, good correlation is seen between calculated plots made of changes in the transverse relaxation rate, delta R2, and the oxygen saturation as measured by spectrophotometry for much of the time course of the respiratory challenges of anoxia, apnea* and hypercapnia."	3.69	Comparison of EPI gradient-echo contrast changes in cat brain caused by respiratory challenges with direct simultaneous evaluation of cerebral oxygenation via a cranial window. ( Balaban, RS; DesPres, D; Heineman, F; Jezzard, P; Taylor, J; Turner, R; Wen, H, 1994)
" Respiratory suppression was calculated by measuring the duration of apnea and the percent reduction of respiratory amplitude."	3.69	Sudden cerebral hypoperfusion enhances respiratory suppression in hypoxic newborn piglets. ( Kato, I; Togari, H; Yamaguchi, N, 1994)
"9 seconds central respiratory pauses (RP), the apnea index (AI) [AI=% of nonbreathing time], and the time spent with periodic breathing (PB), as compared with AGA infants."	3.69	Respiratory characteristics during sleep in healthy small-for- gestational age newborns. ( Christova, E; Curzi-Dascalova, L; Peirano, P, 1996)
"After saline pretreatment, response to 5-HT consisted of immediate and brief apnea, bradycardia, and hypotension, followed by sustained tachypnea, tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension, and hypocapnic hypoxemia."	3.69	Parasympathetic component of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced pulmonary dysfunctions in healthy calves. ( Amory, H; Desmecht, DJ; Lekeux, PM; Linden, AS, 1996)
" After a 3-5-minute apnea, the cytoplasm was occupied by many flattened cisterns stacked into lamellae, referred to as "lamellar bodies."	3.69	Conformational changes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum induced by brief anoxia in rat Purkinje cells. ( Banno, T; Kohno, K, 1996)
" After a postsurgery recovery of at least 7 days, we studied all animals to detect the presence of apnea and the consequences of it, if any."	3.69	Age-dependent vulnerability to carotid chemodenervation in piglets. ( Côté, A; Meehan, B; Porras, H, 1996)
" Eight of the lambs exhibited PB following post-hyperventilation apnea (PHA), with an epoch duration of 82."	3.69	Source of respiratory drive during periodic breathing in lambs. ( Berger, PJ; Blanch, N; Brodecky, V; Jones, C; Wilkinson, MH, 1996)
" Similarly, duration and efficiency of gasping, a unique mechanism for enhancing survival after anoxia-induced apnea, are also affected by postnatal age."	3.69	Characterization and developmental aspects of anoxia-induced gasping in the rat. ( Gozal, D; Gozal, YM; Nuckton, TJ; Torres, JE, 1996)
"Apneas are very common and normal in newborns but may become life threatening if they are not terminated appropriately."	3.69	Predominant role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the termination of apnea in maturing newborn lambs. ( Bureau, MA; Canet, E; Delacourt, C, 1996)
"This study was carried out on seven chloralose-anesthetized sheep and was designed to investigate the role of muscular afferent fiber stimulation on the duration of reflex apnea triggered by laryngeal stimulation (LS)."	3.69	Laryngeal reflex apnea is blunted during and after hindlimb muscle contraction in sheep. ( Beyaert, C; Chalon, B; Gille, JP; Haouzi, P; Marchal, F, 1997)
" Hypoxemic events were categorized as being the direct result of apnea (duration longer than 15 s) or pauses (duration 4-14 s) with either unchanged or lower end-expiratory lung volumes compared with the preevent breaths."	3.69	Hypoxemic events in spontaneously breathing premature infants: etiologic basis. ( Adams, JA; Sackner, MA; Zabaleta, IA, 1997)
"To determine the influence of an altered carotid body function on the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) response, reflex apnea was induced by laryngeal water stimulation during normoxia or acute hypoxia in unanesthetized awake lambs in which the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia was attenuated by prolonged postnatal hypoxemia."	3.68	Prolonged hypoxemia enhances and acute hypoxemia attenuates laryngeal reflex apnea in young lambs. ( Grogaard, JB; Parker, RA; Sladek, M; Sundell, HW, 1993)
" The findings suggest that both central and peripheral mechanisms of apnea exist due to functional insufficiency of respiratory muscles as a result of synaptic disorder and excitatory contractility disorder in diaphragmatic muscle fibers."	3.68	[The mechanism of apnea during difficult breathing]. ( Aleksandrova, NP; Isaev, GG, 1993)
" In NREM sleep, hypoxic hyperventilation was consistently followed by central apnea, the duration of which was linearly related to the corresponding hypocapnia and/or increase in tidal volume (VT) during hypoxia."	3.68	Effects of rapid-eye-movement sleep on the apneic threshold in dogs. ( Dempsey, JA; Henderson, KS; Saupe, KW; Smith, CA; Xi, L, 1993)
" The identification of hypoxemia therefore may be more relevant to the early detection of these events than the identification of apnea or bradycardia or both."	3.68	Home event recordings of oxygenation, breathing movements, and heart rate and rhythm in infants with recurrent life-threatening events. ( Hartmann, H; Hewertson, J; Holder, A; Noyes, JP; Poets, CF; Samuels, MP; Southall, DP, 1993)
" Because their pathogenesis may involve both apnea and hypoxemia, we set out to analyze the proportion of bradycardias that were associated with an apneic pause and/or a fall in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and the temporal sequence of the three phenomena, in overnight tape recordings of SaO2 (Nellcor N100 in beat-to-beat mode), breathing movements, nasal airflow, and ECG in 80 preterm infants at the time of discharge from hospital."	3.68	The relationship between bradycardia, apnea, and hypoxemia in preterm infants. ( Poets, CF; Samuels, MP; Southall, DP; Stebbens, VA, 1993)
"To test the hypothesis that sighs are mechanistically important in triggering apnea, we studied 10 preterm infants, group 1: body weight 1."	3.68	Sighs and their relationship to apnea in the newborn infant. ( Alvarez, JE; Bodani, J; Cates, DB; Fajardo, CA; Kwiatkowski, K; Rigatto, H, 1993)
" Responses to simulated diving were elicited by nasal water flow with concurrent apnea in paralyzed, artificially ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with Innovar."	3.68	Cardiovascular responses to nasal water flow in rats are unaffected by chemoreceptor drive. ( McCulloch, PF; West, NH, 1992)
" Apnea has been reported following caregiving during peak hours of activity in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)."	3.68	Reducing the hypoxemia, bradycardia, and apnea associated with suctioning in low birthweight infants. ( Evans, JC, 1992)
"Mechanisms underlying failure of autoresuscitation from hypoxic apnea were investigated."	3.68	Mechanisms underlying induced autoresuscitation failure in BALB/c and SWR mice. ( Gershan, WM; Jacobi, MS; Thach, BT, 1992)
"The mechanism of failure of autoresuscitation from hypoxic apnea in 17- to 23-day-old (weanling) Swiss Webster related/J mice was investigated by recording electrocardiogram (ECG) and ventilation in adult, weanling, and 11-day-old mice."	3.68	Mechanism of failure of recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping in 17- to 23-day-old mice. ( Gershan, WM; Jacobi, MS; Thach, BT, 1991)
"Twenty healthy preterm infants of less than 34 wk gestation were studied with continuous recordings, commencing within 8 h of birth, for up to 1 wk of age to determine the usual time course of the appearance of apnea and to classify apnea types."	3.68	The natural history of the appearance of apnea of prematurity. ( Barrington, K; Finer, N, 1991)
"Arousal is an important protective mechanism that aids in the resolution of obstructive sleep apnea in adults and children, but its role in neonatal apnea has not been investigated."	3.68	Behavioral arousal in newborn infants and its association with termination of apnea. ( Belan, MA; Cowen, CP; Mathew, OP; Thoppil, CK, 1991)
" Because occurrence of apnea during wakefulness has been documented in these infants, we investigated its frequency and characteristics in 10 premature infants using simultaneous polygraphic and video recordings."	3.68	Motor activity and apnea in preterm infants. Is there a causal relationship? ( Belan, M; Mathew, OP; Thoppil, CK, 1991)
"Obese patients have a decreased functional residual capacity and, hence, a reduced oxygen supply during periods of apnea."	3.68	Effect of obesity on safe duration of apnea in anesthetized humans. ( Dubin, SA; Jense, HG; O'Leary-Escolas, U; Silverstein, PI, 1991)
"To elucidate the role of chemoresponsiveness in determining postapneic ventilation in sleep-disordered periodic breathing, we measured ventilatory response associated with apnea-induced arterial oxygen desaturation during sleep and compared it with the awake hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in 12 male patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)."	3.68	Role of hypoxic drive in regulation of postapneic ventilation during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. ( Chonan, T; Hida, W; Iwase, N; Kikuchi, Y; Miki, H; Okabe, S; Satoh, M; Taguchi, O; Takishima, T, 1991)
"The two-channel pneumocardiogram (PCG) is frequently used for evaluating infants at risk for infantile apnea."	3.68	The four-channel pneumogram in infants with recurring apneas and bradycardias. ( Goldie, E; Graff, M; Hegyi, T; Hiatt, IM; Lee, G; Rovell, K, 1991)
" The incidence of hypoxemia (oxyhemoglobin saturation less than 90%) and apnea (no spontaneous respiratory effort for 15 s) and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide were evaluated."	3.68	Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl. ( Ashburn, MA; Bailey, PL; East, KA; Moll, JW; Pace, NL; Stanley, TH, 1990)
" The length of time to the onset of apnea became shorter as the O2 concentration became lower."	3.68	The interaction between severe hypercapnia and hypoxia. ( Fukui, Y; Watanabe, H; Yamamoto, K; Yamamoto, Y, 1990)
" Apnea occurred in all soman- and sarin-exposed animals within 5 min postexposure, and was associated with absence of phrenic nerve signal."	3.68	Acute inhalation toxicity of soman and sarin in baboons. ( Anzueto, A; deLemos, RA; Hamil, H; Jenkinson, SG; Johnson, D; Moore, G; Seidenfeld, J, 1990)
"The maturation of the process of spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping (autoresuscitation) was characterized in adult, weanling (18-22 d), and infant (5 and 10 d) BALB/c mice."	3.68	Maturation of cardiorespiratory interactions in spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea (autoresuscitation). ( Gershan, WM; Jacobi, MS; Thach, BT, 1990)
"The effects of hypoxia and hypercapnea in the production of somatostatin (SRIF)-induced apnea were studied during rebreathing experiments."	3.67	Somatostatin-induced apnea: interaction with hypoxia and hypercapnea in the rat. ( Agnati, LF; Fuxe, K; Harfstrand, A; Kaijser, L; Kalia, M, 1984)
"Polygraphic monitoring studies were performed on more than 150 older preterm infants (postconceptional ages of 36 weeks or more) and full-term neonates to evaluate unexplained or persistent apnea."	3.67	Hypoxemia associated with feeding in the preterm infant and full-term neonate. ( Frost, JD; Glaze, DG; Rosen, CL, 1984)
" "Oxygrams" provided by the fast paramagnetic oxygen sensor confirmed the capnometric information in the diagnosis of hypoventilation, apnea, and disconnections."	3.67	Monitoring of the inspired and end-tidal oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide concentrations: clinical applications during anesthesia and recovery. ( Linko, K; Paloheimo, M, 1989)
" To determine the reason for the lesser increase in SNA with IHO, 11 subjects underwent voluntary apnea during HHO and IHO."	3.67	Influence of ventilation and hypocapnia on sympathetic nerve responses to hypoxia in normal humans. ( Abboud, FM; Mark, AL; Somers, VK; Zavala, DC, 1989)
" However, apnea during HC caused a lesser (P less than 0."	3.67	Contrasting effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on ventilation and sympathetic activity in humans. ( Abboud, FM; Mark, AL; Somers, VK; Zavala, DC, 1989)
" A period up to the onset of apnea, as well as death, was shorter in the ethanol-treated group than in the non-treated group."	3.67	Effect of ethanol on interaction of hypoxia and PCO2 levels in rabbits. ( Fukui, Y; Watanabe, H; Yamamoto, K; Yamamoto, Y, 1989)
"The effect of maturation and motor activity on recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping (autoresuscitation) was investigated in Swiss Webster mice and a SW-related strain."	3.67	Effect of maturation on spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping. ( Jacobi, MS; Thach, BT, 1989)
" Prolonged intraesophageal pH monitoring, performed simultaneously with evaluation for apnea, should be considered in all infants presenting with ALTE."	3.67	Gastroesophageal reflux-induced hypoxemia in infants with apparent life-threatening event(s). ( Berezin, S; Dozor, AJ; Glassman, MS; Medow, MS; Newman, LJ; Schwarz, SM; See, CC, 1989)
"The mechanisms underlying the apnea associated with both hypoxia and high-voltage electrocortical activity (HV ECOG) in the fetal lamb are not clearly understood."	3.67	Lateral pontine lesions affect central chemosensitivity in unanesthetized fetal lambs. ( Gluckman, PD; Johnston, BM, 1989)
" Data collected in five awake dogs show that the ventilatory response to CO2 is linear down to apnea during normoxic conditions but exhibits nonlinear behavior dependent on the level of arterial O2 tension."	3.67	Ventilatory response to CO2 and O2 near eupnea in awake dogs. ( Grodins, FS; Hwang, WW; Sedlock, D; Yamashiro, SM, 1988)
" During the initial study, 15 infants exhibited one or more episodes of short apnea (greater than or equal to 10 sec) and three infants exhibited prolonged apnea (greater than or equal to 20 sec)."	3.67	Respiratory control during nipple feeding in preterm infants. ( Mathew, OP, 1988)
" Under increased gain conditions, five male subjects developed periodic breathing with recurrent cycles of hyperventilation and apnea; the remaining subjects had nonperiodic patterns of hyperventilation."	3.67	Possible mechanisms of periodic breathing during sleep. ( Bruce, EN; Chapman, KR; Cherniack, NS; Gothe, B, 1988)
" We also measured responses to a period of voluntary apnea during hypoxia."	3.67	Potentiation of sympathetic nerve responses to hypoxia in borderline hypertensive subjects. ( Abboud, FM; Mark, AL; Somers, VK, 1988)
" However, this obstruction is only manifested in subjects susceptible to upper airway atonicity and narrowing (such as snorers) and can be prevented in most cases if respiratory drive is permitted to reach sufficiently high levels (as during central apnea)."	3.67	Effect of hypoxia-induced periodic breathing on upper airway obstruction during sleep. ( Dempsey, JA; Skatrud, JB; Warner, G, 1987)
" The most striking effect of maturation on apnea was a greater proportion of apnea lasting greater than 1 min, but the total duration of apnea as a percent of a total recording remained unchanged."	3.67	Maturation of spontaneous fetal diaphragmatic activity and fetal response to hypercapnia and hypoxemia. ( Chernick, V; Ioffe, S; Jansen, AH, 1987)
" Twelve infants were premature with a history of apnea, eight were premature without known apnea, and 10 were born at term."	3.67	Risk of hypoventilation in premature infants in car seats. ( Leuschen, MP; Nelson, LS; Nelson, RM; Willett, LD, 1986)
"Five series of breath-hold (BH) experiments were conducted on eight male subjects with the purpose of partitioning the effects of apnea per se, hypercapnia, and hypoxia on the development and maintenance of BH bradycardia."	3.66	Effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, and rebreathing on heart rate response during apnea. ( Hong, SK; Lin, YC; Shida, KK, 1983)
" Of 32 possible risk factors examined, the factors significantly associated with ROP were: apnea with mask and bag ventilation; prolonged parenteral nutrition; number of blood transfusions; and episodes of hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and hypocarbia."	3.66	Retinopathy of prematurity: incidence and risk factors. ( Ben-Sira, I; Krikler, R; Nissenkorn, I; Reisner, SH; Shohat, M; Yassur, Y, 1983)
"Apnea was elicited by the application of chemical stimuli to the laryngeal region of 25 piglets from 1 to 70 days of age."	3.66	Effect of hypoxia on laryngeal reflex apnea--implications for sudden infant death. ( Cummings, C; Lanier, B; Richardson, MA, 1983)
"5 months but who was equipped with an apnea monitor at home on psychological indications."	3.66	A case of near-miss SIDS developing an abnormal respiratory reaction to hypoxia. ( Bjure, J; Kjellmer, I; Wennergren, G, 1983)
"The respiratory muscles and neurons activity in the transitional process from rhythmic respiration to its cessation and reappearance of the usual rhythmic breathing after the apnea was registered in the acute experiments on the anesthetized cats and rabbits under the action of extra intrapulmonary oxygen pressure or intravenous injection of sodium cyanide."	3.66	[Mechanism of the generation of various forms of respiratory rhythm]. ( Safonov, VA, 1983)
"Seven normal awake males were studied to define the mechanisms and impact of lung volume on the hypoxemia occurring during apnea."	3.66	Hypoxemia during apnea in normal subjects: mechanisms and impact of lung volume. ( Findley, LJ; Ries, AL; Tisi, GM; Wagner, PD, 1983)
" Increasing SAH volumes were associated with greater abnormalities in the respiratory pattern, consisting of apnea and hyperventilation."	3.66	Responses to experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in the spontaneously breathing primate. ( Grace, M; Overton, T; Rothberg, C; Weir, B, 1980)
" The branchial ventilatory pattern comprised alternating periods of apnea and eupnea, together constituting a "Standard Breathing Cycle" (SBC = 1 apneic period plus the ensuing period of eupnea)."	3.66	Sustained branchial apnea in the Australian short-finned eel, Anguilla australis. ( Cooke, IR; Duiker, W; Smith, DG, 1983)
" A spectrum of breathing abnormalities was found ranging from no abnormalities to severe episodes of prolonged central apnea."	3.66	Sleep breathing abnormalities in kyphoscoliosis. ( Israels, J; Kryger, M; Mezon, BL; West, P, 1980)
"We studied the changes in PO2 during 72 isolated episodes of apnea of prematurity in 20 low-birth-weight infants."	3.66	Continuous monitoring of PO2 during apnea of prematurity. ( Dangman, BC; Hegyi, T; Hiatt, IM; Indyk, L; James, LS, 1981)
"In summary, apnea of prematurity is both a primary and a secondary disorder--a reflection of CNS immaturity as well as a response to an underlying problem."	3.66	Apnea in the premature infant: an overview of causes and treatment. ( Messerly, AM; Sham, B, 1978)
"In summary, our findings support and confirm the concerns of many investigators that present methods of cardiorespiratory monitoring are inadequate for the detection of many forms of apnea."	3.66	Failure of conventional monitoring to detect apnea resulting in hypoxemia. ( Gregory, GA; Lucey, JF; Peabody, JL; Philip, AG; Willis, MM, 1979)
"Episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea were studied in 26 newborns and prematures by continuous recording of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate, and impedance pneumography."	3.66	Evaluation of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate and respiration in neonates with episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea. ( Hürter, P; Larsen, H; Pörksen, C, 1979)
" The greater the initial hypoxia the greater was the carotid chemoreceptor activity at which the first inspiration occurred, apnea was shorter and inspiratory PaCO2 threshold lower."	3.66	Arterial PO2 and PCO2 stimulus threshold for carotid chemoreceptors and breathing. ( Delaney, RG; Fishman, AP; Lahiri, S; Mokashi, A, 1978)
" Eight had recurrent apneic spells (apnea group) (five had aborted SIDS and three had recurrent apnea in the intensive care nursery) and eight were "well" preterm infants about to fly in a pressurized airplane (PIO2, 120 mm Hg) (control group)."	3.66	Apnea, hypoxemia, and aborted sudden infant death syndrome. ( Ariagno, RL; Brady, JP; Dumpit, FM; Goldman, SL; Watts, JL, 1978)
" We investigated the effect of theophylline on ten premature infants with apnea."	3.66	Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring in aminophylline-treated apneic infants. ( Lucey, JF; Neese, AL; Peabody, JL; Philip, AG; Soyka, LF, 1978)
"The association of sleep apnea with daytime hypersomnolence without obesity, and its potentially lethal cardiopulmonary sequelae, make it crucial that this condition be distinguished from narcolepsy."	3.65	Retrognathia and sleep apnea. A life-threatening condition masquerading as narcolepsy. ( Imes, NK; Orr, WC; Rogers, RM; Smith, RO, 1977)
"We have tested the hypothesis that severe lypoxia causes apnea, regardless of the arterial CO2 and pH, and that extreme hypoxia causes gasping."	3.65	Hypoxic apnea and gasping. ( Guntheroth, WG; Kawabori, I, 1975)
"O2 stores are kept more intact in apnea than in N2 breathing which removes O2stores from the body."	3.65	Arterial lactate responses in dogs made apneic or breathing nitrogen. ( Cain, SM, 1977)
"To test whether alveolar hypoventilation and an abnormal ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide explains some episodes of sudden-infant-death syndrome, we assessed ventilatory control during quiet sleep in 12 normal infants and 11 infants who had required at least two resuscitations because of prolonged apnea (greater than 20 seconds) during sleep (aborted form of the syndrome)."	3.65	Abnormal regulation of ventilation in infants at risk for sudden-infant-death syndrome. ( Kelly, DH; O'Connell, K; Shannon, DC, 1977)
" Thirteen days after hospitalization, she developed severe, protracted, recurrent episodes of hyperventilation; subsequently, she suffered posthyperventilation apnea, which at times was prolonged and association with severe hypoxemia with an arterial oxygen pressure as low as 25 mm Hg."	3.65	Posthyperventilation apnea associated with severe hypoxemia. ( Bowers, JT; Flynn, RE; MacDonald, KF, 1976)
" These episodes began with stridor and cyanosis; when severe, they progressed to apnea and loss of consciousness."	3.65	Life-threatening anoxic spells caused by tracheal compression after repair of esophageal atresia: correction by surgery. ( Filler, RM; Lebowitz, RL; Rossello, PJ, 1976)
"Twelve patients with predominantly obstructive type sleep apnea underwent cardiac catheterization, hemodynamic monitoring, and arterial blood gas analysis during wakefulness and sleep."	3.65	Hemodynamics in sleep-induced apnea. Studies during wakefulness and sleep. ( Dement, WC; Guilleminault, C; Lehrman, KL; Schroeder, JS; Simmons, FB; Tilkian, AG, 1976)
" Cough, cyanosis, wheezing, and apnea were each seen in approximately one third of the cases."	3.65	Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. ( Bynum, LJ; Pierce, AK, 1976)
" These findings suggest that: (1) the peripheral chemo-receptors are active at least from 28 weeks of gestation and are probably not important in triggering periodic breathing or apnea in preterm infants, and (2) the preterm infant matures his response to hypoxia and is able to sustain hyperventilation with low oxygen by 18 days of age."	3.65	Chemoreceptor reflexes in preterm infants: I. The effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to inhalation of 100% and 15% oxygen. ( Brady, JP; de la Torre Verduzco, R; Rigatto, H, 1975)
"10) led to depression of both respiratory frequency and tidal volume, resulting in apnea within 1."	3.65	Hypoxia-induced tachypnea in carotid-deafferented cats. ( Miller, MJ; Tenney, SM, 1975)
"Twenty-seven subjects with insomnia or diurnal hypersomnolence presented a sleep apnea syndrome when their respiration was systematically checked during sleep."	3.65	[Can an anomaly of the central nervous system be responsible for hemodynamic disorders]. ( Dement, W; Eldridge, FL; Guilleminault, C, 1975)
" The first effect on breathing was a stimulation which was followed at higher pressures by irregularity, depression, and periods of apnea; hyperventilation at high intracranial pressure (ICP was rare."	3.65	Effect of intermittently raised intracranial pressure on breathing pattern, ventilatory response to CO2, and blood gases in anesthetized cats. ( Jennett, S; North, JB, 1976)
" In contrast to the sustained stimulation of ventilation produced by hypoxia in normal subjects, hypoxia either did not change, or decreased, the [unk]V(E)-P(ACo2) slope of dysautonomic patients and phenoxybenzamine-treated goats; CO(2)-free hypoxia produced a fleeting hyperventilation, which was followed by apnea when hypoxia was abruptly relieved."	3.65	The effects of abnormal sympathetic nervous function upon the ventilatory response to hypoxia. ( Cherniack, NS; Edelman, NH; Fishman, AP; Lahiri, S; Richards, E, 1970)
"Apneic oxygenation may reduce patient hypoxemia during intubation performed in the ED and during retrieval."	2.55	Apneic oxygenation during intubation in the emergency department and during retrieval: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Binks, MJ; Bond, E; Holyoak, RS; Melhuish, TM; Vlok, R; White, LD, 2017)
"Obesity is an important public health problem worldwide and is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, adverse cardiovascular events and metabolic syndrome-related features."	2.48	Usefulness of combining intermittent hypoxia and physical exercise in the treatment of obesity. ( González-Muniesa, P; Martínez, JA; Portillo, MP; Urdampilleta, A, 2012)
"Apnoea due to airway obstruction is an ever present concern in anaesthesia and critical care practice and results in rapid development of hypoxaemia that is not always remediable by manual bag-mask ventilation."	2.47	Simulating hypoxia and modelling the airway. ( Farmery, AD, 2011)
"Right axis deviation, right bundle branch block, and changes to P and T wave amplitudes are commonly found on ascent and resolve only after a return to low altitude."	2.46	A review of electrocardiography in the high altitude environment. ( Montgomery, HE; Rodway, GW; Windsor, JS, 2010)
"Apneic oxygenation via nasal cannula during intubation of pediatric surgical patients prolongs time before desaturation, thus extending the safe interval for airway management by learners."	1.51	Apneic nasal oxygenation and safe apnea time during pediatric intubations by learners. ( Braude, DA; Davis, DD; Falcon, RJ; Hurt, HF; Petersen, TR; Soneru, CN, 2019)
"Feeding hypoxemia was observed in 15 (10."	1.42	Asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction is a risk factor for respiratory inhibition after crying in infants. ( Ebisu, R; Ikeda, Y; Mima, A; Minowa, H; Ohgitani, A; Yasuhara, H, 2015)
"We screened for RIAC and feeding hypoxemia among 393 infants with a gestational age ≥ 36 weeks using pulse oximetry."	1.42	Respiratory inhibition after crying and feeding hypoxemia in infants. ( Ebisu, R; Hirayama, K; Ikeda, Y; Mima, A; Minowa, H; Ohgitani, A; Tamura, R; Yasuhara, H, 2015)
"Drowning is an important cause of preventable injury and mortality, ranking fifth among leading causes of unintentional injury death in the United States."	1.42	Fatal and nonfatal drowning outcomes related to dangerous underwater breath-holding behaviors - New York State, 1988-2011. ( Boyd, C; Huang, L; Levy, A; McProud, T; Olson, C; Raneses, E, 2015)
"They may apply to the sudden infant death syndrome, which occurs at a critical age and is associated with 5-HT deficiency."	1.37	Failed heart rate recovery at a critical age in 5-HT-deficient mice exposed to episodic anoxia: implications for SIDS. ( Commons, KG; Cummings, KJ; Daubenspeck, JA; Hewitt, JC; Kinney, HC; Li, A; Nattie, EE, 2011)
"Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disease accompanied by complex, disabling symptoms, including breathing symptoms."	1.36	Early abnormalities of post-sigh breathing in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. ( Dutschmann, M; Hilaire, G; Lajard, AM; Menuet, C; Voituron, N; Zanella, S, 2010)
"Twenty-six (30."	1.36	Long-term prognosis for children with breath-holding spells. ( Knudsen, FU; Mathiasen, R; Olsen, AL; Rasmussen, NH, 2010)
"Apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxemia occur frequently in extremely preterm infants, yet there is little longitudinal data describing cardiorespiratory development in these infants."	1.35	Cardiorespiratory development in extremely preterm infants: vulnerability to infection and persistence of events beyond term-equivalent age. ( Herlenius, E; Hofstetter, AO; Katz-Salamon, M; Legnevall, L, 2008)
"Brain abscess and hypoxemia were thought to be serious complications resulting from CAPV and were successfully corrected by living donor liver transplantation at the age of 4 months."	1.33	Successful liver transplantation for congenital absence of the portal vein complicated by intrapulmonary shunt and brain abscess. ( Doi, H; Haga, H; Kamei, H; Kasahara, M; Ogawa, K; Ogura, Y; Ohnishi, Y; Tanaka, K; Ueda, M; Yoshitoshi, EY, 2005)
"Syncopes were predominantly reflex asystolic (RAS), prolonged expiratory apnoea (cyanotic breath-holding spells), or of mixed or uncertain origin; there was one each of ear piercing and hair grooming vasovagal syncope and one of compulsive Valsalva."	1.33	Anoxic-epileptic seizures: observational study of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes. ( Horrocks, IA; Nechay, A; Stephenson, JB; Zuberi, SM, 2005)
"The ventilatory response to anoxia in unanaesthetized rat pups of 1 and 8 days of age was studied."	1.30	Adrenalectomy reduces the ability of newborn rats to gasp and survive anoxia. ( Lagercrantz, H; Runold, M; Yuan, SZ, 1997)
"However, most SIDS victims are not in a high-risk group before death."	1.28	Hypoxic arousal responses in normal infants. ( Bautista, DB; Keens, TG; Ward, SL, 1992)
"The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the most frequent cause of death in infants aged between one month and one year, yet its cause remains unknown."	1.26	Sudden infant death syndrome: a testable hypothesis and mechanism. ( Cornwell, AC, 1979)
"Chronic hypoxemia or other factors that reduce active sleep in infants, including the normal developmental decrement in this state, may increase the risk of cardiopulmonary failure and death."	1.26	Reversal of cardiopulmonary failure during active sleep in hypoxic kittens: implications for sudden infant death. ( Baker, TL; McGinty, DJ, 1977)
"Hypothermia leads to hypoxemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, kernicterus and other lethal complications."	1.26	Thermoregulation of the newborn. ( Calvert, LJ; Kanto, WP, 1977)
"Anoxic conditions and even possible seizure activity were implicated."	1.26	Central nervous system damage as a possible component of unexpected deaths in infancy. ( Anderson-Huntington, RB; Rosenblith, JF, 1976)
"When nalorphine was combined with pethidine the period of primary apnoea was still increased although the duration and number of gasps were restored to control values."	1.26	The effect of narcotic and narcotic-antagonist drugs in the newborn rabbit. ( Cooper, LV; Harvey, D; Stephen, GW, 1976)

Research

Studies (595)

Authors

Clinical Trials (55)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in the Total Number of Bradycardia Episodes (<100 Beats Per Minute (Bpm), at Least 5 Seconds Long) During Intervention and Without the Intervention

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	181 (30.42)	18.7374
1990's	97 (16.30)	18.2507
2000's	125 (21.01)	29.6817
2010's	143 (24.03)	24.3611
2020's	49 (8.24)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Dancy, MA	1
Seppä-Moilanen, M	1
Andersson, S	1
Kirjavainen, T	1
Gao, Y	1
Yan, F	1
Dolscheid-Pommerich, RC	2
Stoffel-Wagner, B	1
Fimmers, R	1
Eichhorn, L	4
Bailey, DM	2
Bain, AR	3
Hoiland, RL	2
Barak, OF	3
Drvis, I	4
Hirtz, C	1
Lehmann, S	1
Marchi, N	1
Janigro, D	1
MacLeod, DB	3
Ainslie, PN	5
Dujic, Z	7
Hung, KC	1
Ko, CC	1
Chang, PC	1
Wang, KF	1
Teng, IC	1
Lin, CH	1
Huang, PW	1
Sun, CK	1
MacMillan, S	2
Evans, AM	3
Holmes, AP	2
Dallas, ML	1
Mahmoud, AD	2
Shipston, MJ	1
Peers, C	1
Hardie, DG	1
Kumar, P	2
Hayashi, Y	1
Hosoe, N	1
Takabayashi, K	1
Limpias Kamiya, KJL	1
Tojo, A	1
Sakurai, H	1
Kinoshita, S	1
Sujino, T	1
Nakayama, A	1
Kato, M	1
Yahagi, N	1
Ogata, H	1
Kanai, T	1
Tripathy, DK	1
Dhar, M	1
Bhardwaj, BB	1
Hemanthkumar, K	1
Talawar, P	1
Rao, S	1
Wong, CA	1
Mushambi, M	1
Kelly, T	1
Brown, C	1
Bryant-Ekstrand, M	1
Lord, R	1
Dawkins, T	1
Drane, A	1
Futral, JE	1
Barak, O	1
Dragun, T	1
Stembridge, M	2
Spajić, B	1
Duke, JW	1
Foster, GE	1
Lovering, AT	1
Baranova, T	1
Podyacheva, E	1
Zemlyanukhina, T	1
Berlov, D	1
Danilova, M	1
Glotov, O	1
Glotov, A	1
Micalizzi, E	1
Vaudano, AE	1
Ballerini, A	1
Talami, F	1
Giovannini, G	1
Turchi, G	1
Cioclu, MC	1
Giunta, L	1
Meletti, S	1
Matsuoka, H	1
Pokorski, M	1
Takeda, K	1
Okada, Y	1
Harada, K	1
Inoue, M	1
Kim, LJ	1
Pho, H	1
Pham, LV	1
Polotsky, VY	1
Moya, EA	3
Mesarwi, OA	3
Yee, AK	3
Siriwardhana, LS	3
Nixon, GM	2
Walter, LM	3
Wong, FY	3
Horne, RSC	3
Hung Tsan, S	1
Viknaswaran, N	1
Lau, J	1
Cheong, C	1
Wang, C	1
Sveen, WN	1
Antommaria, AHM	1
Gilene, SJ	1
Stalets, EL	1
Xu, F	3
Zhao, L	2
Zhuang, J	2
Gao, X	1
Coovadia, Y	1
Shoemaker, JK	3
Usselman, CW	2
George, S	1
Gibbons, K	1
Williams, T	1
Humphreys, S	1
Gelbart, B	1
Le Marsney, R	1
Craig, S	1
Tingay, D	1
Chavan, A	1
Schibler, A	1
Moury, PH	1
Pasquier, V	1
Greco, F	1
Arvieux, JL	1
Alves-Macedo, S	1
Richard, M	1
Casez-Brasseur, M	1
Skaare, K	1
Jacon, P	1
Durand, M	1
Bedague, D	1
Jaber, S	1
Bosson, JL	1
Albaladejo, P	1
Hemingway, HW	1
Richey, RE	1
Moore, AM	1
Saul, BM	1
Shokraeifard, AM	1
Cope, HL	1
Olivencia-Yurvati, AH	1
Cunningham, RL	1
Smith, ML	4
Romero, SA	1
Dormishian, A	1
Schott, A	1
Aguilar, AC	1
Jimenez, V	1
Bancalari, E	2
Tolosa, J	2
Claure, N	2
White, LD	3
Vlok, RA	1
Thang, CY	1
Tian, DH	1
Melhuish, TM	3
Shetty, M	1
Gottlob, S	1
Gille, C	1
Poets, CF	17
Falsaperla, R	1
Vitaliti, G	1
Cimino, C	1
Catanzaro, S	1
Corsello, G	1
Kainulainen, S	1
Töyräs, J	1
Oksenberg, A	1
Korkalainen, H	1
Sefa, S	1
Kulkas, A	1
Leppänen, T	1
Makarenko, VV	1
Peng, YJ	4
Khan, SA	1
Nanduri, J	1
Fox, AP	1
Prabhakar, NR	5
McLaurin-Jiang, S	1
Hannon, EA	1
Seashore, C	1
Orr, CJ	1
Ritter, V	1
Flower, KB	1
Wong, DT	2
Dallaire, A	1
Singh, KP	1
Madhusudan, P	1
Jackson, T	1
Singh, M	1
Wong, J	1
Chung, F	2
Toor, RUAS	1
Sun, QJ	1
Kumar, NN	1
Le, S	1
Hildreth, CM	1
Phillips, JK	1
McMullan, S	1
Iyer, SH	2
Aggarwal, A	2
Warren, TJ	1
Hallgren, J	2
Abel, PW	2
Simeone, TA	2
Simeone, KA	2
Elia, A	1
Barlow, MJ	1
Wilson, OJ	1
O'Hara, JP	1
Davis, NL	1
Hoffman, BD	1
Eichenwald, EC	1
Westphal, GA	1
Fernandes, V	1
Westphal, V	1
Fonseca, JC	1
Silva, LRD	1
Valiatti, JLDS	1
Fleming, NW	1
Singh, A	1
Lee, L	1
Applegate, RL	1
O'Connor, KM	2
Lucking, EF	2
Bastiaanssen, TFS	2
Peterson, VL	1
Crispie, F	1
Cotter, PD	1
Clarke, G	2
Cryan, JF	2
O'Halloran, KD	3
Holmström, PK	1
Bird, JD	1
Thrall, SF	1
Kalker, A	1
Herrington, BA	1
Soriano, JE	1
Mann, LM	1
Rampuri, ZH	1
Brutsaert, TD	1
Karlsson, Ø	1
Sherpa, MT	1
Schagatay, EKA	1
Day, TA	3
Shoemaker, A	1
Steelman, K	1
Srbu, R	1
Bell, HJ	1
Macchione, AF	1
Trujillo, V	1
Anunziata, F	1
Sahonero, M	1
Anastasia, A	1
Abate, P	1
Molina, JC	1
Madaeva, IM	1
Kurashova, NA	1
Semenova, NV	1
Ukhinov, EB	1
Kolesnikov, SI	1
Kolesnikova, LI	1
Oliphant, EA	1
McKinlay, CJD	1
McNamara, DG	1
Alsweiler, JM	1
Davis, PG	2
Schroeder, DC	1
Wetsch, WA	1
Finke, SR	1
Dusse, F	1
Böttiger, BW	1
Herff, H	1
Sadler, C	1
Brett, K	1
Heerboth, A	1
Swisher, AR	1
Mehregani, N	1
Touriel, R	1
Cannon, DT	1
Bruce, CD	2
Vanden Berg, ER	1
Pfoh, JR	2
Steinback, CD	3
Braegelmann, KM	1
Meza, A	1
Agbeh, AE	1
Fields, DP	1
Baker, TL	2
Busch, SA	2
van Diepen, S	1
Roberts, R	1
Steele, AR	1
Berthelsen, LF	1
Smorschok, MP	1
Bourgoin, C	1
Zhang, S	1
Zhao, B	1
Chen, D	1
Qi, Y	1
Ma, Y	1
Ma, J	1
Xie, W	1
Guo, H	1
Conlon, S	1
Di Fiore, JM	4
Martin, RJ	12
Kothari, R	1
Hodgson, KA	1
Thio, M	2
Manley, BJ	1
O'Currain, E	1
Bouten, J	1
Bourgois, JG	1
Lootens, L	1
Boone, J	1
Holyoak, RS	2
Vlok, R	2
Binks, M	1
Parga, JJ	1
Bhatt, RR	1
Kesavan, K	2
Sim, MS	1
Karp, HN	1
Harper, RM	2
Zeltzer, L	1
Zhang, Y	2
Guo, X	1
Pei, L	1
Zhang, Z	1
Tan, G	1
Xing, B	1
Kurita, T	2
Kawashima, S	1
Morita, K	2
Nakajima, Y	1
Binks, MJ	1
Bond, E	1
Goryniak, A	1
Szczęśniak, A	1
Śleboda, D	1
Dołęgowska, B	1
Young, JO	1
Geurts, A	1
Hodges, MR	1
Cummings, KJ	5
Del Rio, R	1
Andrade, DC	1
Toledo, C	1
Diaz, HS	1
Lucero, C	1
Arce-Alvarez, A	1
Marcus, NJ	2
Schultz, HD	2
Du, YX	1
Zeng, YM	1
Zhou, ZB	1
Huang, LM	1
Mateika, JH	1
Panza, G	1
Alex, R	1
El-Chami, M	1
Bockman, CS	1
Kansal, V	1
Netzel, L	1
Matthews, SA	1
Deodhar, M	1
Oldenburg, PJ	1
Amorim, MR	1
de Deus, JL	1
Zhan, X	1
Fang, F	1
Wu, C	1
Pinto, JM	1
Wei, Y	1
Lumb, KJ	1
Schneider, JM	1
Ibrahim, T	1
Rigaux, A	1
Hasan, SU	2
Elliot-Portal, E	1
Laouafa, S	2
Arias-Reyes, C	1
Janes, TA	1
Joseph, V	13
Soliz, J	2
Grude, O	1
Solli, HJ	1
Andersen, C	1
Oveland, NP	1
Strain, CR	1
Fouhy, F	1
Burns, DP	1
Golubeva, AV	1
Stanton, C	1
Skow, RJ	1
Davenport, MH	1
Staudt, GE	1
Reddy, SK	1
Moore, AD	1
Marlinge, M	1
Coulange, M	2
Fitzpatrick, RC	1
Delacroix, R	1
Gabarre, A	1
Lainé, N	1
Cautela, J	1
Louge, P	1
Boussuges, A	1
Rostain, JC	1
Guieu, R	2
Joulia, FC	1
Soneru, CN	1
Hurt, HF	1
Petersen, TR	1
Davis, DD	1
Braude, DA	1
Falcon, RJ	1
Kim, JB	1
Seo, BS	1
Kim, JH	1
Moir, ME	1
Klassen, SA	1
Al-Khazraji, BK	1
Woehrle, E	1
Smith, SO	1
Matushewski, BJ	1
Kozić, D	1
Wadhwa, V	1
Gupta, K	1
Vargo, JJ	2
Tran, TT	1
Beutler, SS	1
Urman, RD	1
Marshall, AP	1
Lim, K	1
Ali, SK	1
Gale, TJ	1
Dargaville, PA	1
Liu, W	1
Luo, M	1
Fang, YY	1
Wei, S	1
Zhou, L	1
Liu, K	1
Teng, WN	1
Ting, CK	1
Wang, YT	2
Hou, MC	1
Chang, WK	1
Tsou, MY	1
Chiang, H	1
Lin, CL	1
Schutzman, DL	1
Salvador, A	1
Janeczko, M	1
Weisberg, L	1
Tran, N	1
Porat, R	1
Chen, J	3
Magnusson, J	1
Karsenty, G	1
Corrard, F	1
de La Rocque, F	1
Martin, E	1
Wollner, C	1
Elbez, A	1
Koskas, M	1
Wollner, A	1
Cohen, R	1
Barriga-Rivera, A	1
Elena, M	1
Moya, MJ	1
Lopez-Alonso, M	1
Singh, K	1
Katz, ES	1
Zarowski, M	1
Loddenkemper, T	1
Llewellyn, N	1
Manganaro, S	1
Gregas, M	1
Pavlova, M	1
Kothare, SV	1
Filippa, M	1
Devouche, E	1
Arioni, C	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) Apnoeic Ventilation During Operative Hysteroscopic Procedures Under General Anesthesia: an Observational Study.[NCT05291117]		30 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-02-01	Completed
Effectiveness of Apneic Oxygenation Using High-flow Nasal Cannula in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia[NCT03195504]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-08-10	Completed
High Flow Oxygen During ProcEdural Sedation for Operative Hysteroscopy: a Randomized Controlled Trial - HOPE Study.[NCT05550584]		180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-06-17	Completed
Early Warning for Desaturation by Oxygen Reserve Index During Induction of General Anesthesia[NCT04976504]		25 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2019-03-01	Completed
Oxygen Reserve Index in Predicting Hypoxemia in Morbidly Obese Patients[NCT05480748]		51 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-04-01	Completed
The IntubAID Study - Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation During Neonatal Nasal Intubation[NCT06139809]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-01	Not yet recruiting
The SSSH's: SNOO Smart Sleeper Use in Post-Operative Infants With Congenital Heart[NCT04534335]		11 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-02-04	Completed
Womb Recordings and Respiratory Control Maturation in Neonates[NCT05298748]		34 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-16	Recruiting
Apneic Oxygenation to Prevent Oxygen Desaturation During Intubation in the NICU[NCT05451953]		110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-21	Recruiting
Effects of Apneic Oxygenation in Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation rSO2 During Tracheal Dilatation Procedures in Pediatric Patients (With Acquired Tracheal Stenosis). Innovation and Safety of the Technique[NCT05028023]		5 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-10-21	Recruiting
Effect of Three Different Sensory Interventions on Pain Level During Heel Blood Collection in Term Infant: A Randomized Controlled Study[NCT05526378]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-12-22	Completed
Effects of Early Vocal Contact (EVC) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Multi-centre, Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT04759573]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-01	Recruiting
Pilot Study to Evaluate the Benefits of Preterm Newborn Exposition to a Maternal Voice and Heardbeat Recording During Hospital Stay[NCT04757012]		32 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-19	Recruiting
[NCT02001792]		412 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Stochastic Resonance Mattress (Physiological Interventions) and Biomarkers for Enhancing Neonatal Health[NCT01643057]		36 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-07-31	Completed
Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) Versus Spontaneous Breathing for Preoxygenation During Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Panendoscopy. A Controlled, Prospective, Randomized Study.[NCT02167334]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Completed
WAVE Trial in Premature Infants With Apnea of Prematurity Using a Simple, Non-invasive Vibratory Device to Study the Effectiveness in Supporting Breathing and General Stability[NCT04528030]		17 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Using a Vibratory Device to Decrease Apnea, Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia of Prematurity.[NCT02641249]		19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Importance of Integrated Pulmonary Index in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Bronchoscopy Procedures Under Sedation[NCT05137587]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-09-01	Completed
The Value of Integrated Pulmonary Index Monitoring[NCT05356819]		154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-01	Completed
Importance of Integrated Pulmonary Index in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Endoscopy Procedures Under Sedation[NCT05137574]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-10	Completed
Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Remimazolam for Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration/Biopsy[NCT05437497]		264 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-01	Recruiting
Airway Management Via the Retromolar Route Access - a Clinical Study[NCT01961817]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Self-Assembled Modified Macintosh Videolaryngoscope Versus McGrath Macintosh (MAC®) Videolaryngoscope: Which is Better?[NCT04850976]		62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-01	Completed
EPO2-A: Evaluation of Different Pre-Oxygenation Condition in Morbid Obesity: Effect of Position and Positive Pressure Ventilation During General Anesthesia Induction[NCT02590406]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
"A Less-rapid Sequence Anesthetic Induction/Intubation Sequence? Does Apneic Oxygenation by Means of an Oxygenating Laryngoscope Blade Prolong the Duration of Apnea Without Desaturation in Paralyzed Non-obese and Morbidly Obese Patients?"[NCT02943629]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Lack of feasibility)
Evaluation of Different Pre-Oxygenation Conditions in Morbid Obesity: Position and Ventilation Mode, in a Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, on Voluntary Subjects[NCT02121808]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
PreOxygenation for Airway Management: High Flow Versus Conventional Preoxygenation Therapy[NCT03240614]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-07-30	Recruiting
Effect of the Duration of Pre-oxygenation (3 Minutes vs 6 Minutes) on Apnea Tolerance in Obese Patients (BMI> 30 kg / m2) During the Induction of General Anesthesia[NCT04699435]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-13	Recruiting
Interventions to Help Infants and Children Recover in the Hospital[NCT03881553]		17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-19	Terminated (stopped due to Covid halt in March; PI moved to another Institution)
Nasogastric Versus Orogastric Route of Feeding in Preterm (<32 Weeks) Neonates[NCT03073993]		160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
Isolated and Combined Effect of a Low Carbohydrate Diet and Chronic Exercise Exposure to Hypoxia on Glycaemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT05094505]		42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-01	Completed
Goal Directed Propofol Sedation With Magnesium Sulphate Versus Dexmedetomidine for ERCP Procedure[NCT02684019]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
An Observer Rating Scale of Facial Expression Can Predict Dreaming in Propofol Anesthesia[NCT04235894]		124 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-09-07	Completed
Preoxygenation With Optiflow™, a High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC), is Superior to Preoxygenation With Facemask in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia[NCT03009877]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to withdrawn prior to IRB approval)
Safe Time for Apnea After Preoxygenation With Different Oxygen Concentration During the Induction of General Anesthesia[NCT03239678]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-08-01	Completed
Breathing Low Oxygen to Enhance Spinal Stimulation Training and Functional Recovery in Persons With Chronic SCI: The BO2ST Trial[NCT05563103]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-17	Recruiting
[NCT02039453]		160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Recruiting
A Psychomotor Recuperation Study After Deep Sedation for Colonoscopy Between Target Controlled and Manual Titration of Propofol.[NCT02314559]	Phase 4	164 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
"Apnoeic Oxygenation by Nasal Cannula During Airway Management in Children Undergoing General Anaesthesia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial"[NCT03271827]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Placebo Controlled Trial; Does Pre and Postoperative Dextromethorphan Reduce Post-tonsillectomy Pain in Children?[NCT02727491]	Phase 4	85 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Apneic Oxygenation With a Nasal Cannula in the Obese and Morbidly Obese Surgical Patient: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial[NCT03671837]		135 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-12	Completed
Randomized Control Trial of Oxygen Therapy in Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome and Obstructive Sleep Apnea[NCT06043440]	Phase 2	230 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-27	Not yet recruiting
Non-invasive Tidal Volume Monitoring Using the Linshom Respiratory Monitoring Device[NCT03279458]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-08	Completed
Effect of Rebreathing-induced Hypoxia on the Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test[NCT05422430]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-10-21	Recruiting
Acute and Chronic Effects of Dynamic Apnea in Healthy Untrained Subjects[NCT03095677]		25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-08	Completed
The Effect of Standardizing the Definition and Approach to a Clinically Significant Cardiopulmonary Event in Infants Less Than 30 Weeks on Length of Stay[NCT03414671]		160 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-06-01	Completed
Structure & Function of Dopaminergic Brain Networks Following Postnatally-Occurring Hypoxic Insults[NCT03407729]		21 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-06-08	Completed
Effects on Coordination of Sucking, Swallowing and Breathing Process of a Valved Feeding System in Late-preterm Newborns. The Safe Oral Feeding Trial (SOFT)[NCT04400175]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Completed
Observational Study to Assess pH and Hypoxia During Haemodialysis[NCT04501159]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-05-01	Recruiting
Efficiency of Preoxygenation in Obese Patients: Evaluation of Traditional Method Versus Pressure Assisted Preoxygenation.[NCT00673634]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
Oxygen Reserve Index: Utility as Early Warning for Desaturation in Morbidly Obese Patients[NCT03021551]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-15	Completed
Postoperative Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea With CPAP vs. an Autoadjusting CPAP Device: a Randomized Controlled Single Center Trial[NCT00588848]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Terminated (stopped due to Difficulty with enrollment)
Dex vs Dazzle: Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Intraoperative Sedation[NCT02878837]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Peripheral Chemoreflex/Arterial Baroreflex Interaction in Patients With Electrical Carotid Sinus Stimulation[NCT02587533]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The total number of bradycardia episodes to <100 bpm lasting >5 seconds/episode will be compared during periods of vibration (intervention) to periods of no vibrations (no intervention). (NCT02641249)
Timeframe: 12 hours of intervention/12 hours of no intervention

Change in the Total Number of Intermittent Hypoxic Episodes to <90% Lasting >5 Seconds/Episode During the Intervention and Without Intervention

Intervention	bradycardias (Mean)
No Vibration	50.53
Vibration	14.93

The total number of intermittent hypoxic episodes to <90% (pulse oximetry) lasting >5 seconds/episode will be compared during periods of vibration (intervention) to periods of no vibrations (no intervention). (NCT02641249)
Timeframe: 12 hours of intervention/12 hours of no intervention

Change in Total Number of Episodes of Apnea/Breathing Pauses During Intervention and Without Intervention

Intervention	IH events (Mean)
No Vibration	151.67
Vibration	109.67

The total number of apneas/breathing pauses will be compared during periods of vibration (intervention) to periods of no vibrations (no intervention). (NCT02641249)
Timeframe: 12 hours of intervention/12 hours of no intervention

Maximum Expired Fraction of Oxygen Obtained

Intervention	breathing pauses (Mean)
No Vibration	284.13
Vibration	174.27

Evaluation of the maximum expired oxygen fraction obtained in the two groups (NCT02590406)
Timeframe: After 3 minutes of pre-oxygenation

Minimum Arterial Saturation of Oxygen Obtained

Intervention	Maximum expired fraction of oxygen obtai (Mean)
Beach Chair (BC) and ZEEP	0.89
Reverse Trendelenburg and NIPPV	0.91

Evaluation of the minimal saturation obtained after the resumption of the ventilation (NCT02590406)
Timeframe: After the end of the Non-hypoxic apnea time

Non Hypoxic Apnea Time

Intervention	percent (Mean)
Beach Chair (BC) and ZEEP	83.6
Reverse Trendelenburg and NIPPV	85.3

Change of Non-hypoxic apnea time in obese patient during a General Anesthesia induction, as a result of different pre-oxygenation position and ventilation mode; 1-Beach Chair and No positive pressure ventilation, 2-Reverse Trendelenburg and positive pressure ventilation and PEEP. End of measure time frame is 5 minutes after intubation (NCT02590406)
Timeframe: After a 3 minutes pre-oxygenation period

Time to 97% Saturation

Intervention	seconds (Mean)
Beach Chair (BC) and ZEEP	216.7
Reverse Trendelenburg and NIPPV	258.2

(NCT02590406)
Timeframe: Evaluation of the time needed to the beginning of the ventilation to the moment where the saturation is 97%

Time to Expired Oxygen Fraction > 0,9

Intervention	seconds (Mean)
Beach Chair (BC) and ZEEP	88.4
Reverse Trendelenburg and NIPPV	68

Evaluation of time needed to obtain an expired fraction of oxygen of > 0,9 in the two groups during the pre-oxygenation (NCT02590406)
Timeframe: During the pre-oxygenation period

Functional Residual Capacity

Intervention	seconds (Mean)
Beach Chair (BC) and ZEEP	145.3
Reverse Trendelenburg and NIPPV	85.1

Change of functional residual capacity (FRC), in obese patient, as a result of different pre-oxygenation positions; 1- supine, 2-beach-chair, 3- reverse Trendelenburg, in two different ventilation modes : 1- spontaneous ventilation at tidal volume, 2- non-invasive positive pressure ventilation with inspiratory assistance. (NCT02121808)
Timeframe: After a 5 minutes pre-oxygenation period

Mean Heart Rate With and Without Intervention

Intervention	ml (Mean)
1. Supine + NIPPV	2573
2. Supine + Tidal Volume Spontaneous Ventilation	2145
3. Beach Chair (Back 25 Deg) + NIPPV	2456
4. Beach Chair (Back 25 Deg) + Tidal Volume Spontaneous Ventil	2219
5. Proclive (Global 25 Deg) + NIPPV	2684
6. Proclive (Global 25 Deg) + Tidal Volume Spontaneous Ventila	2282

Within each Group, mean heart rate will be compared for periods of device on and device off separately for each intervention device within each study session. (NCT03881553)
Timeframe: Between 8 to 12 hours (reflecting 3 interfeed periods NEATCAP OFF then ON then OFF)

Mean Movement Activity

Intervention	beats/min (Mean)
	Heart Rate OFF1	Heart Rate ON	Heart Rate OFF2
Premature Infants (NICU)	149.8	151.8	149.6

Within each Group, mean movement activity will be compared for periods of device on and device off separately for each intervention device within each study session. (NCT03881553)
Timeframe: Between 8 to 12 hours (reflecting 3 interfeed periods NEATCAP OFF then ON then OFF)

Mean Respiratory Rate With and Without Intervention

Intervention	percent (Mean)
	Percent Movement OFF1	Percent Movement ON	Percent Movement OFF2
Premature Infants (NICU)	26.4	26.9	33.2

Within each Group, mean respiratory rate will be compared for periods of device on and device off separately for each intervention device within each study session. (NCT03881553)
Timeframe: Between 8 to 12 hours (reflecting 3 interfeed periods NEATCAP OFF then ON then OFF)

Sleep Rate With and Without NEATCAP Intervention

Intervention	breaths/min (Mean)
	Respiratory Rate OFF1	Respiratory Rate ON	Respiratory Rate OFF2
Premature Infants (NICU)	66.7	62.6	64.9

Within each Group, percent sleep (and inversely percent wake) duration will be compared for periods of device on and device off separately for each intervention device within each study session. (NCT03881553)
Timeframe: Between 8 to 12 hours (reflecting 3 interfeed periods NEATCAP OFF then ON then OFF)

Tidal Volume of Each Breath Was Measured Using the Same Breathing Mask CPAP Apparatus Combined With Respiratory Monitoring Device Allowing for Simultaneous Recording.

Intervention	percent of period sleep (Mean)
	NEATCAP OFF1	NEATCAP ON	NEATCAP OFF2
Premature Infants (NICU)	79.99	94.11	75.74

Tidal volume measured by CPAP mask with Lishom respiratory monitoring device. Tidal volume determined from the ventilator will be compared to tidal volume measured by Linshom (calculated indirectly by temperature changes by computer algorithm) (NCT03279458)
Timeframe: 5 minutes

Cognitive Performance-Fine Motor Function

Intervention	ml (Least Squares Mean)
Linshom	0.94
Maquet Ventilator	0.94

Measured using the grooved pegboard task (number of seconds required to place 25 pegs using the dominant hand) (NCT03407729)
Timeframe: 20 minutes

Functional Activity During Executive Function Tasks

Intervention	seconds (Mean)
Post-hypoxic Former Preterm	102.11
Healthy Term-born Children	82.71

Subjects in each group were evaluated for changes in functional connectivity between the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), as evaluated by functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level dependent (fMRI-BOLD), using whole brain analysis. The measurement is increase/decrease of MRI signal intensity in a given region, thresholded at p <0.05, summarized into a value representing 'size of region of increase' or 'size of region of decrease' after subjects' scans were combined/mapped onto a standard MNI brain. Only clusters of over 50 voxels were included, and the size of the region is reported in voxel size. The averaged brains for prematurely born fMRI was subtracted from the full term treatment for each group, and then these averaged differences were subtracted from each other. While other areas of the brain met threshold criteria in the analysis, only brain regions innervated by primary or collateral dopaminergic pathways are reported. (NCT03407729)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Structural Integrity of Dopaminergic Circuits

Intervention	Cluster size (voxels) (Number)
	Left thalamus	Left middle temporal gyrus
Healthy Term-born Children	358	75
Post-hypoxic Former Preterm	310	95

Assessment of dopaminergic circuits originating in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Includes right and left nucleus accumbens, right and left mamillary body, right and left hippocampus. Measured using Magnetic Resonance T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) scans with three-dimensional volumetrics analysis (NCT03407729)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Utility of ORi Providing Added Warning Time

Intervention	mm^3 (Mean)
	left nucleus accumbens	right nucleus accumbens	left mamillary body	right mamillary body	left hippocampus	right hippocampus
Healthy Term-born Children	175.93	192.78	54.78	44.70	3419.48	4241.03
Post-hypoxic Former Preterm	148.90	177.25	89.34	67.78	2741.09	3329.34

Evaluate the clinical utility of the change in the oxygen reserve index as an early warning of impending arterial oxygen desaturation in Obese patients (30 < BMI < 40 kg m-2) and Normal BMI patients (19 < BMI < 25 kg m-2). (NCT03021551)
Timeframe: 1 year

Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI)

Intervention	seconds (Number)
	Added warning time in Obese	Added warning time in Normal BMI
Rainbow Sensor	46.5	87.0

Events are defined as apneas and hypopneas. AHI values are typically categorized as 5-14.9 events/hr = mild; 15-29.9 events/hr = moderate; and >= 30 events/hr = severe (NCT00588848)
Timeframe: On postoperative night number 1 from 2200 to 0600. Study participation will end within 72 hours of admission.

Cardiopulmonary Complications

Intervention	events per hour (Mean)
AUTOCPAP	2.1
CPAP	1.2

Predefined cardiopulmonary complications: Myocardial Infarction, Arrhythmia, new onset Heart Failure, Stroke (NCT00588848)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Sleep Related Hypoxemia

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Autoadjusting CPAP (VPAP Auto)	0
CPAP Arm (Usual Care)	0

(NCT00588848)
Timeframe: On postoperative night number 1 from 2200 to 0600. Study participation will end within 72 hours of admission.

Article	Year
Efficacy of Apneic Oxygenation During Pediatric Endotracheal Intubation. Pediatric emergency care, 2021, Oct-01, Volume: 37, Issue:10 Topics: Apnea; Child; Humans; Hypoxia; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngoscopy; Observational Studies as Top	2021
Efficacy of high-flow nasal oxygenation against peri- and post-procedural hypoxemia in patients with obesity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scientific reports, 2022, 04-19, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Apnea; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic	2022
Effectiveness of preoxygenation during endotracheal intubation in a head-elevated position: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anaesthesiology intensive therapy, 2022, Volume: 54, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Humans; Hypoxia; Intubation, Intratracheal; Obesity; Oxygen; Patient Positioning; Randomized	2022
Peripheral neuroplasticity of respiratory chemoreflexes, induced by prenatal nicotinic exposure: Implication for SIDS. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2023, Volume: 313 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Capsaicin; Female; Hypoxia; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated; Nicotine; Pregnancy; Rats; S	2023
Oxygenation during the apnoeic phase preceding intubation in adults in prehospital, emergency department, intensive care and operating theatre environments. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023, 08-02, Volume: 8 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Emergency Medical Services; Humans; Hypoxia; Intubati	2023
Apnea events in neonatal age: A case report and literature review. Medical hypotheses, 2019, Volume: 131 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Apnea; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bradycardia; Cyanosis; Diagnosis, Differe	2019
Intubation using apnoeic oxygenation to prevent desaturation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of critical care, 2017, Volume: 41 Topics: Apnea; Humans; Hypoxia; Intensive Care Units; Intubation, Intratracheal; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy;	2017
Apneic oxygenation during intubation in the emergency department and during retrieval: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2017, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Airway Extubation; Apnea; Emergency Service, Hospital; Humans; Hypoxia; Intubation, Intratracheal; O	2017
The impact of intermittent or sustained carbon dioxide on intermittent hypoxia initiated respiratory plasticity. What is the effect of these combined stimuli on apnea severity? Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2018, Volume: 256 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Hypoxia; Neuronal Plasticity	2018
Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists. Experimental physiology, 2018, 05-01, Volume: 103, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Apnea; Breath Holding; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Humans; Hype	2018
Effect of nasal or nasopharyngeal apneic oxygenation on desaturation during induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation in the operating room: A narrative review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 51 Topics: Anesthesia; Apnea; Catheters; Elective Surgical Procedures; Humans; Hypoxia; Intubation, Intratrache	2018
Monitoring standards in sedation and analgesia: the odyssey of capnography in sedation for gastroenterology procedures. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2019, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Capnography; Conscious Sedation; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Humans; Hypoxia;	2019
Moderate and deep sedation training and pharmacology for nonanesthesiologists: recommendations for effective practice. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2019, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesiology; Apnea; Benzodiazepines; Conscious S	2019
An Overview on the Respiratory Stimulant Effects of Caffeine and Progesterone on Response to Hypoxia and Apnea Frequency in Developing Rats. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2015, Volume: 860 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Caffeine; Heart Rate; Hypoxia; Progesterone; Rats; Re	2015
Cardiorespiratory events in preterm infants: etiology and monitoring technologies. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2016, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Bradycardia; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Ne	2016
Cardiorespiratory events in preterm infants: interventions and consequences. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2016, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Bradycardia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Continuous Positive Airway	2016
Hypoxic Episodes in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Clinics in perinatology, 2015, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Hypoxia; Infant, Ne	2015
The effectiveness of apneic oxygenation during tracheal intubation in various clinical settings: a narrative review. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2017, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Emergency Service, Hospital; Humans; Hypoxia; Intensive Care Units; Intubation, Intratracheal	2017
The Comparison of Etomidate and Propofol Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques, 2017, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Arterial Pressure; Colonoscopy; Endosco	2017
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Obesity;	2009
Symptoms and signs of syncope: a review of the link between physiology and clinical clues. Brain : a journal of neurology, 2009, Volume: 132, Issue:Pt 10 Topics: Acceleration; Apnea; Consciousness; Electroencephalography; Flushing; Humans; Hypotension, Orthostat	2009
A review of electrocardiography in the high altitude environment. High altitude medicine & biology, 2010,Spring, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Acclimatization; Adaptation, Physiological; Altitude; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bundle-Branch Blo	2010
Apnea of prematurity: pathogenesis and management strategies. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2011, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Brain Stem; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Continuous Pos	2011
Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnoea in preterm infants. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2010, Dec-08, Issue:12 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; I	2010
Apparent life-threatening events: assessment, risks, reality. Paediatric respiratory reviews, 2011, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Bacterial Infections; Child Abuse; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Metabolic Diseases; Recurrence; R	2011
Usefulness of combining intermittent hypoxia and physical exercise in the treatment of obesity. Journal of physiology and biochemistry, 2012, Volume: 68, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Hypoxia; Insulin Resistance; Obesity	2012
Simulating hypoxia and modelling the airway. Anaesthesia, 2011, Volume: 66 Suppl 2 Topics: Airway Management; Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Humans; Hypoxia; Intubation, Intratracheal; Models, Bi	2011
[Complex profile of the reflex diving response]. Kardiologia polska, 2011, Volume: 69 Suppl 3 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cold Temperature; Diving; Heart	2011
Coping with physiological oxidative stress: a review of antioxidant strategies in seals. Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology, 2012, Volume: 182, Issue:6 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Aging; Animals; Antioxidants; Apnea; Diving; Fasting; Hypoxia; Oxidative	2012
Sympatho-adrenal activation by chronic intermittent hypoxia. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2012, Oct-15, Volume: 113, Issue:8 Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Apnea; Humans; Hypoxia; Sympathetic Nervous System	2012
Inflammation in the carotid body during development and its contribution to apnea of prematurity. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2013, Jan-01, Volume: 185, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Carotid Body; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature	2013
The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Huma	2013
The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Huma	2013
The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Huma	2013
The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Huma	2013
Apnoea of prematurity. Paediatric respiratory reviews, 2004, Volume: 5 Suppl A Topics: Apnea; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Humans; Hypercapnia; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, P	2004
[Breath-hold diving--an increasing adventure sport with medical risks]. Lakartidningen, 2004, Feb-26, Volume: 101, Issue:9 Topics: Apnea; Athletic Injuries; Barotrauma; Decompression Sickness; Diving; Drowning; Humans; Hypoxia; Res	2004
Maturation of respiratory reflex responses in the fetus and neonate. Seminars in neonatology : SN, 2004, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Acidosis; Afferent Pathways; Age Factors; Animals; Apnea; Fetus; Humans; Hypercapnia; Hypoxia; Infan	2004
Maturation of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors in relation to neonatal apnoea. Seminars in neonatology : SN, 2004, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Arteries; Carotid Body; Chemoreceptor Cells; Dopamine; Humans; Hypoxia; Incidence; Infant, Ne	2004
Interventions during donor care before lung transplantation. Progress in transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.), 2005, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Cause of Death; Donor Selection; Humans; Hypoxia; Infection Control; Lung	2005
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Colonoscopy; Endoscopy	2005
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Colonoscopy; Endoscopy	2005
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Colonoscopy; Endoscopy	2005
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Colonoscopy; Endoscopy	2005
Altered carotid body function by intermittent hypoxia in neonates and adults: relevance to recurrent apneas. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2007, Jul-01, Volume: 157, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Carotid Body; Humans; Hypoxia; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1;	2007
Some aspects of clinical relevance in the maturation of respiratory control in infants. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2008, Volume: 104, Issue:6 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Apnea; Chemoreceptor Cells; Deglutition; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant;	2008
Hypoxia and respiratory control in early life. Annual review of physiology, 1984, Volume: 46 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Arousal; Diaphragm; Forecasting; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn;	1984
Alcohol and the respiratory tract. The Medical clinics of North America, 1984, Volume: 68, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Alkalosis, Respiratory; Animals; Apnea; Asthma; Ethanol; Humans; Hypoxia; Liver D	1984
Sudden infant death syndrome: the physician's dilemma. Advances in pediatrics, 1983, Volume: 30 Topics: Age Factors; Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Brain Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Growth; Humans; H	1983
Regulation of breathing in the newborn during different behavioral states. Annual review of physiology, 1984, Volume: 46 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Arousal; Behavior; Behavior, Animal; Cough; Di	1984
[Functional origin of the respiratory system in ontogeny. II. The biological importance of the act of birth and the start of extrauterine respiration]. Nauchnye doklady vysshei shkoly. Biologicheskie nauki, 1984, Issue:4 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetus; Humans	1984
Development of respiratory control. Physiological reviews, 1983, Volume: 63, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Aortic Bodies; Apnea; Carotid Body; Cats; Cattle; Chemoreceptor Cells; Delivery, Obstetric;	1983
A reexamination of the role of oxygen in retrolental fibroplasia. Pediatrics, 1984, Volume: 73, Issue:1 Topics: Anencephaly; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Exchange Transfu	1984
Cheyne-Stokes respiration revisited: controversies and implications. Critical care medicine, 1984, Volume: 12, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Aminophylline; Animals; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Cheyne-Stokes Respiration; Humans; Hypoxia; Inf	1984
Control of breathing in the newborn. Annals of biomedical engineering, 1981, Volume: 9, Issue:5-6 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Biomedical Engineering; Carbon Dioxide; Cats; Chemoreceptor Cells;	1981
Oxygen stores. International anesthesiology clinics, 1981,Fall, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Anemia; Anesthesia; Apnea; Hemodilution; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn,	1981
Clinical uses of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring. Advances in pediatrics, 1981, Volume: 28 Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Electrodes; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Human	1981
Carotid body chemoreception: mechanisms and dynamic protection against apnea. Biology of the neonate, 1994, Volume: 65, Issue:3-4 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antiporters; Apnea; Carbonic Anhydrases; Carotid Body; Cats; Chemorecepto	1994
Epidemiology and pathophysiology of apnoea of prematurity. Biology of the neonate, 1994, Volume: 65, Issue:3-4 Topics: Apnea; Cyanosis; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Respiratory Center; Respirator	1994
[Safety applications in apnea test]. Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 1993, Volume: 33, Issue:12 Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Hypoxia; Neurologic Examination; Respiration	1993
Acetylcholine turnover and release: the influence of energy metabolism and systemic choline availability. Progress in brain research, 1993, Volume: 98 Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Apnea; Biological Transport; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Carrier Proteins; Cholin	1993
Laryngeal reflex. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement, 1993, Volume: 82 Suppl 389 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Bradycardia; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Larynx; Reflex; Sudden Infant	1993
[Apnea in premature infants. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and possibilities for prevention]. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kinderheilkunde, 1993, Volume: 141, Issue:7 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Brain Stem; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Germany; Humans; Hypoxia; Incidence	1993
[Apnea testing to establish death based on brain criteria]. Revista de neurologia, 1998, Volume: 27, Issue:155 Topics: Apnea; Brain Death; Humans; Hypoxia	1998
Increased apnea threshold in a pediatric patient with suspected brain death. Critical care medicine, 1998, Volume: 26, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Astrocytoma; Brain Death; Brain Ischemia; Brain Neoplasms; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Error	1998
Sudden infant death syndrome, virus infections and cytokines. FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 1999, Aug-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1-2 Topics: Apnea; Circadian Rhythm; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Respirat	1999
Physiologic reflexes and their impact on resuscitation of the newborn. Clinics in perinatology, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, N	1999
Oxygen sensing during intermittent hypoxia: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2001, Volume: 90, Issue:5 Topics: Altitude; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular System; Carotid Body; Disease Models, Anima	2001
The sudden infant death syndrome. Monographs in pathology, 1978, Volume: 19 Topics: Apnea; Brain; Chronic Disease; Humans; Hypoventilation; Hypoxia; Infant; Sudden Infant Death	1978
Apnea and periodic breathing. Seminars in perinatology, 1977, Volume: 1, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Cheyne-Stokes Respiration; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Prematur	1977
The sudden infant death syndrome. Obstetrics and gynecology annual, 1975, Volume: 4 Topics: Age Factors; Antibody Formation; Apnea; Asphyxia; Autonomic Nervous System; Birth Weight; Female; Ge	1975
Potential role of intrapulmonary shunting in the genesis of hypoxemic episodes in infants and young children. Pediatrics, 1992, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Apnea; Child, Preschool; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Lung; Pulmonary Circulation; Ventilation-Perfusion	1992
[The etiopathogenesis of sudden infant death: the current concepts]. Anales espanoles de pediatria, 1991, Volume: 35 Suppl 47 Topics: Apnea; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Sudden Infant Death	1991
Practical pulmonary physiology. A functional analysis of symptoms and therapeutic measures in respiratory disorders of newborn infants. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1973, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Apnea; Auscultation; Carbon Dioxide; C	1973

Article	Year
Comparison of Intra and Post-operative Sedation Efficacy of Dexmedetomidinemidazolam and Dexmedetomidine-propofol for Major Abdominal Surgery. Current drug metabolism, 2022, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Apnea; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypertension; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypotension; Hypo	2022
A randomized controlled trial of the intraoperative use of noninvasive ventilation versus supplemental oxygen by face mask for procedural sedation in an electrophysiology laboratory. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2023, Volume: 70, Issue:7 Topics: Apnea; Electrophysiology; Humans; Hypoxia; Masks; Noninvasive Ventilation; Oxygen; Respiration Disor	2023
Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of Morning versus Evening Primary Vaccination on Episodes of Hypoxemia and Bradycardia in Very Preterm Infants. Neonatology, 2019, Volume: 116, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Extremely Premature; I	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Improves Safe Apnea Time in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Female;	2019
(Rad 8)Caffeine prophylaxis to improve intermittent hypoxaemia in infants born late preterm: a randomised controlled dosage trial (Latte Dosage Trial). BMJ open, 2020, 10-20, Volume: 10, Issue:10 Topics: Apnea; Caffeine; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; New Zealand; P	2020
High-Flow Nasal Cannula and Mandibular Advancement Bite Block Decrease Hypoxic Events during Sedative Esophagogastroduodenoscopy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. BioMed research international, 2019, Volume: 2019 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Cannula; Endoscopy; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Female; Huma	2019
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2013, Volume: 102, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Rate; Hospitalization; Humans; H	2013
Capnographic monitoring of propofol-based sedation during colonoscopy. Endoscopy, 2014, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Body Mass Index; Capnography; Colono	2014
Patient position and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Endoscopy, 2015, Volume: 47, Issue:12 Topics: Adenoma; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Colonic Neoplasms; Colonoscopy; Conscious Sedation; Female; Humans; Hyp	2015
Stochastic Resonance Effects on Apnea, Bradycardia, and Oxygenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics, 2015, Volume: 136, Issue:6 Topics: Apnea; Beds; Bradycardia; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Prem	2015
Low-positive pressure ventilation improves non-hypoxaemic apnoea tolerance during ear, nose and throat pan-endoscopy: A randomised controlled trial. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2016, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Female; France; Hospitals, University; Humans; Hypoxia; Laryngeal	2016
Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Decreases Apnea of Prematurity and Accompanying Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Afferent Pathways; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Extremities; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; H	2016
Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Decreases Apnea of Prematurity and Accompanying Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Afferent Pathways; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Extremities; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; H	2016
Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Decreases Apnea of Prematurity and Accompanying Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Afferent Pathways; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Extremities; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; H	2016
Neuromodulation of Limb Proprioceptive Afferents Decreases Apnea of Prematurity and Accompanying Intermittent Hypoxia and Bradycardia. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Afferent Pathways; Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Extremities; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; H	2016
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Prenatal cigarette smoke exposure attenuates recovery from hypoxemic challenge in preterm infants. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2008, Sep-01, Volume: 178, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Pr	2008
Intravenous remifentanil and propofol for gastroscopy. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2008, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Cognition	2008
Oral versus nasal route for placing feeding tubes: no effect on hypoxemia and bradycardia in infants with apnea of prematurity. Neonatology, 2010, Volume: 98, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Enteral Nutrition; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Low Birth Weight; I	2010
Inhibition of augmented muscle vasoconstrictor drive following asphyxic apnoea in awake human subjects is not affected by relief of chemical drive. Experimental physiology, 2013, Volume: 98, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Asphyxia; Blood Pressure; Breath Holding; Carbon Dio	2013
ProSeal™ LMA increases safe apnea period in morbidly obese patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. Obesity surgery, 2013, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Body Mass Index; Equipment Design; Female; Hu	2013
Role of hypoxemia for the cardiovascular responses to apnea during exercise. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2002, Volume: 283, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiac Output; Electrocardio	2002
Optimal oxygen concentration during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 2003, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Air Pressure; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Middle Aged; O	2003
Aminophylline for the prevention of apnea during prostaglandin E1 infusion. Pediatrics, 2003, Volume: 112, Issue:1 Pt 1 Topics: Alprostadil; Aminophylline; Apnea; Bradycardia; Bronchodilator Agents; Double-Blind Method; Ductus A	2003
Randomized, controlled trial of oral creatine supplementation (not effective) for apnea of prematurity. Pediatrics, 2004, Volume: 113, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Creatine; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Prematu	2004
Periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea can alter chemoreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in humans. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2004, Volume: 287, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Chemoreceptor Cells; Female; Humans; Hypercapnia; Hypoxia; Male; Refle	2004
Propofol for deep procedural sedation in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2005, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Apnea; Conscious Sedation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2005
Comparison of respiratory physiologic features when infants are placed in car safety seats or car beds. Pediatrics, 2006, Volume: 118, Issue:2 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Equipment Design; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Hypoxi	2006
Recurrent hypoxemia in children is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to opiates. Anesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 105, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Interpretation, Statistical	2006
Does endothelin play a role in chemoreception during acute hypoxia in normal men? Chest, 2007, Volume: 131, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Bosentan; Chemoreceptor Cells; Cross-Over Studies; Doub	2007
Pulse oximetry to detect hypoxemia during apnea: comparison of finger and ear probes. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 2007, Volume: 78, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Apnea; Cross-Over Studies; Diving; Ear; Fingers; Humans; Hy	2007
Effects of enoximone on peripheral and central chemoreflex responses in humans. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2008, Volume: 294, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Cardiac Output; Central Nervous System; Chemoreceptor Cells; Cross-Over Studies; Enoxi	2008
Nicotine increases chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia in non-smokers. Journal of hypertension, 2008, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Carotid Body; Chemoreceptor Cells; Cross-Over Studies; Electrocardiogr	2008
Differential effects of digitalis on chemoreflex responses in humans. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 1994, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Chemoreceptor Cells; Digitalis Glycosides; Double-Blind Method; Female	1994
Apnoea and oximetric desaturation in patients receiving epidural morphine after gastrectomy: a comparison of intermittent bolus and patient controlled administration. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1993, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Apnea; Female; Gastrectomy; Humans;	1993
Study of the safe threshold of apneic period in children during anesthesia induction. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 1996, Volume: 8, Issue:7 Topics: Age Factors; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Body Height; Body Weight; Bra	1996
Effect of blood transfusion on apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia in preterm infants. European journal of pediatrics, 1997, Volume: 156, Issue:4 Topics: Anemia; Apnea; Blood Transfusion; Bradycardia; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newbor	1997
Effects of bottle feeding and two different methods of gavage feeding on oxygenation and breathing patterns in preterm infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 1997, Volume: 86, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; Bottle Feeding; Bradycardia; Enteral Nutrition; Equipme	1997
The dose-response pharmacology of intrathecal sufentanil in female volunteers. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1997, Volume: 85, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Conscious Sedation; Dose-Resp	1997
Effect of nursing in the head elevated tilt position (15 degrees) on the incidence of bradycardic and hypoxemic episodes in preterm infants. Pediatrics, 1997, Volume: 100, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Bradycardia; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature;	1997
Effect of doxapram on episodes of apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia in preterm infants. Biology of the neonate, 1999, Volume: 76, Issue:4 Topics: Apnea; Birth Weight; Bradycardia; Caffeine; Doxapram; Drug Resistance; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypo	1999
Respiratory events and periodic breathing in cyclists sleeping at 2,650-m simulated altitude. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2002, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Altitude; Apnea; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Oxi	2002
State of the art. Sleep and control of breathing. Chest, 1978, Volume: 73, Issue:2 Suppl Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Airway Obstruction; Animals; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Cats; Child; Clinical Trials	1978
Ventilatory effects of epidural clonidine during the first 3 hours after caesarean section. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1992, Volume: 36, Issue:8 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Apnea; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method	1992
Oxygen chemoreceptors in low birth weight infants. Pediatric research, 1973, Volume: 7, Issue:6 Topics: Age Factors; Altitude; Apnea; Atmospheric Pressure; Birth Weight; Chemoreceptor Cells; Clinical Tria	1973

apnea and Anoxemia